O presente trabalho apresenta a análise térmica do fenômeno de fermentação de cerveja com o objetivo de quantificar a energia liberada durante o processo e avaliar o comportamento do campo de temperaturas do fermentando. É adotada uma metodologia que reúne abordagens teóricas e experimentais, aplicadas a um processo completo de fermentação. O calor dissipado durante a fermentação é calculado por equações presentes na literatura, tendo como entrada a taxa de conversão de glicose e produção de CO2. Essas taxas são calculadas pelas concentrações de glicose medidas de amostras retiradas durante ensaios planejados. A dissipação é usada como entrada em dois modelos térmicos para o cálculo do campo de temperaturas do fermentando. As temperaturas calculadas são superiores àquelas monitoradas experimentalmente, com diferenças de até 78%. Esse comportamento embasa a proposta de uma equação de ajuste do calor liberado durante a fermentação. A equação proposta indica que é liberado 38 kJ por mol de glicose convertido, neste estudo a taxa de dissipação térmica atinge valor máximo de 11,41 Wm-3 e a energia total dissipada é de 385 kJ para produzir 40 litros de cerveja. O ajuste mostrou-se satisfatório, as temperaturas máximas e os campos de temperaturas calculados apresentaram valores equivalentes aos valores experimentais. / The present study carry out a thermal analysis of beer fermentation process which aims to quantify the energy released during the process and evaluate the temperature field, using a methodology that brings together theoretical and experimental approaches. The heat dissipated during the fermentation is calculated by equations reported in the literature, with the conversion rates of glucose and CO2 production as input. These rates are calculated using the glucose concentrations measured of samples taken during tests. The dissipation is used as input in two thermal models for the calculation of temperature field. The calculated temperatures are higher than those monitored experimentally, with differences up to 78%. It supports the proposal of an adjusted equation for heat release of beer fermentation. The proposed equation indicates that 38 kJ per mol of converted glucose is released. In this study, the thermal dissipation rate reaches a maximum value of 11.41 Wm-3 and the total energy dissipated is 385 kJ for producing 40 liters of beer. The adjustment is satisfactory, the maximum temperatures and the temperature fields calculated are equivalent to the experimental values.

O presente trabalho apresenta a análise térmica do fenômeno de fermentação de cerveja com o objetivo de quantificar a energia liberada durante o processo e avaliar o comportamento do campo de temperaturas do fermentando. É adotada uma metodologia que reúne abordagens teóricas e experimentais, aplicadas a um processo completo de fermentação. O calor dissipado durante a fermentação é calculado por equações presentes na literatura, tendo como entrada a taxa de conversão de glicose e produção de CO2. Essas taxas são calculadas pelas concentrações de glicose medidas de amostras retiradas durante ensaios planejados. A dissipação é usada como entrada em dois modelos térmicos para o cálculo do campo de temperaturas do fermentando. As temperaturas calculadas são superiores àquelas monitoradas experimentalmente, com diferenças de até 78%. Esse comportamento embasa a proposta de uma equação de ajuste do calor liberado durante a fermentação. A equação proposta indica que é liberado 38 kJ por mol de glicose convertido, neste estudo a taxa de dissipação térmica atinge valor máximo de 11,41 Wm-3 e a energia total dissipada é de 385 kJ para produzir 40 litros de cerveja. O ajuste mostrou-se satisfatório, as temperaturas máximas e os campos de temperaturas calculados apresentaram valores equivalentes aos valores experimentais. / The present study carry out a thermal analysis of beer fermentation process which aims to quantify the energy released during the process and evaluate the temperature field, using a methodology that brings together theoretical and experimental approaches. The heat dissipated during the fermentation is calculated by equations reported in the literature, with the conversion rates of glucose and CO2 production as input. These rates are calculated using the glucose concentrations measured of samples taken during tests. The dissipation is used as input in two thermal models for the calculation of temperature field. The calculated temperatures are higher than those monitored experimentally, with differences up to 78%. It supports the proposal of an adjusted equation for heat release of beer fermentation. The proposed equation indicates that 38 kJ per mol of converted glucose is released. In this study, the thermal dissipation rate reaches a maximum value of 11.41 Wm-3 and the total energy dissipated is 385 kJ for producing 40 liters of beer. The adjustment is satisfactory, the maximum temperatures and the temperature fields calculated are equivalent to the experimental values.

O presente trabalho apresenta a análise térmica do fenômeno de fermentação de cerveja com o objetivo de quantificar a energia liberada durante o processo e avaliar o comportamento do campo de temperaturas do fermentando. É adotada uma metodologia que reúne abordagens teóricas e experimentais, aplicadas a um processo completo de fermentação. O calor dissipado durante a fermentação é calculado por equações presentes na literatura, tendo como entrada a taxa de conversão de glicose e produção de CO2. Essas taxas são calculadas pelas concentrações de glicose medidas de amostras retiradas durante ensaios planejados. A dissipação é usada como entrada em dois modelos térmicos para o cálculo do campo de temperaturas do fermentando. As temperaturas calculadas são superiores àquelas monitoradas experimentalmente, com diferenças de até 78%. Esse comportamento embasa a proposta de uma equação de ajuste do calor liberado durante a fermentação. A equação proposta indica que é liberado 38 kJ por mol de glicose convertido, neste estudo a taxa de dissipação térmica atinge valor máximo de 11,41 Wm-3 e a energia total dissipada é de 385 kJ para produzir 40 litros de cerveja. O ajuste mostrou-se satisfatório, as temperaturas máximas e os campos de temperaturas calculados apresentaram valores equivalentes aos valores experimentais. / The present study carry out a thermal analysis of beer fermentation process which aims to quantify the energy released during the process and evaluate the temperature field, using a methodology that brings together theoretical and experimental approaches. The heat dissipated during the fermentation is calculated by equations reported in the literature, with the conversion rates of glucose and CO2 production as input. These rates are calculated using the glucose concentrations measured of samples taken during tests. The dissipation is used as input in two thermal models for the calculation of temperature field. The calculated temperatures are higher than those monitored experimentally, with differences up to 78%. It supports the proposal of an adjusted equation for heat release of beer fermentation. The proposed equation indicates that 38 kJ per mol of converted glucose is released. In this study, the thermal dissipation rate reaches a maximum value of 11.41 Wm-3 and the total energy dissipated is 385 kJ for producing 40 liters of beer. The adjustment is satisfactory, the maximum temperatures and the temperature fields calculated are equivalent to the experimental values.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Beer is one of the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages in the world. The brewing process is based on natural enzymatic activities that take place during the malting of barley grain, mashing of grist and fermentation of wort. Insufficient malt enzyme activity during the mashing process leads to high levels of barley β-glucan, arabinoxylan (AX) and dextrins in the wort as well as in the final beer. It was reported that high levels of β-glucan and AX increase wort and beer viscosity which lower the rate of beer filtration and this negatively affect the production rate in the brewery. During beer fermentation, brewing yeast catalyses the conversion of wort sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. However, non-fermentable carbohydrates i.e., limit dextrins remain in the wort and final beer. These non-fermentable carbohydrates are known to contribute to the caloric value of beer which might lead to weight gain in consumers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of recombinant yeast strains expressing an endo-β-1,4-glucanase or an endo-β-1,4-xylanase on beer viscosity (as an indicator of filterability) and an α-amylase on residual sugars levels. The effect of the above mentioned enzymes on the aroma, appearance, flavour, mouth-feel and overall quality of the beer was also determined. Wort was produced in the University of Limpopo micro-brewery and the wort was pitched with different recombinant strains. The wild-type strain served as control. The results obtained showed that the xylanase expressing strain produced a measurable decrease in viscosity over the course of the fermentation, but endo-glucanase did not have any effect on the beer viscosity. The α-amylase producing strain, did not show a measurable reduction of residual sugars in the final beer probably as a result of very low activity on α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in dextrins during fermentation. The xylanase and α-amylase producing strain fermented effectively with good attenuation (decrease in wort specific gravity). The beer produced by the α-amylase and control strains were preferred in terms of taste and had similar qualities. The secreted amylolytic activity was not sufficient to significantly reduce residual sugar in the final beer. Although the xylanase secreting strain produced a beer with lower viscosity, the enzyme had a negative impact on the taste of the beer. Key words: Brewer’s yeast, beer fermentation, low calorie beer, amylase, xylanase, endo-glucanase.