<p>Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) has become a key issue for today’s corporations. This type of responsibility refers to the continuing commitment of businesses to voluntarily behave ethically and contribute to economic development while simultaneously improving the quality of life of the workforce, families, local community and society at large. While traditional business models primarily emphasize the economic aspects of a company’s activities (e.g. profitability and growth), the modern one stresses the social and environmental impacts. Recent scandals have put customers’ trust on the frontline, leading to an exponential growth in the interest of corporate social responsibility. Today, unethical behavior can no longer hide in the dark waiting around for an investigation to ensue. Wrongdoings are in an instant communicated to the world via computers and broadcasted by media. Consequently, it is no longer about what corporations say they will do but rather when and how they will do it.</p><p>Findings and resulting conclusions show that although there is a lack of definitional clarity of the notion of CSR, the concept is embodied by and refers to the triple bottom line: Profit, People and Planet. CSR can be implemented through codes of conduct, contracts, education, training, guidelines and principles.</p><p>The benefits of having a CSR engagement program are numerous and include strengthening profits, enhancing brand recognition and reputation, risk management and boosting employment relations.</p><p>Motives behind having good CSR include social betterment and sustainable change. It is about building up a well-functioning corporation that possesses strong values and can manage risks and become a more competitive brand. The brands that will succeed in the future will be those that tap into the social changes that are taking place today.</p>

<p><strong>Title:</strong> Implementing an IBX e-procurement solution – are there any success factors?</p><p><strong>Subject: </strong>FE02E bachelor thesis, logistics</p><p><strong>Authors:</strong> Linus Jönsson, Emma Oscarsson, David Skoglund & Max Stafström</p><p><strong>Tutor:</strong> Roger Stokkedal</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> E-procurement, implementing, critical success factors, benefits, problems, MRO-products</p><p><strong>Background:</strong> One of the major problems that organizations face today is how to bring home savings. E-procurement solutions can be a tool to reach efficiency and reduce costs within organization. One of the biggest spend issues companies wrestle with are indirect material, also defined as MRO products (maintenance, repair, operations).</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The thesis will examine why companies decide to implement an e-procurement solution and what their expectations are. The purpose of the research was to identify which the success factors are when implementing this type of solution. Eventual problems that may emerge during the implementation and benefits that the implementation might lead to, will also be presented.</p><p><strong>Methodology:</strong> The thesis has a survey design which studies variables in an e-procurement implementation. The scientific perspective is positivistic and has a deductive approach. The sample contains customers to IBX which use the entire solution, from planning to follow-up. The data has been gathered through a post-questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Result /Conclusion:</strong> When deciding to implement an e-procurement solution companies base this decision on a number of reasons. The most common reasons are to increase the internal efficiency and reduce the supplier base. There are also other encouraging reasons to the implementation which all concerns saving time and money. Once the decision has been made, expectations on the solution arise and companies expect the solution to bring benefits. Most common expectations are much alike the reasons concerning saving time and money on purchases of MRO-products. Besides the reasons and expectation companies must consider the critical success factors, both before, during and after the implementation. These factors will determine whether or not the implementation will be a success and they can be divided into factors that affect all companies and factors that just affect some. The key factors, affect all, are defining an e-procurement strategy, change management and training and education. Secondary factors will affect some companies, and depending on the situation organizations must take them into their perspective. These factors are i.e. well defined steering group and communication. If companies don´t consider the success factors problems may emerge, where change management is one of the most common problem. This is an organizationalproblem just like lack of information from external parts and lack in project management skills internally. Besides the organizational problems companies can also experience technical problems, which are directly associated to the solution that‟s implemented. Some of these problems are complex usability, complicated to communicate and integrate. By avoiding the problems companies can expect to see more benefits from the solution, the most experienced benefits are compliance savings, reduced supplier base and lowered administrative costs. These benefits mainly considers time saving and are all associated with the reasons to the implementation and expectations on the solutionResult /Conclusion: When deciding to implement an e-procurement solution companies base this decision on a number of reasons. The most common reasons are to increase the internal efficiency and reduce the supplier base. There are also other encouraging reasons to the implementation which all concerns saving time and money. Once the decision has been made, expectations on the solution arise and companies expect the solution to bring benefits. Most common expectations are much alike the reasons concerning saving time and money on purchases of MRO-products. Besides the reasons and expectation companies must consider the critical success factors, both before, during and after the implementation. These factors will determine whether or not the implementation will be a success and they can be divided into factors that affect all companies and factors that just affect some. The key factors, affect all, are defining an e-procurement strategy, change management and training and education. Secondary factors will affect some companies, and depending on the situation organizations must take them into their perspective. These factors are i.e. well defined steering group and communication. If companies don´t consider the success factors problems may emerge, where change management is one of the most common problem. This is an organizationalproblem just like lack of information from external parts and lack in project management skills internally. Besides the organizational problems companies can also experience technical problems, which are directly associated to the solution that‟s implemented. Some of these problems are complex usability, complicated to communicate and integrate. By avoiding the problems companies can expect to see more benefits from the solution, the most experienced benefits are compliance savings, reduced supplier base and lowered administrative costs. These benefits mainly considers time saving and are all associated with the reasons to the implementation and expectations on the solution.</p>

Culture is an active process. It does not lie dormant in things (that is, any commodity, object or event that can be made to signify), waiting patiently to be awoken by an appropriate consumer. It is the practice and making of meanings. Culture is not in the object but in the experience of the object: how we make it meaningful, what we do with it, how we value it. John Storey (2003) Inventing Popular Culture, page viii The traditional arts, dance theater, music, visual arts and multi media are all accepted as being part of culture. In the same way that culture can be defined by the perceptions and feelings of each individual the arts belong to everyone. Bruno Frey (2003) in his book Arts and Economics: Analysis and Cultural policy considers the ways in which the arts are funded and supported and argues that a decision making system involving the diverse participants, audience, experts, artists and administrators is best equipped to establish and safeguard the constitutional rights to artistic expression (Frey, 2003:17). Can the experience of the arts be protected in the same way? This is an examination of the process, physical, historical and emotional issues that all play a part in the definition of the arts in Taipei. Entering the experience as a mother, artist, foreigner and long time resident of Taipei gave the researcher the opportunity to use many lenses simultaneously. This multifaceted view informed the choice of this topic. Can heritage sites and old buildings be successfully made into public arts venues? Do the underlying elements of history and conservation contribute to the venue’s ability to reach a large audience? Can free access be in part supported by in these sites through the use volunteers instead of paid staff? In order to better understand the role of the arts in contemporary Taipei life, the researcher, under the parameters of the Volunteer Services Act of Taiwan, conducted her research while a volunteer in the venues.

Participation in sports has a strong influence on the development of African American youth and the Black community as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to explore the positive and negative effects that participating in sports has on the African American community using previous works and experiments on the topic. Results found that participation in athletics helps African American youth develop important social skills, creates an outlet to keep Black youth off the streets in impoverished neighborhoods, and establishes a vehicle to help Black youth get into college. However, the overemphasized importance of sports within the African American community through the media and Black families themselves has resulted in multiple negative effects including career immaturity, lower academic achievement and the exploitation of the Black intercollegiate athlete.

From being an unemployment success story, Sweden was during the 1990s thrown into a European normality, with apparent high and persistent unemployment. This has made unemployment a central issue in the Swedish public debate as a social problem directly affecting hundreds of thousands of individuals. In the public debate there is however no consensus on what characterises the experience of unemployment. One perspective emphasises the role of employment for self-realisation. Unemployment here becomes a very destructive experience, due to the psychosocial value attached to employment. An alternative perspective instead views employment as a necessary evil that brings little satisfaction to those who participate in it. From this perspective unemployment mean very little to those struck by it outside the possible negative effects on income (which are minimised by the welfare state). The objective of this thesis has been to move beyond the postulated truths of what the experience of unemployment means. It uses an empirical approach in order to investigate the consequences of unemployment for mental well-being, and to develop an understanding of the reasons for this relationship. The following conclusions can be drawn from the five articles that make up the thesis. In line with previous international and Swedish research, the thesis shows that unemployment as compared to employment is in general a distressing experience. This does however not mean that we can draw the simple conclusion that unemployment represents misery and employment represents the absence of misery. The thesis finds the relationship to be more complex than so. There is a need to take into account more of the possible variations in status available both on and outside the labour market. Different exit routes from unemployment were found to have different consequences for the mental well-being of the unemployed individual. Further, the evidence in the thesis shows that there is variation in the impact of unemployment on mental well-being within the unemployment group. We should, thus, not talk about the experience of unemployment, but rather about varying unemployment experiences. The general effect of unemployment on mental well-being, and the variation in the unemployment experience, was in turn shown to be mainly dependent on two factors. Firstly on the psychosocial need for employment in a society where employment is the norm. Secondly, on the economic need for employment in a society where employment, as the thesis also shows, for many still is necessary for adequate economic resources. / <p>Härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att studera socialsekreterares uppfattning av deras möjlighet till att bedriva förändringsarbete på avdelningen för ekonomiskt bistånd inom socialtjänsten, med målet att klienten ska bli självförsörjande. Tidigare forskning inom området har visat att socialsekreterare har flera olika roller. De förväntas följa lagar och regler samtidigt som de ska möta klientens individuella behov. Detta förutsätter en god relation mellan socialsekreterare och klient, och möjligheten till att skapa goda relationer anses kunna vara avhängigt organisationstypen. Tidigare forskning har även visat att ett av problemen i det dagliga arbetet inom socialtjänsten är tidsbristen, vilken ger upphov till ett behov av att prioritera mellan ärenden. Det är i ljuset av vad tidigare forskning visat om bland annat organisationsform och arbetsbörda som det ter sig relevant att utforska vad socialsekreterare själva anser om möjligheter till att bedriva förändringsarbete. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med totalt åtta socialsekreterare från fyra olika svenska kommuner. Resultatet, det vill säga bland annat vad som informanterna anser vara viktiga faktorer samt vad som utgör hinder för förändringsarbetet inom ekonomiskt bistånd, analyseras och diskuteras utifrån Hasenfelds teori om människobehandlande organisationer samt Lipskys teori om gräsrosbyråkrater. Resultatet pekar bland annat mot att socialsekreterarna anser sig behöva organisatoriska förutsättningar, såsom en rimlig mängd ärenden, för att kunna bedriva ett framgångsrikt förändringsarbete inom ekonomiskt bistånd. Vidare anser informanterna att individuella faktorer, såsom klientens motivation, är av vikt för processen bort från ett biståndsberoende. Bland hindrande faktorer på individnivå nämns diskrepans mellan socialsekreterarens och klientens målbilder gällande vilken förändring som ska uppnås hos klienten som ett exempel. På organisationsnivå anser socialsekreterarna den höga arbetsbelastningen, som ofta råder inom arbetet med ekonomiskt bistånd, vara det största hindret för ett aktivt klientarbete mot självförsörjning. Informanterna betonar att ärendemängden i dagsläget ofta är så hög att det inte är möjligt att träffa klienterna så ofta som det skulle behövas. I ljuset av vad tidigare forskning och vad analysen av den insamlade empirin visar, identifierades i denna studie, utifrån socialsekreterares synvinkel, flera faktorer som anses vara av vikt för ett välfungerande förändringsarbete inom ekonomiskt bistånd. Det intervjuade anser att de (som socialsekreterare) behöver både individuella ”verktyg” och organisatoriska förutsättningar för att kunna bedriva sitt arbete på det sätt som fastställs i Socialtjänstlagen.

The purpose of this study is to investigate methods for assessing the value people place on preserving our natural environments and resources. It focuses on the contingent valuation method, which is a method for directly asking people about their preferences. In particular, the study focuses on the use of discrete response data in contingent valuation experiments.The first part of the study explores the economic theory of the total value of a natural resource, where the principal components of total value are analyzed; use values and non-use values. Our application is a study of the value Swedes' attach to the preservation of eleven forest areas that contain high recreational values and contain unique environmental qualities. Six forests were selected on the basis of an official investigation which includes virgin forests and other areas with unique environmental qualities. In addition, five virgin forests were selected.Two types of valuation questions are analyzed, the continuous and the discrete. The first type of question asks directly about willingness to pay, while the second type suggests a price that the respondent may reject or accept. The results of the continuous question suggest an average willingness to pay of about 1,000 SEK per household for preservation of the areas. Further analysis of the data suggests that this value depends on severi characteristics of the respondent: such as the respondent's income and whether or not the respondent is an altruist.Two econometric approaches are used to analyze the discrete responses; a flexible parametric approach and a non-parametric approach. In addition, a Bayesian approach is described. It is shown that the results of a contingent valuation experiment may depend to some extent on the choice of the probability model. A re-sampling approach and a Monte-Carlo approach is used to shed light on the design of a contingent valuation experiment with discrete responses. The econometric analysis ends with an analysis of the often observed disparity between discrete and continuous valuation questions.A cost-benefit analysis is performed in the final chapter. The purpose of this analysis is to illustrate how the contingent valuation approach may be combined with opportunity cost data to improve the decision-basis in the environmental policy domain. This analysis does not give strong support for a cutting alternative. Finally, the results of this investigation are compared with evidence from other studies.The main conclusion of this study is that assessment of peoples' sentiments towards changes of our natural environments and resources can be a useful supplement to decisions about the proper husbandry of our natural environments and resources. It also highlights the importance of careful statistical analysis of data gained from contingent valuation experiments. / digitalisering@umu

An Environmental Management System (EMS) can be defined as "... a formal set of procedures and policies that define how an organization will manage its potential impacts on the natural environment and on the health and welfare of the people who depend on if (Andrews et al, 1999:2). In an effort to sustainably manage its own activities, products, services and facilities, various municipalities around the world have, in the past few years, started to follow the private sector trend and implemented the International Standards Organization (ISO) 14001 EMS voluntarily (Von Malmborg, 2003:1). Despite recent growth of EMS literature, evidence in terms of the effectiveness of EMS is still sparse, and little data exists on the effectiveness and benefits of an EMS (Edwards et al, 1999:36) especially in relation to local government. It's also possible that the potential benefits an EMS holds for an organization remains only "talk" and "paper commitments" (Andrews et al, 1999:2). The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of ISO 14001 for local government with specific reference to the City of Tshwane (CoT). The research results suggest limited effectiveness of EMS. The main reasons for limited achievement of expected EMS benefits and thus its partial effectiveness were mainly identified as low commitment to environmental issues, insufficient resources, poor EMS implementation, low environmental awareness, ignorance and limiting internal procedures. This research concludes with recommendations to the CoT and municipalities in general to improve the overall effectiveness of its EMS. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This study investigated the consumers' intention towards multi-channel shopping and the function of synergy in a multi-channel retailing format (i.e., brick-and-mortar stores, catalogs, and the Internet). Two questionnaires were developed, one for the multi-channel consumers and the other for the multi-channel retailers. The structural equation modeling was used to predict the effect of shopping benefits and costs perceived from each channel on the consumer's purchase intention. Data analysis (N = 500) indicated that the purchase intentions were affected by different shopping benefit and cost variables. Qualitative analysis of retailers (N= 10) revealed that the retailers considered synergy to be an important part of their multi-channels. Also, there existed a high level of synergy among the existing three retail channels.

<p>This dissertation consists of three separate essays on job search and labor market dynamics. In the first essay, “The Impact of Labor Market Conditions on Job Creation: Evidence from Firm Level Data”, I study how much changes in labor market conditions reduce employment fluctuations over the business cycle. Changes in labor market conditions make hiring more expensive during expansions and cheaper during recessions, creating counter-cyclical incentives for job creation. I estimate firm level elasticities of labor demand with respect to changes in labor market conditions, considering two margins: changes in labor market tightness and changes in wages. Using employer-employee matched data from Brazil, I find that all firms are more sensitive to changes in wages rather than labor market tightness, and there is substantial heterogeneity in labor demand elasticity across regions. Based on these results, I demonstrate that changes in labor market conditions reduce the variance of employment growth over the business cycle by 20% in a median region, and this effect is equally driven by changes along each margin. Moreover, I show that the magnitude of the effect of labor market conditions on employment growth can be significantly affected by economic policy. In particular, I document that the rapid growth of the national minimum wages in Brazil in 1997-2010 amplified the impact of the change in labor market conditions during local expansions and diminished this impact during local recessions.</p><p>In the second essay, “A Framework for Estimating Persistence of Local Labor</p><p>Demand Shocks”, I propose a decomposition which allows me to study the persistence of local labor demand shocks. Persistence of labor demand shocks varies across industries, and the incidence of shocks in a region depends on the regional industrial composition. As a result, less diverse regions are more likely to experience deeper shocks, but not necessarily more long lasting shocks. Building on this idea, I propose a decomposition of local labor demand shocks into idiosyncratic location shocks and nationwide industry shocks and estimate the variance and the persistence of these shocks using the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) in 1990-2013.</p><p>In the third essay, “Conditional Choice Probability Estimation of Continuous- Time Job Search Models”, co-authored with Peter Arcidiacono and Arnaud Maurel, we propose a novel, computationally feasible method of estimating non-stationary job search models. Non-stationary job search models arise in many applications, where policy change can be anticipated by the workers. The most prominent example of such policy is the expiration of unemployment benefits. However, estimating these models still poses a considerable computational challenge, because of the need to solve a differential equation numerically at each step of the optimization routine. We overcome this challenge by adopting conditional choice probability methods, widely used in dynamic discrete choice literature, to job search models and show how the hazard rate out of unemployment and the distribution of the accepted wages, which can be estimated in many datasets, can be used to infer the value of unemployment. We demonstrate how to apply our method by analyzing the effect of the unemployment benefit expiration on duration of unemployment using the data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) in 1996-2007.</p> / Dissertation