The importance of the consumption of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, for overall health, has been highlighted by the UK government in recent years. Consumption of fruit and vegetables is considerably lower in Scotland than in other parts of the UK. Behavioural change is most likely to come about through a comprehensive understanding of the range of factors influencing fruit and vegetable consumption, and the nature of the interaction of these factors. With variations in fruit and vegetable consumption by place and social class, this study focused on an area of low fruit and vegetable consumption in Scotland, and compared this to an area of high fruit and vegetable consumption in England, with socio-economic profile matched. The determinants of consumption, and their interrelationship, were investigated using qualitative information from focus group discussions, and quantitative data from a structured questionnaire. Multivariate models of fruit and vegetables consumption were developed, using log linear analysis, logistic regression and discriminant analysis. The models developed identified significant differences between fruit and vegetable consumption behaviour. Fruit consumption was mainly influenced by sociodemographic variables,in particulars mokers tatus. The impact of place and social class was substantial, when these variables were considered in interaction with the other socio-demographic variables. In contrast, vegetable consumption was influenced by motivational and attitudinal factors. Of these, the extent to which vegetables satisfied `convenience' expectations, and `hedonic motivations' were the most important influences, critical to vegetable consumption. The findings also suggest that the development of a generic model of food choice may not be an achievable goal, since the models of these two (similar) foodstuffs are so different. Strategies to promote fruit and vegetable consumption, must address the different characteristics, and priorities, of low fruit and vegetable consumers.

Objetivou-se identificar os incentivos e barreiras que interferem para realizaÃÃo do teste anti-HIV e explorar quais os fatores individuais, comportamentais e programÃticos associados a testagem anti-HIV na populaÃÃo geral acima de 18 anos. Estudo seccional realizado com a populaÃÃo geral, residentes em Fortaleza, no perÃodo de 2011. Participaram do estudo 349 pessoas homens e mulheres, com 18 anos completos ou mais. A amostra foi selecionada aleatoriamente com base nos dados populacionais do municÃpio, a populaÃÃo foi sorteada por conglomerado, tendo como base as sete regionais executivas de Fortaleza. A partir da distribuiÃÃo de habitantes em cada regional, foram selecionados os bairros com maior proporÃÃo de habitantes e a partir desta proporÃÃo, foi estabelecida a quantidade de pessoas a serem entrevistadas por bairro. As entrevistas foram realizadas nas residÃncias dos entrevistados, no perÃodo de 4 semanas (05/07/2011 atà 29/07/2011). Os turnos foram manhà (08h-12h) e tarde (14h-18h). Utilizou-se um questionÃrio estruturado, inserido em um computador de bolso (Pocket-PC). Foram coletados dados relacionados à situaÃÃo sociodemogrÃficas, econÃmica, acesso aos serviÃos de saÃde, conhecimento sobre DST/aids, comportamento sexual, teste anti-HIV, violÃncia e uso de Ãlcool e drogas. Foi realizada anÃlise bivariada e multivariada hierÃrquica usando o software STATA 11.0. Dos 349 participantes, 208 (59,6%) nÃo realizaram o teste anti-HIV. Na anÃlise multivariada hierÃrquica, ser do sexo feminino e ter companheiro foram fatores protetores para a testagem anti-HIV. As demais variÃveis, ter 50 anos ou mais, nÃo ter ouvido falar do teste anti-HIV, nÃo saber onde faz o teste anti-HIV, nÃo receber preservativo e nunca ter doado sangue na vida foram significativamente associadas a nÃo realizaÃÃo da testagem anti-HIV. Os fatores comportamentais nÃo se mostraram associados com o desfecho. NÃo ver motivo e achar que nÃo tem risco para a infecÃÃo do HIV foram barreiras para que essa populaÃÃo nÃo realiza-se o teste. A certeza de nÃo estar infectado serviu como incentivo quanto barreira para a testagem, indicando a deficiÃncia no conhecimento sobre a doenÃa e, portanto a nÃo percepÃÃo de risco ao HIV/aids. Os achados tambÃm fazem indicam necessidade de estratÃgias adequadas para aumentar a oferta e divulgaÃÃo de serviÃos que ofertem o teste anti-HIV de forma sistemÃtica para a populaÃÃo em geral, incluindo os homens. TambÃm reforÃa a necessidade de maior treinamento para os profissionais da saÃde, no sentido de resguardar os resultados dos testes. / This study aimed to identify the incentives and barriers that interfere to perform the HIV test and to explore which individual, programmatic and behavioral factors associated with HIV testing in the general population over 18 years. Sectional study conducted with the general population residing in Fortaleza, 2011 period. The study included 349 people men and women, with 18 full years or more. The sample was randomly selected based on population data from the city, the population was selected by conglomerate with how the seven regional executive of Fortress basis. From the distribution of inhabitants in each region were selected neighborhoods with a higher proportion of inhabitants and from this ratio, the amount of people to be interviewed by district was established. The interviews were conducted in the homes of respondents, within 4 weeks (05/07/2011 to 29/07/2011). The shifts were morning (08h -12h) and late (14h-18h). We used a structured questionnaire inserted in a pocket computer (Pocket PC). Related to socio-demographic, economic status, access to health services, knowledge about STD/AIDS, sexual behavior, HIV testing, violence and alcohol and drug data were collected . Hierarchical bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using STATA  11.0 software. Of the 349 participants, 208 (59.6 %) did not undergo HIV testing. In the hierarchical multivariate analysis, protective factors being female and having a partner were for HIV testing. The other variables , being 50 years or more , not having heard of HIV testing , does not know where the HIV testing , condom not receive and have never donated blood in life were significantly associated with not performing testing anti - HIV. Behavioral factors were not associated with outcome. Do not see reason and find that no risk for HIV infection were barriers for this population is not carried out the test. The certainty of not being infected served as an incentive barrier to testing, indicating the lack of knowledge about the disease and therefore the lack of perception of risk to HIV/AIDS. The findings also indicate the need to make appropriate strategies to increase the supply and distribution of services offered anti - HIV systematically test for the general population, including men. It also reinforces the need for more training for health professionals in order to protect the test results.

Millions of children travel to and from school each day as part of their daily routine. A large percentage of children make this journey by car, and the numbers are steadily rising and this is leading to many environmental and health implications for children. The current economic climate has persuaded the British Government to look again at policies relating to all school travel funding to highlight areas where savings and cuts can be made. This is interesting because the home-to-school transport provision policy has been in place since the Education Act 1944 and this policy costs local authorities in England over £1 billion a year. Therefore, the focus of this thesis is threefold. Firstly, it seeks to determine the main issues within school travel and reports on the views of current professionals in the school travel industry. Structured in-depth interviews were carried out with 16 UK and US school travel experts. The questions focused on the current stakeholders of school travel, issues regarding school travel, bus use in school travel, and the challenges faced by transport planners to ensure school pupils have a safe and pleasant journey to school. Secondly this thesis quantifies the traffic and environmental impacts of the school choice policy in England. It achieves this by analysing School Census data from 2009 from the Department for Education. Multinomial logit modelling and mixed multinomial logit modelling are used to illustrate the current travel behaviour of English children in their journey to school and examine how there can be a significant reduction in vehicle miles travelled, CO2 emissions and fuel consumption if the school choice policy is removed. The results suggest that if all children attended their nearest school, this would result in reductions in their personal mobility, vehicle miles travelled and CO2 emissions. Finally, this thesis examines the policies relating to the funding criteria of home-to-school public school transport provision. Specifically, the paper employs a multilevel modelling technique to develop a series of relationships between bus usage by school and the level of spending by local education authorities on home-to-school bus travel provision while controlling for other factors such as school quality, land-use patterns and various proxies for household incomes. The results suggest that there is a significant effect of funding on the total school-level bus passenger mileage for primary (aged less than 11), secondary (aged 11 to 16) and Post 16 schools.

The choice of means of transport at regular commuting is an issue that affect wide range of working population in Zruč nad Sázavou as well as students. The thesis explains on a representative sample of the population preference and choice of different means of transport at regular commuting to work and school from a small town Zruč nad Sázavou which is located in a relatively peripheral area. First, using statistical methods, socio-demographic, spatial and infrastructural aspects affecting the choice of means of transport are analysed. The second part of the research assesses the socio-psychological aspects of the choice of means of transport using controlled interview. Both surveys were conducted on the four main directions of commuting from Zruč nad Sázavou. Due to the peripheral location of the town and the lower extent of public transport car traffic in the form of individual trips or carpooling is more preferred for regular commuting For certain groups of people public transport still fulfills its function in providing transport services.