Abstract Background: In the context of increasing globalization, more and more software engineers/managers work in foreign companies, and they are exposed to the culture of different countries. According to Hofstede's five cultural dimensions, culture can be divided into Individualism and Collectivism, Power Distance, Masculinity, Uncertainty avoidance, and Long-term orientation and short-term orientation. From extensive empirical research performed by Hofstede and his colleagues, we found that the cultural dimension scores of different countries are different, which shows that different countries have different cultures. Through study related papers, we find that cultural differences can affect the behavior of software engineers/managers, causing differences in the behavior of software engineers/managers, and some behavioral differences can make influences/misunderstandings between software engineers/managers. These influences/misunderstandings may have an impact on project progress and personal work during software development. Objectives: In this thesis, we want to understand the concrete behavioral differences in how software engineers/managers work caused by cultural differences. After getting these behavioral differences, we want to understand which influence or misunderstandings arise from the software engineers/managers' behavioral differences. Finally, we want to get some suggestions from software engineers/managers on how to prevent/solve these misunderstandings or influences, we summarized these suggestions to help them face people from Chinese or Scandinavian culture.   Methods: In this research, we used qualitative research. We chose a systematic literature review (SLR) to helped us answer which behavioral differences will be caused by cultural differences. Then we used questionnaire and interview the two survey methods to collect which influence or misunderstandings arise from the software engineers/managers' behavioral differences and some suggestions to help software engineers/managers to solve/prevent negative influence or misunderstandings. Results: Through systematic literature review, we have collected 26 papers, and classified the results from these 26 papers according to five cultural dimensions, summarizing and analyzing the behavioral differences between Chinese and Scandinavian software engineers/managers. Through questionnaires and interviews, we got 37 responses. For these responses, we use coding to classify the data, finally, we analyzed and list the influences/misunderstandings and suggestions. Finally we have collected 64 behavioral differences, 7 influences or misunderstandings, 15 preventive measures and 8 solutions to prevent or resolve these influence/misunderstanding. Conclusions: Our research has achieved research goals and answered research questions. Comparing the behavioral differences collected by SLR and survey, we found that survey responses can confirm that most of the behavioral differences in SLR studies experienced by Chinese and Scandinavian software engineers/managers. But there are some behavioral differences that don't appear in both the Survey and SLR data, this should be caused by the sample of our research is not large enough. For these behavioral differences, we found that respondents knew that there were cultural differences between Chinese and Scandinavian software engineers/managers. But not all respondents have been exposed to these behavioral differences. There are also individual differences in the impact of behavioral differences on software engineers/managers. We also found that the best way to solve/prevent these effects is to communicate more.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As populações introduzidas de saguis preocupam biólogos e conservacionistas, por causa do seu potencial de ocupação de hábitat, hibridação com congêneres nativos, predação de representantes da fauna local, transmissão de doenças e competição com outras espécies. É necessário entendermos o que favorece essa flexibilidade na utilização do suporte e no padrão comportamental que possibilita que os saguis sobrevivam em ambientes florestais tão diversos e até mesmo em regiões muito alteradas e antropizadas, como as grandes metrópoles. Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no arboreto do JBRJ. O trabalho de campo foi feito entre agosto de 2012 e agosto de 2013 e acumulou 205 horas de observações e 400 horas de esforço amostral. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o Animal Focal, no qual apenas um indivíduo do grupo foi analisado por sessão amostral, de 3 minutos com 7 minutos de intervalo. A cada dez minutos, em uma nova sessão amostral, o foco era mudado para outro indivíduo do grupo. Adultos, subadultos e jovens foram observados. Os indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ utilizam de forma diferenciada as categorias de utilização de habitat, com maior frequência a estratificação vertical inferior (entre 0 e 4,9m), suportes de diâmetro fino (até aproximadamente 14 cm de diâmetro), superfície média e inclinação horizontal (0 a 30), corroborando a outros estudos realizados que também verificaram estes padrões. Houve diferenças comportamentais dos indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ entre as classes de machos e fêmeas adultos, subadultos e jovens. Os indivíduos machos realizaram com maior frequência todos os comportamentos. Resultados que contribuem para o conhecimento aprofundado sobre o comportamento desses primatas, no qual até então não tinham sido feitas comparações diretas entre as classes consideradas. Principalmente o resultado encontrado de que os machos são mais ativos que as demais classes, o que não é mencionado na literatura até o presente e favorece para compreendermos mais sobre essas espécies / Introduced populations of marmosets concern biologists and conservationists because of its potential occupancy of habitat, hybridization with native congeners, predation on representatives of the local fauna, disease transmission and competition with other species. It is necessary to understand which favors this flexible use of habitat and behavioral pattern which enables marmosets to survive in such diverse forest environments and even much altered and disturbed areas, such as large cities. Individuals of Callithrix sp.were followed at the Arboretum JBRJ. The fieldwork was done between August 2012 and August 2013 and accumulated a total of 205 hours of observations and 400 hours of sampling effort. The sampling method used was the " Focal Animal ", in which only one individual in the group was analyzed at a three minutes sampling session with 7 minutes apart. Every ten minutes, in a new sampling session, the animal focus was shifted to another individual in the group. Adults, sub-adults and young were observed. Individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ use the categories of habitat differently, most often the lower vertical stratification (between 0 and 4.9 m), thinner supports (to about 14 cm diameter), with an average surface and a horizontal tilt (0 to 30 ), corroborating other studies that also found these patterns. There were also behavioral differences of individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ between classes of male and female adults, sub-adults and youth. Male individuals used more frequently all behaviors. Results that contribute to the knowledge about the behavior of these primates, which had not been direct comparisons made between the classes considered. Mainly the result found that males are more active than the other classes, which is not mentioned in the literature to date and helps to understand more about these species.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As populações introduzidas de saguis preocupam biólogos e conservacionistas, por causa do seu potencial de ocupação de hábitat, hibridação com congêneres nativos, predação de representantes da fauna local, transmissão de doenças e competição com outras espécies. É necessário entendermos o que favorece essa flexibilidade na utilização do suporte e no padrão comportamental que possibilita que os saguis sobrevivam em ambientes florestais tão diversos e até mesmo em regiões muito alteradas e antropizadas, como as grandes metrópoles. Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no arboreto do JBRJ. O trabalho de campo foi feito entre agosto de 2012 e agosto de 2013 e acumulou 205 horas de observações e 400 horas de esforço amostral. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o Animal Focal, no qual apenas um indivíduo do grupo foi analisado por sessão amostral, de 3 minutos com 7 minutos de intervalo. A cada dez minutos, em uma nova sessão amostral, o foco era mudado para outro indivíduo do grupo. Adultos, subadultos e jovens foram observados. Os indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ utilizam de forma diferenciada as categorias de utilização de habitat, com maior frequência a estratificação vertical inferior (entre 0 e 4,9m), suportes de diâmetro fino (até aproximadamente 14 cm de diâmetro), superfície média e inclinação horizontal (0 a 30), corroborando a outros estudos realizados que também verificaram estes padrões. Houve diferenças comportamentais dos indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ entre as classes de machos e fêmeas adultos, subadultos e jovens. Os indivíduos machos realizaram com maior frequência todos os comportamentos. Resultados que contribuem para o conhecimento aprofundado sobre o comportamento desses primatas, no qual até então não tinham sido feitas comparações diretas entre as classes consideradas. Principalmente o resultado encontrado de que os machos são mais ativos que as demais classes, o que não é mencionado na literatura até o presente e favorece para compreendermos mais sobre essas espécies / Introduced populations of marmosets concern biologists and conservationists because of its potential occupancy of habitat, hybridization with native congeners, predation on representatives of the local fauna, disease transmission and competition with other species. It is necessary to understand which favors this flexible use of habitat and behavioral pattern which enables marmosets to survive in such diverse forest environments and even much altered and disturbed areas, such as large cities. Individuals of Callithrix sp.were followed at the Arboretum JBRJ. The fieldwork was done between August 2012 and August 2013 and accumulated a total of 205 hours of observations and 400 hours of sampling effort. The sampling method used was the " Focal Animal ", in which only one individual in the group was analyzed at a three minutes sampling session with 7 minutes apart. Every ten minutes, in a new sampling session, the animal focus was shifted to another individual in the group. Adults, sub-adults and young were observed. Individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ use the categories of habitat differently, most often the lower vertical stratification (between 0 and 4.9 m), thinner supports (to about 14 cm diameter), with an average surface and a horizontal tilt (0 to 30 ), corroborating other studies that also found these patterns. There were also behavioral differences of individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ between classes of male and female adults, sub-adults and youth. Male individuals used more frequently all behaviors. Results that contribute to the knowledge about the behavior of these primates, which had not been direct comparisons made between the classes considered. Mainly the result found that males are more active than the other classes, which is not mentioned in the literature to date and helps to understand more about these species.