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The research focus is on the various modeling aspects of flow and sediment transport in water bodies and watersheds. The interaction of flow with a mobile bed involves a complex process in which various turbulent scales characterized by coherent structures cause a chaotic sediment motion. In many rivers and natural waterways secondary flows that are dominating flow struc-tures bring about more complications. In estuaries and open waterbodies thermal stratification and internal mixing control the flow structure besides the flow interaction with the mobile bed. To adequately model these processes 3D coupled flow and transport models are needed. The research is based on use and adaptation of open source codes for 3D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model known as Estuarine Coastal Ocean Model (ECOMSED) and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. A bed load transport model was developed and coupled to ECOMSED. The flow and sediment transport characteristics in a curved channel and a river reach were successfully captured by the model. Improvements in ECOMSED were made to study the effect of wind and basin bathymetry on mixing and flow exchange between two estuaries. Using spectral analysis the hydrological component of SWAT model was investigated for its applicability under limited data conditions in three Ethiopian catchments. / QC 20100827

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<p>The fully integrated 3-D, time dependant, hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model ECOMSED was used to simulate flow and sediment transport in rivers. ECOMSED was originally developed for large water bodies such as lakes and oceans and solves the primitive equations of RANS along with a second order turbulence model in an orthogonal curvilinear σ- coordinate system. The availability of the model as an open FORTRAN source code made modifications and addition of new models possible. A new bed load transport model was implemented in the code as well as improvements in treatment of river roughness parameterization, bed form effects, and automatic update of flow depth due to bed evolution. The model was applied to 1- km long reach of the River Klarälven, Sweden, where it bifurcates into two west and east channels. The water surface and the flow division in the channels were made in agreement with field data by spatially varying the roughness. However, the spatial distribution of the bed shear stress was not realistic. Improvements were made in the bottom boundary condition to represent the variable effects of bed forms on roughness depending on the flow regime and the flow depth. The improved model realistically reproduced the flow field as well as the sediment transport processes in the river Klarälven.</p>

Cette thèse aborde le sujet du monitorage par acoustique passive dans les rivières pour la mesure du transport sédimentaire par charriage. La motivation de la recherche est l’utilisation d’hydrophones déployés dans un cours d’eau pour détecter et mesurer le bruit des sédiments transportés sur le fond de la rivière. La technique est très prometteuse grâce à la facilité de déploiement sur le terrain et aux coûts réduits mais elle est encore déficitaire en méthodologie sur la connaissance du bruit ambiant. Le bruit ambiant est un mélange de sources de bruit parmi lesquelles se trouve le bruit du transport par charriage des sédiments. La classification des bandes passantes des spectres acoustiques permet de séparer les différentes sources acoustiques. Dans cette thèse, on analyse la dynamique du charriage par l’analyse de la variabilité de la bande passante du charriage des spectres acoustiques. Cette variabilité peut être temporelle, sur des chroniques acoustiques, et spatiale sur des mesures en plusieurs points de la section de la rivière.La recherche commence par une analyse théorique sur les solutions analytiques des impacts hertziens entre deux sphères rigides ou entre une sphère et le fond considéré comme une plaque. La sensibilité des fréquences centrales et des pics spectraux est dominée premièrement par les dimensions des particules et secondement par la vitesse d’impact. La solution analytique est utilisée conjointement avec des distributions granulométriques pour définir un modèle linéaire d’addition des spectres. La forme du spectre ainsi modélisé dépend notamment par des caractéristiques statistiques de la distribution granulométrique et de la vitesse d’impact du modèle d’impact. Le modèle spectral est dans un état simplifié parce qu’on suppose une vitesse d’impact uniforme quelle que soit la dimension des particules en collision et également parce qu’on ne considère pas les effets de l’atténuation à cause de la diffusion ou l’absorption des ondes sonores.Le modèle spectral du charriage est utilisé par une méthode d’inversion des densités spectrales de puissances afin d’estimer la distribution granulométrique des sédiments transportés. La méthode d’inversion nommée « Non-Negative Least Square » est purement algébrique car elle est définie comme un problème au sens de moindres carrés avec une contrainte de positivité sur la solution. Les mesures sur deux rivières à graviers, Isère à Grenoble et la Drave, à Dellach en Autriche, donnent des résultats en concordance avec les mesures du transport sédimentaire. On a observé que l’inversion des spectres permet l’analyse de la dynamique des courbes granulométriques estimées tant spatiale (sur l’Isère à Grenoble) que temporelle (sur la Drave à Dellach).Le modèle de charriage est encore développé par l’intégration de la physique du transport sédimentaire, de l’hydraulique et de l’acoustique des impacts. Ce modèle vise l’analyse de spatialité et la temporalité des impacts dans une section de la rivière et donne une approche plus complète au modèle de charriage précédemment présenté. L’identification des spectres modélisés à des spectres simulés permet des modéliser les taux des impacts (et les flux sédimentaires) et la localisation de la bande principale de charriage dans la rivière de l’Isère à Grenoble. / This thesis deals with theoretical and experimental concepts of passive acoustic monitoring of sediment transport in rivers. Hence, the motivation is the use of hydrophones to sense the sound pressure generated by impacts between the sediments that are transported on the bed river. The technique is very cheap and easy to deploy on the field but it lacks of knowledge on the nature of the river soundscape’s acoustic sources. In order to separate the various types of noise sources composing the soundscape, a spectral analysis is frequently used to detect the bedload noise passband. The bedload spectral information is used in this thesis to estimate the transported, or bedload, grain size distribution. The study is based on the physical evidence of the existence of a dependency between the size of impacting particles and the frequency of the impacts. Therefore, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the bedload grain size distributions in gravel rivers will be assessed by developing acoustic spectra indexes.Firstly, the analytic solutions of hertzian impact between two rigid spheres and between a sphere and a slab are studied. The spectrum’s center and peak frequencies are most sensible on the grain size and then on the impact velocity. The analytic solutions and grain size distributions are used to model bedload acoustic spectra. Such model is sensible on the grain size distribution shape followed by the impact velocities of sediments. Its definition does not include non-linear transmission losses, i.e. attenuation with frequency due to scattering and absorption effects, and also the impact velocity is constant no matter the dimension of particles.Secondly, the bedload acoustic model is used for implementing inversion methods to estimate the grain size distributions. Such a method is defined in a least square algebraically framework, named the Non-Negative Least Square method, and uses analytical solutions of hertzian impacts to inverse the acoustic spectra. Field measurements on two large gravel rivers like Isère River, in Grenoble, France, and Drau River, at Dellach, in Austria, revealed coherent results as validated by physical sampling trials of bedload transport. It was observed a spatial variability in the estimated grain size distribution across the Isère River whereas a temporal variability was observed from the inversion of Drau River’s spectra.The previous bedload spectral model is enhanced by including concepts from the physics of fractional transport rate in gravel rivers, of particle saltation model and acoustic models of propagation. One can model acoustic maps of bedload noise from spatializing the impact rates at the reach scale. Here, the model is tests to localize the bedload noise in the Isère River’s cross-section by matching the measured spectra to the modeled ones. The acoustic maps obtained from this model are successfully predicted as validated by the measured maps in the Isère River in Grenoble.

Due to the endangerment of the June sucker (Chasmistes liorus), the lower two miles of Hobble Creek, Utah has been the focus of several restoration efforts. The portion of the creek between Interstate 15 and Utah Lake has been moved into a more "natural" channel and efforts are now being made to expand restoration to the east side of the freeway. This thesis reports on three different parts of a sedimentological analysis performed on Hobble Creek. The first part is a data set that contains information about the particle size distribution on the bed of Hobble Creek between 400 W and Interstate 15 in Springville, Utah. Particle size distributions were obtained for eleven sub-reaches within the study section. Particle size parameters such as D50 were observed to decrease from an average of 72 mm to 24 mm downstream from the 1650 W crossing and Packard Dam. Streambed armoring was observed along most of the reach. This data set can be used as input for PHABSIM software to determine the location and availability of existing spawning material for June sucker during a range of flows. The second part of this thesis compares predictions from four bed-load transport models to bed-load transport data measured on Hobble Creek. In general, the Meyer-Peter, Muller and Bathurst models overpredicted sediment transport by several orders of magnitude while the Rosgen and Wilcock methods (both calibrated models) were fairly accurate. Design channel dimensions resulting from the bed-load transport predictions diverged as a function of discharge. Once validated, the models developed in this section can be used by design engineers to better understand sediment transport on Hobble Creek. The models may also be applied to other Utah Lake tributaries. The third section of the thesis introduces a detailed survey data set that covers the Hobble Creek floodplain on the shifted section between Interstate 15 and Utah Lake with an approximate 10 foot resolution grid. Water surface elevations at two flows, along with invert, fence, saddles, and other points, are labeled in the survey. A comparison with a survey completed last year did not reveal any significant lateral changes caused by the 2010 spring runoff. Due to the potential importance of the side ponds to June sucker survival, this data set can be used to monitor sedimentation in the side ponds. It may also be used in a GSSHA model to determine the magnitude of flow that is required before each side pond will be connected to the main channel.

No description available.

The fully integrated 3-D, time dependant, hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model ECOMSED was used to simulate flow and sediment transport in rivers. ECOMSED was originally developed for large water bodies such as lakes and oceans and solves the primitive equations of RANS along with a second order turbulence model in an orthogonal curvilinear σ- coordinate system. The availability of the model as an open FORTRAN source code made modifications and addition of new models possible. A new bed load transport model was implemented in the code as well as improvements in treatment of river roughness parameterization, bed form effects, and automatic update of flow depth due to bed evolution. The model was applied to 1- km long reach of the River Klarälven, Sweden, where it bifurcates into two west and east channels. The water surface and the flow division in the channels were made in agreement with field data by spatially varying the roughness. However, the spatial distribution of the bed shear stress was not realistic. Improvements were made in the bottom boundary condition to represent the variable effects of bed forms on roughness depending on the flow regime and the flow depth. The improved model realistically reproduced the flow field as well as the sediment transport processes in the river Klarälven. / QC 20101123

This Ph.D. thesis aims to develop numerical models for two-dimensional and three-dimensional shallow water systems over mobile beds. In order to accomplish the goal of this dissertation, the following sub-projects are defined and completed. 1: The first sub-project consists in developing a robust two-dimensional coupled numerical model based on an unstructured mesh, which can simulate rapidly varying flows over an erodible bed involving wet–dry fronts that is a complex yet practically important problem. In this task, the central-upwind scheme is extended to simulation of bed erosion and sediment transport, a modified shallow water system is adopted to improve the model, a wetting and drying scheme is proposed for tracking wet-dry interfaces and stably predict the bed erosion near wet-dry area. The shallow water, sediment transport and bed evolution equations are coupled in the governing system. The proposed model can efficiently track wetting and drying interfaces while preserving stability in simulating the bed erosion near the wet-dry fronts. The additional terms in shallow water equations can improve the accuracy of the simulation when intense sediment-exchange exists; the central-upwind method adopted in the current study shows great accuracy and efficiency compared with other popular solvers; the developed model is robust, efficient and accurate in dealing with various challenging cases. 2: The second sub-project consists in developing a novel numerical scheme for a coupled two-dimensional hyperbolic system consisting of the shallow water equations with friction terms coupled with the equations modeling the sediment transport and bed evolution. The resulting 5*5 hyperbolic system of balance laws is numerically solved using a Godunov-type central-upwind scheme on a triangular grid. A spatially second-order and temporally third-order central-upwind scheme has been derived to discretize the conservative hyperbolic sub-system. However, such schemes need a correct evaluation of local wave speeds to avoid instabilities. To address such an issue, a mathematical result by the Lagrange theorem is used in the proposed scheme. Consequently, a computationally expensive process of finding all of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices is avoided: The upper/lower bounds on the largest/smallest local speeds of propagation are estimated using the Lagrange theorem. In addition, a special discretization of the bed-slope term is proposed to guarantee the well-balanced property of the designed scheme. 3: The third sub-project consists in designing a novel scheme to estimate bed-load fluxes which can produce more accurate results than the previously reported coupled model. Using a pair of local wave speeds different from those used for the flow, a novel wave estimator in conjunction with the central upwind method is proposed and successfully applied to the coupled water-sediment system involving a rapid bed-erosion process. It was demonstrated that, in comparison with the decoupled model, applying the proposed novel scheme to approximate the bed-load fluxes can successfully avoid the numerical oscillations caused by simple and less stable schemes, e.g. simple upwind methods; in comparison with the coupled model using same flux-estimator for both hydrodynamic and morphological systems, the proposed numerical scheme successfully prevents excessive numerical diffusion for prediction of bed evolution. Consequently, the proposed scheme has advantages in terms of accuracy which are shown in several numerical tests. In addition, analytical expressions have been provided for calculating the eigenvalues of the coupled shallow-water-Exner system, which greatly enhances the efficiency of the proposed method. 4: The fourth sub-project consists in developing a three-dimensional numerical model for the simulation of unsteady non-hydrostatic shallow water flows on unstructured grids using the finite volume method. The free surface variations are modeled by a characteristics-based scheme which simulates sub- and super-critical flows. Three-dimensional velocity components are considered in a collocated arrangement with a sigma coordinate system. A special treatment of the pressure term is developed to avoid the water surface oscillations. Convective and diffusive terms are approximated explicitly, and an implicit discretization is used for the pressure term. The unstructured grid in the horizontal direction and the sigma coordinate in the vertical direction facilitate the use of the model in complicated geometries. 5: The fifth sub-project consists in developing a well-balanced three-dimensional shallow water model which is able to simulate shock waves over dry bed. Due to the hydrostatic simplification of the vertical momentum equation, the governing system of equations is not hyperbolic and can not be solved using standard hyperbolic solvers. That is, one can not use a high-order Godunov-type scheme to compute all fluxes through cell-interfaces. This may cause the model to fail in simulations of some unsteady-flows with discontinuities, e.g., dam-break flows and floods. To overcome this difficulty, a novel numerical scheme for the three-dimensional shallow water equations is proposed using a relaxation approach in order to convert the system to a hyperbolic one. Thus, a high-order Godunov-type central-upwind scheme based on the finite volume method can be applied to approximate the numerical fluxes. The proposed model can also preserve the ``lake at rest'' state and positivity of water depth over irregular bottom topographies based on special reconstruction of the corresponding parameters. 6: The sixth sub-project consists in extending the result of the fifth sub-project to development of a three-dimensional numerical model for shallow water flows over mobile beds, which is able to simulate morphological evolutions under shock waves, e.g. dam-break flows. The hydrodynamic model solves the three-dimensional shallow water equations using a finite volume method on prismatic cells in sigma coordinates based on the scheme prposed in sub-project 5. The morphodynamic model solves an Exner equation consisting of bed-load sediment transportation. The performance of the proposed model has been demonstrated by several laboratory experiments of dam-break flows over mobile beds.