本論文發現了一個有趣的实证现象。在涉及假设的产品选择和实际的捐赠行为的四个实验中，我們發現從事一項協同的行为可以增加人們在后续的一項无关的消费决策中的趨同性，但是观察協同的行為卻降低了這種趨同性。本研究還闡明了这些效應的两个边界条件，第一，當旁觀者與當事人共享行為的結果時，旁觀者的趨同性傾向會提高 ；第二，與實際參與某項協同性的活動不同，當當事人只是預期一項將要發生的協同行為時，他們在後續無關的消費決策中 趨同性下降。这些結果適用于在认知与动机的相互作用下的某行為對其他、 無關的情况下行为的影响。而且，这项研究發現了一個新的當事人－旁觀者差異的方面，即當事人和旁觀者在進行協同性的行為時注意力的不同并導致後續行為上的不一樣，因此對這方面的文獻也有所貢獻。 / This research documents an intriguing empirical phenomenon. That is, acting synchrony behavior increases individuals’ tendency to conform in subsequent unrelated consumer decisions whereas observing it reduces this tendency. This phenomenon is demonstrated in four experiments involving both hypothetic product choice and real donation behavior measures. The present research also identifies two boundary conditions of these effects. First, when observers’ outcomes are tied to actors’ success in performing synchronous behavior, their conformity tendency increases. Second, anticipated synchrony decreases, whereas actual synchrony increases it. These effects have general implications for the interplay of both cognition and motivation in determining the effects of behavior in one situation on the behavior in other, unrelated situations. Also, this research contributes to the actor-observer difference literature by identifying a new effect of the different focus of actors and observers on consumer decisions. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Dong, Ping. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 31-35). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.i / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / Chapter LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cognitive Responses to Interpersonal Synchrony --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Role of Mindset and Production in Information Processing --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effects of Psychological Reactance --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4 --- Actor-Observer Differences in Reactions to Behavior --- p.7 / Chapter 2.5 --- Qualifications --- p.9 / Chapter 2.6 --- Overview of Experiments --- p.10 / Chapter 3 --- EXPERIMENT 1 --- p.11 / Chapter 3.1 --- Method --- p.12 / Chapter 3.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.13 / Chapter 4 --- EXPERIMENT 2 --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1 --- Method --- p.15 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.16 / Chapter 5 --- EXPERIMENT 3 --- p.19 / Chapter 5.1 --- Method --- p.20 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.22 / Chapter 6 --- EXPERIMENT 4 --- p.24 / Chapter 6.1 --- Method --- p.25 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.26 / Chapter 7 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.27 / REFERENCES --- p.31 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.40

Previous research documented a strong relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and negative affect as well as rumination. Recent studies have also shown that specific negative affect such as anger and anger rumination play distinctive roles in the development and maintenance of NSSI. The present study examined the roles of trait anger, anger rumination and self-punishment tendency in the development of NSSI among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong using a 6-month follow-up design. In the first wave of assessment, 4,778 Chinese secondary school students aged 10 to 19 completed measures assessing NSSI, trait anger, anger rumination, self-punishment tendency and other relevant variables. The second wave of assessment was conducted six months later and 3,918 of the Wave 1 participants completed the same measures. Results showed that trait anger and anger rumination reliably predicted the severity of NSSI both concurrently and longitudinally, even after controlling for overall negative emotion and borderline personality symptoms. Significant interaction effects between trait anger and anger rumination were also found. Structural equation modeling results revealed that self-punishment tendency partially mediated the relation between anger dysregulation and NSSI. The mediating role of self-punishment was identified in both the concurrent and the longitudinal mediation model. Conceptual and clinical implications of these findings were discussed. / 過往文獻記錄了非自殺性自傷行為（以下簡稱自傷行為）與負面情緒以及反芻思維的密切聯繫。最近的研究也揭示了特定的負面情緒如憤怒，以及憤怒導向的反芻思維在自傷行為的發展和維持中起到獨特的作用。本論文用一項六個月的追蹤研究考察了憤怒特質、憤怒反芻思維和自我懲罰傾向對中國青少年自傷行為的影響。在第一期測評中，4,778名香港中學生（10到19歲）完成了關於自傷行為、憤怒特質、憤怒反芻思維、自我懲罰以及其他與自傷相關因素的自我報告問卷。第二期測評于六個月后進行，3,918名參與過第一期測評的學生完成了相同的問卷施測。數據分析結果表明憤怒特質與憤怒反芻思維顯著地預測了同期和未來的自傷行為嚴重程度，並且二者的預測效力在控制了被試的總體負面情緒與邊緣型人格症狀后仍然顯著。同時，本研究也證實了憤怒特質與憤怒思維在預測自傷行為時的顯著交互作用。結構方程模型結果顯示，自我懲罰傾向在憤怒失調與自傷行為的關係中起到了部分中介的作用，並且這一中介作用在橫向研究和縱向研究兩個模型中都得到了證實。這些發現對於增強我們對青少年自傷行為的理解、推動進一步針對自傷行為中情緒和思維的研究以及促進臨床診斷及治療都具有重要啟示。 / Zhou, Xiaoyi. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-113). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 12, October, 2016). / Zhou, Xiaoyi. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

This survey study evaluates the incidence of tanning in adults who use indoor gyms.

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