Using an anthropological perspective and referring primarily to work by Sidney Mintz, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu this dissertation focuses on the cultural importance of sugar in rural Berber communities within the Rif region of North Africa. In particular, Mintz is referred to with regard to slavery, Bourdieu in relation to habitus and Foucault in relation to normalization of mass beliefs as well as to events occurring in Morocco which relate directly to power structures within society. As well as providing information about the cultural importance of sugar, an historical account of the development of the sugar industry in Morocco is provided. This includes subsequent economic effects both in Morocco and Europe, with details in relation to the development and decline of the sugar industry, the introduction of slavery to Morocco as well as worldwide economic influences. The latter also demonstrates that sugar has been attributed power which is exerted not only within Berber culture from birth to death, but has had an influence throughout social and economic history since the introduction of the Qu’ran to the present day. An argument is developed which suggests that the presence of apparent discrimination and inequalities have arisen partly from a pure desire for sugar. Some long lasting health and environmental effects of processing sugar are outlined and discussed in relation to the health of Rif Berber. This includes a general outline of societal inequalities between genders in health care, including diseases such as diabetes. Tuberculosis along with diabetes, are discussed in order to show that they are social markers which reinforce various power structures within Moroccan communities. The emergence of slavery, land use, and the effects of the rise and subsequent decline of the sugar industry in Morocco are covered. Examples are given of how power shifted from those initially in authority to individuals at local level who complied with certain social norms and beliefs. This closely relates to the importance of sugar in Morocco, its relevance as an introduced crop along with the subsequent social, national and international changes which occurred and to a large extent remain firmly in place today. The long-lasting environmental impacts of the sugar industry represent both direct and indirect power struggles which are unlikely to be remedied without international intervention.

Using an anthropological perspective and referring primarily to work by Sidney Mintz, Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu this dissertation focuses on the cultural importance of sugar in rural Berber communities within the Rif region of North Africa. In particular, Mintz is referred to with regard to slavery, Bourdieu in relation to habitus and Foucault in relation to normalization of mass beliefs as well as to events occurring in Morocco which relate directly to power structures within society. As well as providing information about the cultural importance of sugar, an historical account of the development of the sugar industry in Morocco is provided. This includes subsequent economic effects both in Morocco and Europe, with details in relation to the development and decline of the sugar industry, the introduction of slavery to Morocco as well as worldwide economic influences. The latter also demonstrates that sugar has been attributed power which is exerted not only within Berber culture from birth to death, but has had an influence throughout social and economic history since the introduction of the Qu’ran to the present day. An argument is developed which suggests that the presence of apparent discrimination and inequalities have arisen partly from a pure desire for sugar. Some long lasting health and environmental effects of processing sugar are outlined and discussed in relation to the health of Rif Berber. This includes a general outline of societal inequalities between genders in health care, including diseases such as diabetes. Tuberculosis along with diabetes, are discussed in order to show that they are social markers which reinforce various power structures within Moroccan communities. The emergence of slavery, land use, and the effects of the rise and subsequent decline of the sugar industry in Morocco are covered. Examples are given of how power shifted from those initially in authority to individuals at local level who complied with certain social norms and beliefs. This closely relates to the importance of sugar in Morocco, its relevance as an introduced crop along with the subsequent social, national and international changes which occurred and to a large extent remain firmly in place today. The long-lasting environmental impacts of the sugar industry represent both direct and indirect power struggles which are unlikely to be remedied without international intervention.

This study aims to determine the role of Amazigh/Berber women in maintaining and preserving the cultural heritage of their people through carpet weaving, as well as how this tradition contributes to gender norms and tourism in rural Morocco. The research method consisted of conducting semi-structured interviews and a literature review of intangible cultural heritage preservation, traditional gender norms in rural areas, and nomadic tourism theories. Analysis of the interviews concluded that Amazigh women keep their traditional culture alive through carpet weaving, and they are simultaneously valued and marginalized within their society. The necessity and pressure placed upon them leads to issues related to gender equality and girls’ rights/accessibility to a quality education in the modern context. Though in a constant state of change and shifting with time, the nomadic lifestyle and traditional Berber carpet weaving are still participated in today and nevertheless hold deep significance for those who partake in these activities. Traditional mentalities regarding gender norms remain intact, although they are challenged more frequently. Women’s weavings are critical in preserving Amazigh culture and symbolize a heritage identity in an overt manner, making women central to the Berber story and Berber heritage.

La présente thèse porte sur la traduction des deux volumes de contes berbères, Contes populaires berbères (1887) et Nouveaux contes berbères (1897), par René Basset (1855 – 1924). Cet orientaliste et linguiste français est l’auteur de nombreuses publications dans divers domaines dont les études berbères. Considéré comme un des fondateurs de la dialectologie berbère, il est surtout connu pour les contes berbères qu’il a recueillis, transcrits et traduits. En outre, ces contes se caractérisent par les copieuses notes comparatives qui les accompagnent. Dans ces notes, Basset établit une étude comparative entre la tradition orale berbère et d’autres traditions dans le monde, dans le but d’en dégager les traits communs. Notre recherche se propose d’étudier, en premier lieu, la traduction des contes, en confrontant les traductions aux contes en langue verbaculaire, afin de déterminer les stratégies mises en œuvre par le traducteur. En deuxième lieu, cette thèse explore l’appareil paratextuel, notamment les préfaces des deux volumes et les notes comparatives, puis étudie le lien entre celles-ci et les contes traduits. En dernier lieu, nous retracerons la trajectoire de vie et le parcours professionnel de Basset en vue de déterminer sa position dans le champ académique de l’orientalisme et des études berbères. Ces trois objectifs conjugués ensemble nous permettront de comprendre les influences et les liens mutuels entre la pratique traductive de Basset, sa production intellectuelle et sa trajectoire professionnelle. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuierons essentiellement sur la théorie des champs de Pierre Bourdieu. En explorant les capitaux (social, économique, culturel) dont dispose René Basset, nous mettrons en lumière les liens qu’il a tissés pour se positionner dans le champ universitaire de l’époque. L’intégration de la dimension sociologique dans notre recherche traductologique souligne l’interdisciplinarité de celle-ci. Par ailleurs, notre thèse vient combler une lacune béante dans les études berbères, à savoir l’étude traductologique de la production orale et écrite berbère. / The translation of two volumes of Berber tales, Contes populaires berbères (1887) and Nouveaux contes berbères (1897) by René Basset (1855 - 1924) is what this thesis is about. The French orientalist and linguist has authored numerous publications in various fields, including Berber studies. Considered one of the founders of Berber dialectology, he is best known for the Berber tales he collected, transcribed and translated. These tales are also distinctive for the copious comparative notes that accompany them. In these notes, Basset conducts a comparative study between Berber oral tradition and other traditions around the world, to identify their common features. Our research will first examine the Basset’s translations, comparing them to the Berber tales to determine the translator’s strategies. We will thereafter explore the paratextual apparatus, in particular the prefaces to the two volumes and the comparative notes and it also studies the link between these and the translated tales. Finally, we will trace the course of Basset's life and professional career to determine his position in the academic field of orientalism and Berber studies. Together, these three objectives will grant us insight into the mutual influences and connections between Basset's translating practice and his intellectual output and professional career. To accomplish this, we will rely primarily on Pierre Bourdieu's field theory. As we explore the relationships developed by Basset to position himself in the academic field of the period, we shed light on the social, economic and cultural capitals at his disposal, The inclusion of this sociological dimension in our research underscores its interdisciplinary nature. At the same time, our thesis addresses a major lacune in Berber studies, namely the traductological study of Berber oral and written works.