Orientador: Célia Marisa Rizzatti-Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_AnaPaulaVarelaBrown_M.pdf: 940853 bytes, checksum: de21757c90409e59f1f2606a96299cf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As articulações temporomandibulares (ATM) podem ser afetadas por alterações articulares e/ou musculares que podem progredir e iniciar mudanças degenerativas, culminando em osteoartrite (OA). A liberação de mediadores químicos, durante processo inflamatório na ATM, pode modular a condução dos estímulos nociceptivos e promover a expansão e agravamento do campo neuroinflamatório na sensibilização central. Portanto, para melhor compreender e investigar o processo inflamatório e suas vias de condução da dor na disfunção temporomandibular (DTM), este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo experimental para supressão da condução de estímulo nociceptivo gerado na região da ATM de ratos fêmeas Wistar usando piperina (Piper nigrum), bem como determinar a concentração necessária de piperina para produzir tal efeito. Para isso, foram utilizados 20 ratos fêmeas, divididos em 4 grupos (n=5), que tiveram injetadas na sua ATM direita 25?l de uma das seguintes soluções: salina fisiológica, 4, 6 ou 8?g de piperina diluídas, individualmente, em 100ml de solução de 10% de álcool etílico, 10% de Tween 80 e 80% de solução fisiológica estéril. Após 8 a 12 dias, todas as ratas, na fase estro do ciclo hormonal receberam, na mesma ATM, a aplicação de 25?l de nova solução de 2?g piperina, que agiu como agente irritante, diluída como previamente citado, e foram imediatamente avaliadas quanto aos comportamentos nociceptivos de coçar a região orofacial com uma das patas e/ou de deslocar repetida e descoordenadamente a cabeça. Estes dados foram quantificados sob a forma de tempo gasto pelo animal coçando a região orofacial, de número de vezes em que deslocou a cabeça, e da soma destes comportamentos, considerando que o comportamento de deslocamento da cabeça seguiu um padrão uniforme de 1 segundo de duração, cada deslocamento foi expresso com 1 segundo. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA, um critério) e teste de Bonferroni (post-hoc, ?=0.05). Para os animais que receberam injeção prévia de solução fisiológica estéril, 4, 6 ou 8?g/100ml de piperina, a média (± desvio padrão) do tempo gasto (em segundos) coçando a cabeça foi de 54.2 (±7.29), 63.4 (±12.82), 55.4 (±9.95), e 30.8 (±4.2), respectivamente; a média do número de vezes em que houve deslocamento da cabeça foi de 39 (±7.17), 47.6 (±4.91), 38.8 (±3.76), e 25.6 (±2.8), respectivamente; por fim, a média da soma dos comportamentos foi de 93.2 (± 8.45), 111 (± 10.79), 94.2 (± 9.4), e 56.4 (± 4.18), respectivamente. A injeção prévia de 8 x 10 -3 ?g/ml de piperina da ATM provou reduzir, significativamente, os comportamentos nociceptivos avaliados, quando associados, em comparação ao grupo injetado com solução fisiológica estéril. Portanto, a injeção de solução de piperina na concentração 8 x10-3 ?g/ml na ATM de ratos mostrou-se eficaz na redução da condução de estímulos nociceptivos em comparação à solução salina fisiológica / Abstract: Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) may be affected by articular and/or muscle alterations that can progress and initiate degenerative changes, culminating in osteoarthritis (OA). The release of chemical mediators, during inflammation in the TMJ, can modulate the conduction of nociceptive stimuli and promote the expansion and aggravation of the neuroinflammatory field in central sensitization, which in turn, seems to contribute to the impairment of sites other than the origin of the inflammatory process. So, to better understand and investigate the inflammatory process and its pain pathways in temporomandibular disorders (TMD), this study aimed to develop a model for suppression of the nociceptive stimulus generated in the TMJ region of Wistar rats using piperine (Piper nigrum), and to determine the necessary concentration of piperine to produce such effect. For that, 20 female rats were divided into 4 groups (n=5), and they had their right TMJ injected with 25?l of one of the following solutions: saline, 4, 6 or 08?g/100ml of piperine. After 8 to 12 days, rats in the estrous phase of the hormonal cycle had the same TMJ injected with a new piperine solution (25?l, 2?g/100ml) which acted as irritant, and were immediately evaluated for the nociceptive behaviors of rubbing the orofacial region with one the paws and/or of flinching the head repetitively and uncoordinatedly and the sum of this behaviors, considering that the flinching of the head behavior followed a uniform pattern of 1 second in duration, each flinching was expresses as 1 second. These data were quantified in terms of time spent rubbing the orofacial region, of number of times of head flinches, and of the sum of both behaviors. Data collected were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA, one-way) and Bonferroni's test (post-hoc, ?=0.05). For the animals that received previous injection of saline, 4, 6 or 8?g/100ml of piperine solutions, the means (± standard deviations) for time (in seconds) spent rubbing the orofacial region were 54.2 (±7.29), 63.4 (±12.82), 55.4 (±9.95), e 30.8 (±4.2), respectively; for the number of head flinches, the means were 39 (±7.17), 47.6 (±4.91), 38.8 (±3.76), e 25.6 (±2.8), respectively; finally, the means for the sum of both behavior were 93.2 (± 8.45), 111 (± 10.79), 94.2 (± 9.4), e 56.4 (± 4.18), respectively. Previous injection of the TMJ with8x10-3 ?g/ml of piperine solution has proved to reduce the sum of the nociceptive behaviors, compared to injection of saline solution. Therefore, the injection of piperine solution at concentration of 8 x 10-3 ?g/ml in the TMJ of rats has shown to be effective in the reduction of the conduction of nociceptive stimuli compared to saline solution / Mestrado / Protese Dental / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Emotional, motivational, or species-specific behaviour can be elicited by intracranial electrical stimulation (ICS) in unanesthetized and unrestrained animals with chronically implanted electrodes. The purpose of this investigation was to describe and quantify, using an escape and avoidance task, a behaviour called flight, using rats as the experimental animal. An enclosed test box was used that had a hole in one wall covered by a moveable clear plastic plate. With the interior light on and exterior lights off, the hole represented the only opening in the box. Flight was then operationally defined as plate-pushing in response to ICS (escape response). It was found that only 25% of rats which showed manifestations of flight on pre-test screening would perform the escape response. After establishing reliable escape, the rats were given the opportunity to avoid ICS, at the threshold voltage for escape, by responding to a signal (bell, light or click) predicting the occurrence of ICS. In over 200 trials there were at most only 10% avoidances and no tendency for faster responding. A current explanation for this, proposed by W. W. Roberts, was tested by allowing these rats to press a bar for brief ICS at the voltage used in avoidance. Only 40% of the subjects would self-stimulate. These, and other results from the literature suggest that rewarding onset of ICS, as in the Roberts hypothesis, is insufficient to explain the lack of avoidance. The electrode sites producing escape were found to be in the central gray of the midbrain, and in both the medial and lateral divisions of the middle to posterior hypothalamus near the fornix. The sites producing similar behavioural manifestations but not escape were found to be in the same regions of the hypothalamus and midbrain. / Medicine, Faculty of / Graduate

The "hyperphagic syndrome" consists of a number of behavioral changes which normally occur along with the increased weight gain following VMH lesions in the rat. The present study explored the possibility of separating these behavioral changes from the increased weight gain. The behavioral dimensions sampled were activity, tendency to work for food and reactivity to diet adulteration. Three different methods were employed to produce the increased weight gain: electrolytic VMH lesions, cuts lateral to the VMH, and cuts anterior to the VMH. The results confirmed the decreased activity, decreased tendency to work for food, and increased reactivity to taste manipulation previously reported for VMH-lesioned animals. Cuts lateral to the VMH were indistinguishable from lesions on each of these measures. Cuts anterior to the VMH resulted in no change in normal activity level or in the tendency to work for food but did result in increased reactivity to taste manipulation. The results are consistent with the notion of a medial-lateral system controlling some facit of energy balance and of an anterior system underlying a sex dependent part of the weight gain in female rats. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Recently, it has been discovered that serotonin (5-HT) receptors exist as subtypes in the mammalian brain. At least two major subtypes that differ in their distribution, and affinity for serotonergic drugs, have now been described. These receptors have been labeled 5-HT₁, and 5-HT₂ receptors. The purpose of this thesis is to determine what roles the 5-HT₁, and 5-HT₂ receptors might play in the modulation of sexual behaviour in the female rat. The administration of the 5-HT₂ receptor antagonist pirenperone inhibited sexual receptivity in adult, ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats that had been primed either chronically with estradiol benzoate (EB), or acutely with EB plus varying doses of progesterone (P). An inhibition occurred at peripherally administered doses of 50, 100 and 150, but not 25 µg/kg of pirenperone. Pirenperone also inhibited receptivity when administered intraventricularly at a dose of 15 µg/kg, however this dose of pirenperone was ineffective when administered peripherally. Increasing the dose of P did not attenuate the inhibitory effect of pirenperone. The 5-HT₂ antagonists ketanserin (2.5 mg/kg) and spiperone (250 µg/kg) also inhibited receptivity in females that had been primed with EB plus P. The inhibitory effect of pirenperone was attenuated by the 5-HT₂ agonist quipazine , however the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (20 mg/kg), and the 5-HT₁, agonists 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethytryptamine (5MeODMT) (200 µg/kg) and tryptamine (2 mg/kg) did not attenuate the effect of pirenperone. Quipazine, 5-HTP, and 5MeODMT did not effect receptivity in females that had been primed with EB plus P, however tryptamine inhibited receptivity. Whereas the nonselective 5-HT antagonist methysergide (3 mg/kg) failed to have an effect on receptivity in females that had been primed with EB, methysergide coadministered with quipazine facilitated receptivity. Pirenperone also inhibited proceptivity in females that had been primed with EB plus P. Although quipazine did not attenuate the inhibitory effect of pirenperone upon proceptivity, quipazine alone facilitated proceptivity in females that had been primed either with EB, or with EB and P. Methysergide did not effect proceptivity, and 5-HTP, 5MeODMT, and tryptamine were also ineffective with regards to proceptivity. The results of the present series of experiments are not entirely consistent with Meyerson's widely held theory of serotonergic inhibition , rather they suggest a dual role for 5-HT in female sexual behaviour. Therefore, a new theory regarding the role of 5-HT in sexual behaviour is proposed. Specifically, it is proposed that inhibitory effects of 5-HT are mediated by activity at 5-HT₁, receptors, whereas facilitatory effects are mediated by activity at 5-HT₂ receptors. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

I consider the relationship between natal dispersal, the acquisition of breeding resources and the proximate maintenance of the mating system in a population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) resident on Mandarte Island, B.C.. The general hypothesis tested was that intrasexual competition for the resources that limit reproduction in each sex is the main factor affecting patterns of natal dispersal, territory turnover and mating system organization. This study reveals differences in the competitive ability of individuals and the consequences of these for natal dispersal, territory acquisition and the ability to monopolize mates. In this population, natal dispersal, territoriality and the mating system are related through the common mechanism of intrasexual competition for breeding resources. This competition affected reproduction within each sex, and in the opposite sex, raising potential conflicts of interest between mated males and females. I identify correlates of competitive ability, and consider how individuals of each sex maximize the number of young they raised. All suitable habitat was defended even at low density, resulting in high levels of competition for space. Song sparrows contested for territories year-round. Most settlers were yearlings, but several males were older and had previously owned a territory. Most floaters settled by evicting owners from all or part of their territories, in contrast to the assumption of most models of dispersal that floaters gain territories only after an owner's death. Relative age and dominance within cohorts affected recruitment and territorial status in the year following hatch in each sex. Differences in age also affected territorial and mating behaviour, particularly in males. Although competitive ability varied with age, differences in competitive ability between males persisted through life. Approximately 9% of male breeding attempts occurred after a male territory owner had evicted a neighbour and thereby gained access to an additional female. Polygynous males raised more young than monogamous males. Females vigorously defended their territories against female intruders, presumably to prevent polygyny by their mates. Females in polygynous groups often lost the aid of their mate, and raised fewer young, because polygynous males did not aid two females simultaneously. Adding supplemental food altered female time budgets, increased their ability to prevent settlement by female floaters, and increased their reproductive success. This suggests that females are constrained in the amount of time they can spend in territory defence by time spent foraging. The maintenance of monogamy was affected by differences in the abilities of individual males and females to defend their territories against intruders of the same sex. Dispersal distances were similar among sexes, in contrast to the usual pattern of female-biased dispersal in birds. Given the intense territorial behaviour of males and females, this study supports the hypothesis that biases in dispersal arise when territory establishment is substantially more difficult in one sex than the other. Dispersal on Mandarte was unrelated to inbreeding, common parentage, or reproductive success. However, emigrants from Mandarte were socially subordinate birds that must have outbred if they settled successfully. Female emigrants from local populations in the vicinity of Mandarte may settle more often than males. Dispersal occurred as young birds established ranges in the period following independence, from which they challenged or replaced owners. Adding food during the breeding period reduced dispersal in males and females in late summer and the following spring. Competitive ability probably affects dispersal from the natal population, the likelihood of settlement, and the time of settlement for those birds that remain in the natal population. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Great ape gesture is an elaborate, flexible system of intentional communication. It has been suggested that human language originated in gesture, thus, the gestural communication of great apes is of great interest for questions on the origin of language. To date, systematic studies of great ape gesture have been limited to restricted captive settings, supplemented by the study of a few specific gestures in wild populations. To address questions about gestural communication from an evolutionary perspective it is necessary to extend the systematic study of gesture into a wild ape population. I therefore undertook a 22-month study of gesture in the wild Sonso chimpanzee community in Budongo, Uganda. Sonso chimpanzees employ a large repertoire of species-typical gestures in intentional communication; a proportion of this repertoire appears to be ape-typical, as would be expected with a biologically given trait. Chimpanzees can acquire new behavioural patterns through imitation; however, this apparently does not represent a significant means of acquiring gestures. Gesturing was employed regularly in an intentional manner from the end of the first year, and was used by chimpanzees of all ages to communicate across a range of contexts, including the evolutionarily urgent context of consortship. Immature chimpanzees used a wide range of gestures, which they combined into rapid sequences. With maturity, use of the repertoire was ‘tuned’ to focus on the most effective gestures, which were then used individually. Despite the evidence for referential pointing in captive chimpanzees, there was little evidence for the regular use of it in wild chimpanzees. Gestures were used to communicate a range of imperative requests that regulated social behaviour. Chimpanzee gestures vary from the ambiguous to the highly specific in meaning; and, while gestures were used flexibly, they tended to be associated with a single dominant meaning.

Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2004 / Typescript (photocopy)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.