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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Light propagation in inhomogeneous and anisotropic cosmologies / Propagation de la lumière dans des univers inhomogènes ou anisotropes

Fleury, Pierre 02 November 2015 (has links)
Le modèle standard de la cosmologie est fondé sur les hypothèses d'homogénéité et d'isotropie de l'Univers. Pour interpréter la plupart des observations, ces deux hypothèses sont appliquées de façon stricte ; l’objectif principal de cette thèse a été d'évaluer leur pertinence, en particulier lorsque de très petites échelles sont mises en jeu. Après une revue détaillée des lois de l'optique géométrique en espace-temps courbe, on propose une analyse exhaustive de la propagation de la lumière à travers des modèles cosmologiques « en gruyère », modélisant le caractère grumeleux de l'Univers. L'impact sur l'interprétation du diagramme de Hubble s'avère être faible, en particulier grâce à la constante cosmologique. Lorsqu'appliquées aux données actuelles issues de l'observation de supernovae, les corrections associées tendent à améliorer l'accord entre les paramètre cosmologiques mesurés à partir du diagramme de Hubble et du fond diffus cosmologique. Ceci suggère que la précision des observations cosmologiques atteinte aujourd'hui ne permet plus de négliger l'effet des petites structures sur la propagation de lumière à travers le cosmos. Un tel constat a motivé le développement d'un nouveau cadre théorique, inspiré de la physique statistique, visant à décrire ces effets avec précision. Quant à l'hypothèse d'isotropie, cette thèse aborde d'une part les conséquences potentielles d'une anisotropie cosmique sur la propagation de la lumière, en résolvant les équation de l'optique géométrique dans l'espace-temps de Bianchi I. D'autre part, on y analyse une classe de sources d'anisotropie, à savoir les modèles scalaire-vecteur. / The standard model of cosmology is based on the hypothesis that the Universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic. When interpreting most observations, this cosmological principle is applied stricto sensu ; the main goal of the present thesis was to evaluate how reliable this assumption is, especially when small scales are at stake. After having reviewed the laws of geometric optics in curved spacetime, and the standard interpretation of cosmological observables, the dissertation reports a comprehensive analysis of light propagation in Swiss-cheese models, designed to capture the clumpy character of the Universe. The resulting impact on the interpretation of the Hubble diagram is quantified, and shown to be relatively small, thanks to the cosmological constant. When applied to current supernova data, the associated corrections tend to improve the agreement between the cosmological parameters inferred from the Hubble diagram and from the cosmic microwave background. This is a hint that the effect of small-scale structures on light propagation may become non-negligible in the era of precision cosmology. This motivated the development of a new theoretical framework, based on stochastic processes, which aims at describing small-scale lensing with a better accuracy. Regarding the isotropy side of the cosmological principle, this dissertation addresses, on the one hand, the potential effect of a large-scale anisotropy on light propagation, by solving the equations of geometric optics in the Bianchi I spacetime. On the other hand, possible sources of such an anisotropy, namely scalar-vector models for inflation or dark energy, are analysed.
2

Generalized EMP and Nonlinear Schrodinger-type Reformulations of Some Scaler Field Cosmological Models

D'Ambroise, Jennie 01 May 2010 (has links)
We show that Einstein’s gravitational field equations for the Friedmann- Robertson-Lemaître-Walker (FRLW) and for two conformal versions of the Bianchi I and Bianchi V perfect fluid scalar field cosmological models, can be equivalently reformulated in terms of a single equation of either generalized Ermakov-Milne- Pinney (EMP) or (non)linear Schrödinger (NLS) type. This work generalizes or presents an alternative to similar reformulations published by the authors who inspired this thesis: R. Hawkins, J. Lidsey, T. Christodoulakis, T. Grammenos, C. Helias, P. Kevrekidis, G. Papadopoulos and F.Williams. In particular we cast much of these authors’ works into a single framework via straightforward derivations of the EMP and NLS equations from a simple linear combination of the relevant Einstein equations. By rewriting the resulting expression in terms of the volume expansion factor and performing a change of variables, we obtain an uncoupled EMP or NLS equation that is independent of the imposition of additional conservation equations. Since the correspondences shown here present an alternative route for obtaining exact solutions to Einstein’s equations, we reconstruct many known exact solutions via their EMP or NLS counterparts and show by numerical analysis the stability properties of many solutions.

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