No description available.

Bibliography: leaves 81-100. Entry of inoculum into a crop and disease development in the crop cannot be prevented because spores are airborne and there is a lack of highly resistant varieties. This makes complete control of chocolate spot unlikely. It should however, be possible to improve current levels of disease control through the integration of the factors identified in the study.

Experiments were performed to determine the nature of maize influence on bean disease in additive-type intercrops. Overall effects of intercrops on angular leaf spot (caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola) in Kenya indicated >23% reductions (P<0.05) in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in two of three season-site combinations. Fertilization tended to increase disease (135-205%, P<0.10), but changes in bean density or planting pattern had no effect. Intercrops reduced temperature and wind velocity, but increased relative humidity. A 27% AUDPC reduction (P=0.07) in bean rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) due to intercropping was observed in Oregon in 1989 and 1990 in two of three locations. Mechanisms of maize influence on rust were also assessed in Oregon. Intercropping, and competition of maize with beans alone, consistently steepened dispersal gradients (P<0.10). Interference of maize with dispersal alone tended to flatten gradients. Spore retention in plots was increased in mid-season, then decreased late in the season, due to competition in both years (P<0.05). Intercropping reduced infection by 96% late in 1989 (P<0.05), probably due to microclimatic influence of maize. The data from these experiments were used as inputs for computer simulation to evaluate effects of specific mechanisms on disease dynamics. Combination of all mechanisms (= intercrop) reduced AUDPC to 32% of monocrop, using 1989 data. Infection efficiency reductions, and to a lesser extent dispersal effects, were responsible for these changes. Intercrop effects declined as pathogen multiplication rate (DMFR) increased. No intercrop effect occurred at any DMFR using 1990 data, although interference and competition effects of maize alone both increased AUDPC at low DMFR. Partitioning dispersal effects into those due to gradient slope changes and spore retention indicate that the latter accounts almost entirely for disease alteration. / Graduation date: 1992

Common root rot is a major disease of commercially grown snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on the irrigated sandy soils of central Wisconsin. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between soil properties and suppressiveness to common root rot of snap bean (causal agent Aphanomyces euteiches) in soils. The soils had been annually amended for three years in a field trial on a Plainfield sandy loam in Hancock, WI. Soils were amended each year from 1998 to 2001 with three rates of fresh paper-mill residuals (0, 22 or 33 dry Mg ha�����) or composted paper-mill residuals (0, 38 or 76 dry Mg ha�����). Soil was removed from each treatment in April (one year after last amendment) and brought to the laboratory. This was repeated with a field soil sample taken in September, 2001. The soils from the two samplings were incubated at room temperature and periodically assayed (days 9, 44, 84, 106, 137, 225 and 270 for April sampling) (days 13, 88 and 174 for September sampling) for suppressiveness of snap bean root rot (0 to 4 where 0=healthy and 4=dead plant). The same days, incubated soils were characterized for ��-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and fluorescein diacetate activities; microbial biomass C (by chloroform fumigation); water stable aggregation (WSA) and total C. In the first incubation, there were large differences between field amendment treatments in terms of snap bean root rot incidence. The disease was suppressed by both fresh and composted amendments, but compost was most suppressive at high compost rates with disease incidence <40% which are considered healthy plants that can reach full yield potential. In the second incubation, disease severity difference among treatments were similar to the first incubation. This would indicate the suppression was induced prior to initiation of this experiment. Disease severity of bean plants grown in unamended field soil was high but in amended soils tended to decrease in intensity over time. Root rot severity was negatively related to ��-glucosidase, and microbial biomass at the beginning and the end of the first incubation period, respectively. FDA hydrolysis was not correlated with disease severity and WSA moderately correlated with disease. The best indicator of disease severity was arylsulfatase which was significantly and negatively correlated with disease severity in 4 of 5 sampling periods. / Graduation date: 2003

Intra- and interplant movement and dispersal of the predator mites Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) were studied on both lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and apple (Malus pumila Miller) branch plant systems that were seeded with excess numbers of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Individuals of either predator were randomly selected from colonies of well-fed, mixed-age adult females and moved to test plants. When tested separately in each plant system, median leaf positions of N. californicus from the point of release were greater than those of N. fallacis at 1-8 d. A fan placed in front of a common source unit (1x3m) containing T. urticae and near equal densities of both predaceous mites, provided continuous air (wind) to 3 isolated receiver units located 2.5, 5, and 7.5 m downwind. Receiver units consisted of continuous bean foliage with excess T. urticae, but no predators. Wind speeds at the source and each receiver unit averaged 2.2, 0.9, 0.4, and 0.03 m/s respectively. As predators eliminated prey, N. fallacis dispersed earlier at higher prey densities and further downwind than N. californicus, but cumulative densities of each predator in all receiver units were alike after 20 d. Results of both plant movement studies supported the hypothesis that N. californicus has dispersal traits more like those of a generalist predator of spider mites than does N. fallacis. Spatial patterns of dispersal and biological control of pest mites are discussed in relation to predation types within the Phytoseiidae. / Graduation date: 1997

The effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition, host plant, and prior host plant experience on fecundity, rate of oviposition and mortality of adults and larval survival of Delia radicum Bouche (Cabbage Maggot (CM)), D. antiqua Meigen (Onion Maggot (OM)), and D. platura Meigen (Seed Corn Maggot (SCM)), were studied on cabbage, onion and bean plants. / An optimum density for maximum fecundity per female was observed when the four experimental densities were compared. This optimum density was higher on host than on non-host plants. CM females were host specific and did not oviposit on non-host plants. Rates of oviposition and mortality over a 30-day period were calculated for each density. The rate of oviposition was slower at higher densities on host plants for CM, OM and SCM. The rate of mortality increased at the highest density for CM (cabbage), OM (bean) and SCM (cabbage), but remained unaffected for OM on onion and cabbage and for SCM on onion and bean, when densities were compared. For OM, a delay in the rate of oviposition and mortality on cabbage (non-host plant) when compared with onion (host plant), suggests that cabbage was not as readily accepted as an oviposition site. Interspecific competition experiments at six density ratio's of SCM:OM indicated increased fecundity, or an increase in the rate of oviposition for OM, at the lower densities when single and mixed species were compared. For SCM no effects on fecundity were recorded, but the rate of oviposition was slower and rate of mortality faster at the lowest density in the presence of OM. Similar studies with SCM and CM showed no such effects of competition. / Host plant exposure of SCM females during the pre-oviposition period resulted in a delay in initial acceptance of subsequent host plants as oviposition sites. This happened only when females were exposed to a secondary host during the pre-oviposition period. Once oviposition began, host discrimination ceased and a switch in oviposition sites to the preferred host did not alter the rate of oviposition. In CM, the rate of larval development increased at density 6 (optimum density). Above this density a decrease in the rate of development and a significant reduction in pupal weight was observed. Time required for fly emergence was not affected by increasing larval densities.

No description available.

CAPES / O crestamento bacteriano comum, causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, é uma das principais doenças da cultura do feijoeiro. Em busca por alternativas no controle de doenças em plantas, o uso de eliciadores/indutores de resistência tem sido explorado. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência dos eliciadores harpina e acibenzolar-S-metílico na indução de mecanismos de defesa em plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ao crestamento bacteriano comum, causado por X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, avaliandose possíveis alterações no processo de trocas gasosas e ativação das principais enzimas envolvidas na defesa vegetal - peroxidase, superóxido dismutase, além de proteínas e fenóis. Foram utilizadas sementes dos cultivares IAPAR 31 e IPR Colibri. Depois de emergidas as primeiras folhas trifoliadas na fase vegetativa (V3) as plantas, foram tratadas com os eliciadores acibenzolar-S-metílico, harpina e água destilada (controle). Sete dias após a primeira aplicação dos eliciadores, foi inoculado o patógeno nas folhas do feijoeiro. A avaliação da severidade foi realizada a cada 10 dias sendo a primeira avaliação realizada 15 dias após a inoculação do patógeno. As leituras de fotossíntese foram realizadas 40 dias após a inoculação quando os sintomas e danos da doença demonstravam-se estabelecidos. Para a realização das análises bioquímicas, amostras de tecidos foliares de cada tratamento foram coletadas 24 horas antes, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação dos eliciadores. Também, foram determinados o rendimento e seus componentes em ambas as cultivares.A aplicação de ASM e harpina proporcionou redução na severidade da doença do crestamento bacteriano comum nas plantas de feijoeiro da cultivar IPR-Colibri e a mesma tendência foi observada para a cultivar IAPAR 31 tratada com ASM. As plantas da cultivar IAPAR 31 tratadas com o eliciador ASM, apresentaram maiores taxas de assimilação de CO2 quando comparadas ao controle e a mesma tendência foi observada para a cultivar IPR-Colibri. A aplicação do ASM promoveu o aumento da atividade da enzima antioxidativa peroxidase e a indução da síntese de compostos fenólicos e especialmente na cultivar suscetível IPRColibri. Para o rendimento de grãos e seus componentes, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o controle e os eliciadores ASM e harpina. Os eliciadores ASM e harpina induziram os mecanismos de resistência em feijoeiro contra X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicando a potencialidade do uso dos eliciadores na cultura do feijoeiro. / The common bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli is one of the major diseases of the bean crops. In search for alternatives to control the plant diseases, the use of the elicitors / inductors of resistance has been explored. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify the effectiveness of the elicitors harpina and acibenzolar-S-methyl in the induction of the defense mechanisms in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) against common bacterial blight caused by X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, evaluating the possible changes in the process of gas exchange and the activation of the key enzymes involved in the plant defense - peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, besides proteins and phenols. It was used seeds from IAPAR 31 and IPR Colibri cultivars. After emerged the first trifoliate leaves in the vegetative stage (V3) the plants were treated with the elicitors Acibenzolar-S-methyl and harpina, and distilled water (control). Seven days after the first application of the elicitors, the pathogen was inoculated on the leaves of bean plants. The severity assessment was performed every 10 days and the first evaluation 15 days after the pathogen inoculation. The measurement photosynthesis were performed 40 days after the inoculation when the symptoms and the damages of the disease showed themselves established. To carry out the biochemical analysis, samples of leaf tissue from each treatment were collected 24 hours before, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the application of the elicitors. Also, it was determined the yield and its components in both cultivars. The application of ASM and harpina provided the reduction in the severity of the common bacterial blight disease of the bean plants of IPR-Colibri cultivars and the same trend was observed for the IAPAR 31 cultivars treated with the elicitor ASM. Plants by IAPAR 31 treated with the elicitor ASM showed higher rates of assimilation of CO2 when compared to the control and the same trend was observed for cultivar IPR-Colibri. The application of ASM promoted the increase of the antioxidative enzyme peroxidase activity, and the induction of the phenolic compounds synthesis and, especially in the susceptible cultivar IPR-Colibri. For grain yield and its components, significant differences were not observed between the control and the elicitors ASM and harpina. The elicitors ASM and harpina induced the resistance mechanisms in bean plant against X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, indicating the potentiality of the elicitor utilization in bean crops.

Fundação Araucária, CNPQ / Plantas daninhas competem com as cultivadas e dentre as influências negativas desse convívio está a redução da produtividade das culturas. O controle químico é a principal forma de gestão das infestantes na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Sua eficácia depende de uma série de fatores, entre eles: condições ambientais (em função dos horários de aplicação) no momento da aspersão do herbicida e doses utilizadas. Um programa de pesquisa foi desenvolvido no curso de Agronomia da UTFPR, Pato Branco, PR, durante a safra 2010/11 com os objetivos gerais de analisar o impacto de horários de aplicação (e por consequência das variáveis ambientais) e de doses de fluazifop-p-butyl e de fomesafen sobre: o desempenho desses herbicidas no controle de plantas daninhas mono e dicotiledôneas, respectivamente; a seletividade do feijoeiro ao fomesafen e; a lucratividade da lavoura de feijão. As variáveis ambientais, de acordo com o horário do dia ou a época do ano em que os produtos foram aplicados, influenciaram no controle das infestantes. Fluazifop-p-butyl teve atividade favorecida quando aspergido às 06:00h, com umidade relativa do ar e ângulo foliar das gramíneas influenciando de maneira mais significativa no resultado. Para esse mesmo herbicida, aplicação noturna foi eficaz em mitigar os efeitos negativos da aplicação vespertina. O desempenho de fomesafen no controle das plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas foi máximo quando o produto foi aspergido às 11:00h e às 16:00h. Nesse caso, a irradiância e a temperatura do ar foram os principais determinantes da eficácia do herbicida. As doses de fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen que propiciaram maior controle da infestação resultaram em aumento da produtividade do feijoeiro e da rentabilidade da produção. Em alguns casos, a maximização da renda líquida foi obtida com dose menor do que a recomendada no rótulo do produto e aquela necessária para a obtenção da máxima eficácia do produto. Fomesafen provocou toxicidade nas plantas de feijão, as quais recuperaram-se das injúrias com o decorrer do tempo. O grau de fitointoxicação foi mais acentuado com doses elevadas do produto e quando esse foi aspergido às 11:00h e às 16:00h. Nesses horários, a temperatura do ar e a irradiância estavam mais acentuadas. Pode-se sintetizar que a eficácia no controle das plantas infestantes e a toxicidade dos herbicidas ao feijoeiro foram dependentes dos herbicidas utilizados, das condições ambientais em função do horário do dia em que os herbicidas foram aplicados e das doses utilizadas. A escolha correta do horário e da dose de aplicação favorece a eficiência do controle das plantas daninhas, minimiza os prejuízos à cultura em função da competição e eleva a lucratividade da lavoura. / The weeds compete with the cultivated crops and among the negative effects of this interaction is the reduction of the crop yields. The chemical method is the main weed control technic in the common bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The efficacy of the herbicides depends on a number of factors, including: environmental conditions (in function of the time of application) at the moment of spraying of the herbicide and doses used. A research program was developed on the Agronomy course of UTFPR, Pato Branco, PR, during the 2010-11 with the main objectives to evaluate the impact of the application time (and therefore environmental variables) and doses of fluazifop-p-butyl and fomesafen on the: performance of these herbicides in the control of mono and dicotyledonous weeds, respectively; selectivity of bean crop to fomesafen; and the lucrativity of the common bean crop. The environmental variables, according to the time of day or season of year in which herbicides were applied, influence the control of weeds. Fluazifop-p-butyl activity has been favored when sprayed at 06:00h. The relative humidity and grass leaf angle were the factors most important affecting this herbicide performance. For this same compound, night application has been effective to mitigate the negative effects of the afternoon application. The performance of fomesafen to control broadleaf weeds has been maximum when the product was sprayed at 11:00h and 16:00h. In this case, the irradiance and the air temperature have been the main factors to affect the herbicide efficacy. The doses of fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen which allowed best weed control have increased grain yield and profitability of the common bean crop production. In some cases, the maximum net return has been obtained with a dose lower than that needed for maximum herbicide efficacy. Fomesafen has injured the common bean plants, but they have recovered with time. The degree of phytointoxication has increased at high fomesafen doses and when it has been sprayed at 11:00h and 16:00h. During these times, the air temperature and irradiance were the highest. It can be summarized that the efficacy on weed control and on the common bean injury was dependent on the herbicide used, on the environmental conditions during the time of the herbicide spray, and on the rates applied. The selection of the correct time of the day and rate of application can optimize the weed control, can reduce the crop yield losses due to competition, and can optimize the crop profitability.

A crescente procura por alimentos mais saudáveis demanda um aumento na produção isenta de agrotóxicos. O feijão-de-vagem é uma das principais olerícolas cultivadas no Brasil. Dentre as principais doenças que afetam essa cultura está o oídio, podendo ocasionar perdas de produção em até 69%, sendo de ocorrência comum em cultivos protegidos especialmente em períodos tardios. O uso do leite tem demonstrado boas perspectivas no controle desta doença em diversas culturas. Foram desenvolvidos na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – Campus de Pato Branco – PR, nos anos de 2007 e 2008, trabalhos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do leite de vaca in natura e seus possíveis mecanismos de ação sobre o controle de oídio em feijão-de-vagem sob ambiente protegido. Conduziu-se experimento com aplicação de leite de vaca in natura nas concentrações de 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% em freqüência semanal e quinzenal, com e sem espalhante adesivo. Foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a produtividade. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Em outro experimento avaliou-se o efeito dos componentes químicos do leite, com aplicações foliares de Nitrato de Potássio (0,79 g L-1), Cloreto de Amônio (0,82 g L-1), Nitrato de Cálcio (0,96 g L-1), Fosfato de Amônio Monobásico (0,51 g L-1), Carbonato de Sódio (0,23 g L-1), mistura destes componentes, leite (200 ml L-1) e água. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 3 repetições. No terceiro experimento avaliou-se a atividade metabólica em tecidos foliares de feijão-de-vagem tratado com aplicações semanais de leite de vaca in natura nas concentrações do primeiro experimento. O cultivo foi em vasos, em casa de vegetação com ambiente controlado. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. Para realização das análises bioquímicas (proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, peroxidases e FAL) foram coletados discos foliares de 0,2 g de cada unidade experimental, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação do leite de vaca in natura. O leite aplicado em freqüência semanal promoveu controle do oídio de 37,94 a 79,96%. Em freqüência quinzenal o controle variou de 22,32 a 28,59%, sendo mais efetivo no início da infestação. Sua aplicação não requer uso de espalhante adesivo. As concentrações mais viáveis foram entre 10 e 15%. Aplicação dos diferentes componentes químicos de forma combinada controlou a doença de forma semelhante à aplicação do leite de vaca in natura. Aplicações de concentrações crescentes de leite de vaca in natura interferiu nos parâmetros bioquímicos foliares de proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, atividade de peroxidase e FAL, demonstrando ser um elicitor capaz de induzir a uma resposta de resistência, alterando a atividade de enzimas relacionadas com a defesa do feijão-de-vagem. / The rising search for healthier food demands a rising in the production without fertilizers. The bean pod is one of the main plants from the vegetable gardens grown in Brazil. Among the main diseases which affect this culture is the powdery mildew which can cause losses in the production up to 69%, being a common occurrence in protected cultures especially in late periods. The usage of milk has shown good perspectives in this disease control in different cultures. Works with the aim of evaluate the effect of in natura milk and its possible mechanisms of action in the powdery mildew control in bean pods under a protected environment were developed during 2007 and 2008. In the Federal Technological University of Paraná – campus in Pato Branco- PR. The experience was conducted with the application of in natura milk in the concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% every week or every fifteen days with or without the adhesive spreader. The severity of this disease was evaluated as well as the productivity. The design was in blocks at random, with four repetitions. In other experiment it was evaluated the milk chemical components effect with application leaf of Potassium Nitrate (0.79 g L-1), Ammonium Chloride (0.82 g L-1), Calcium Nitrate (0.96 g L-1), Ammonium Phosphate Monobasic (0.51 g L-1), Sodium Carbonate (0.23 g L-1), mixture of these components, milk (200 ml L-1) and water. The design was entirely developed with three repetitions. In the third experiment the metabolic activity was evaluated in the follicular tissue in bean pods treated with weekly applications of cow milk in natura in the concentrations of the first experiment. The cultivation was in vases in a vegetation house with controlled environment. The design was entirely developed with four repetitions. In order to make the biochemical analysis (proteins, total sugar and reductors, peroxidasis e PAL) Follicular disks of 0.2g were collected from each experimental unity, 24, 48 e 72 hours after the application of cow milk in natura. The milk applied weekly promoted the powdery mildew control of 37.94 to 79.96%. Being used every fifteen days the control varied from 22.32 to 28.59%, being more effective in the beginning of the infestation. Its application does not require the usage of adhesive spreader. The most variable concentrations were between 10 e 15%. The application of different chemical components in a combined form controlled the disease in a similar way to the application of cow Milk in natura. The applications of rising concentrations of cow milk in natura interfered in the follicular biochemical patterns of proteins, total sugar and reductors, activity of peroxidasis and PAL demonstrating to be an elicitor which is able to induct to an answer of resistance, alternating the enzymatic activity related to the bean pod defense.