A gestão da qualidade do ar é um desafio global, considerando que em muitos países, como no Brasil, a concentração da população em regiões metropolitanas é relevante, assim como sua exposição à poluentes atmosféricos. No estado de São Paulo, ao longo dos anos, as regulações que integraram a gestão da qualidade do ar têm incorporado novos instrumentos, exigências. Porém, identifica-se a ausência de procedimentos oficiais para auxiliar a concepção de políticas públicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de analisar metodologias existentes nos Estados Unidos da América e União Europeia, que possam auxiliar o planejamento de políticas públicas de qualidade do ar, em especial, para material particulado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e também de análises de viabilidade técnica e econômica de implantação de novas tecnologias, técnicas e práticas, do inglês Best Available Techniques (BAT)/ Best Environmental Practices (BEP). Por meio de pesquisa exploratória, utilizando-se de revisão bibliográfica e documental, este trabalho verificou a ausência sistemática de elementos como: análises de custo-efetividade de políticas públicas, consideração de modelagens integradas para concepção de políticas públicas, envolvimento de partes interessadas no planejamento de medidas. Quanto aos elementos para realizar análise de viabilidade técnica de implementação de BAT/BEP, foi possível identificar aspectos de avaliação de efeitos cruzados ambientais e econômicos, bancos de dados americanos e europeus contendo BAT/BEP e seus custos, que, com a devida adaptação, poderiam ser também uma referência. Trata-se de elementos importantes para subsidiar tomadas de decisão e buscar medidas, para que possam, de fato, levar à melhoria da qualidade do ar, para material particulado (MP10). / Air quality management is a global challenge, considering that in many countries, such as Brazil, the concentration of population in metropolitan regions is relevant and also their exposure to air pollutants. In the state of São Paulo, over the years, regulations that have integrated air quality management have incorporated new instruments, requirements. However, it is identified the absence of official procedures to assist the design of public policies. The objective of this work was to analyze existing methodologies in the United States and the European Union, which can assist in the planning of air quality public policies, especially for particulate matter in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP), as well as technical and economic feasibility analyzes for implementation of new technologies, techniques and practices from Best Available Techniques (BAT) / Best Environmental Practices (BEP). Through an exploratory research, using a bibliographical and documentary review, this work verified the systematic absence of elements such as: cost-effectiveness analysis of public policies, consideration of integrated modeling for public policy design, stakeholder involvement in planning of measures. As for the elements to perform technical feasibility analysis of BAT / BEP implementation, it was possible to identify aspects of environmental and economic cross-effects evaluation, American and European databases containing BAT / BEP and their costs, which, with due adaptation, could also be a reference. Those are important elements to support decision-making and seek measures, so that they can, in fact, lead to improved air quality for particulate matter (PM10).

European Union&amp / #8217 / s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive forms a comprehensive framework for industries mentioned in the Annex 1 of the Directive concentrating on the reduction of the environmental impacts of the industrial activities which can be implemented by the BREF Documents that provide guidelines for each sector. Among those industries, textile is a water and energy intensive one. In the present study, gains in terms of energy and water consumptions were assessed in a denim producing textile mill following the adaptation of related BAT measures. In this respect, installation of flow meters, use of semi-counter current rinsing applications / minimization of wash waters in the water softening plant, reuse of concentrate stream from reverse osmosis plant and compressor cooling waters resulted in reduction from 6,000 to 4,850 tone/day of total water consumption in the period of January&amp / #8217 / 05-December&amp / #8217 / 07. Consequently, specific water consumption in the mill was decreased from 78 to 55 L/kg textile by 29:5% which is close to lower limit of the range suggested in BREF Textile Document (i.e. 50-100 L/kg fabric). Use of waste heat from finishing wastewater streams in heating up the washing waters, heat-insulation and maintenance applications in addition to BAT measures taken for water minimization reduced specific energy consumption from 0.0100 to 0.0091 Gcal/kg textile resulting in 9% reduction in the period of January&amp / #8217 / 05-December&amp / #8217 / 07, although, energy consumption was increased from 786 to 804 Gcal/day. This achieved level of specific energy consumption was in the reference range mentioned in BREF Textile Document (i.e. 8-20 kWh/kg fabric).

European Union published IPPC Directive in 1996 aiming to create an integrated approach in order to manage and control industrial facilities better. IPPC provides the development of a new concept of &ldquo / Best Available Techniques (BAT)&rdquo / , the most effective, advanced and applicable methods, preventing emissions to the environment and providing efficient use of resources. Within this framework, numerous sectoral Best Available Techniques Reference Documents were published giving information on the sector and BAT alternatives for this sector. Iron and steel industry, which causes quite significant amount of resource depletion and waste production, is one of the industries within the scope of IPPC Directive. In the this study, environmental performance of an integrated iron and steel plant in Turkey is evaluated and compared with the EU&rsquo / s integrated iron and steel plants, in order to suggest applicable BAT alternatives for the studied plant. Totally 74 BAT alternatives were evaluated and among them 36 alternatives were determined to be applicable for this plant. Finally, two of these applicable BAT alternatives were selected and compared by use of cross-media effects and financial analysis. The results of this study indicated that dust emission and high energy consumption are the common problems in the facility. Moreover, sintering process was found to be the least compatible sub-process with EU&rsquo / s iron and steel plants. Additionally, it was determined that with respect to application of BAT alternatives, facility is quite compatible with EU&rsquo / s iron v and steel plants. Furthermore, cross media effect and financial analysis revealed that the selected BAT alternatives, &ldquo / Advanced Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)&rdquo / and &ldquo / Bag Filter-combined or integrated reduction of solid and gaseous pollutants&rdquo / , have different cross media effects on the environment, however, the second alternative is a more cost-effective alternative than the first one. Since this study was undertaken in an integrated iron and steel plant that represents Turkish iron and steel industry with respect to its production process, production capacity and environmental performance / the results of this study can be used to aid decision makers to make environmental initiatives in iron and steel industry in Turkey.

Dans le but de réduire les émissions chroniques issues des activités industrielles, la directive sur les émissions industrielles dite IED (2010/75/CE) définit le cadre réglementaire imposé aux États membres et le concept de Meilleures Techniques Disponibles (MTD). Ce concept de MTD et les niveaux de performance environnementale qui lui sont associés (BATAEPL) permettent de fixer des objectifs communs à toute l'Europe tout en considérant des spécificités locales. Par ailleurs, l’application du concept de MTD à des secteurs non soumis à l’IED (ex : Installations Nucléaires de Base) en fait un enjeu majeur pour l'ensemble de la communauté industrielle européenne. Les documents de référence sur les MTD (dénommés BREF) sont devenus incontournables comme aides au choix de techniques et références pour l'évaluation des performances environnementales des installations. Le processus de leur révision est perfectible car des différences d'interprétation et d’application existent entre les différents acteurs impliqués dans l'analyse des informations industrielles. Ainsi, l'apport de ce travail de thèse est une méthodologie structurée en 5 étapes, reposant d’une part sur des outils statistiques multicritères (classification ascendante hiérarchique, ACP, front de Pareto) d'aide à la détermination de sites de référence et de MTD applicables via des approches représentative ou performante et, d’autre part, à la définition de niveaux de performance environnementale associée, à l'échelle internationale et nationale. Cette méthodologie a démontré son applicabilité et son intégration dans les processus de décision actuels par les applications effectuées aux deux échelles géographiques et aux activités IED et non-IED. / In order to reduce chronic emissions due to industrial activities, the Industrial Emission Directive (IED − 2010/75/CE) defines, for the Member States, a legal framework and the concept of Best Available Technique (BAT). This concept of BAT and their associated environmental performance levels (BATAEPL) enables to set common objectives in Europe while considering local specificities. Moreover, the application of the concept of BAT to non-IED sectors (e.g. Nuclear installations) makes it a major issue for the entire European industrial community. BAT reference documents (called BREFs) have become essential to help to choose techniques and are references for environmental performance assessment of installations. The process of their revision can be improved because of the differences of interpretation that exist among involved actors for industrial information analysis. Thus, the contribution of this thesis is a methodology structured in 5 steps based, on the one hand, on multicriteria statistical tools (hierarchical clustering, PCA, Pareto front) to help to determine reference installations and applicable BATs thanks to representative or performant approaches and, on the other hand, to define associated environmental performance levels, at international and national scales. This methodology has demonstrated its applicability and integration into current decision processes thanks to applications to both geographical scales, and to IED and non-IED activities.

The master’s thesis deals with the environmental aspects of combined heat and power station Červený Mlýn (Red Mill). The introductory part of the thesis focuses on the current production technology and the electricity balance of the power station. The heat and power station (also called combined cycle heat and power plant) is scrutinized in terms of emissions sources, focusing on pollutant emissions to air in the following chapter. In this part of the thesis the quantities of the released emissions, namely solid particulate matter (TZL), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2) are also calculated. The calculation is worked out according to the valid Czech legislation. Further on, the current production technology of the power station is compared with the best available technologies according to the valid directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. The last chapter presents the innovative technologies which could possibly be installed to reduce pollution emissions (especially nitrogen oxides - NOx) to air at the heat and power station Červený Mlýn.