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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estimation methods for Cox regression with nonclassical covariate measurement error /

Shaw, Pamela, January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-112).
2

Discrete proportional hazards models for uncertain outcomes /

Meier, Amalia Sophia. January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-86).
3

Covariate measurement error methods in failure time regression /

Xie, Xiangwen, January 1997 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [76]-79).
4

Methodological studies on models and methods for mixed-effects categorical data analysis /

Kjellsson, Maria C., January 2008 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
5

Bias due to exposure misclassification and rising screening levels : a case-control study of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening efficacy /

Dhillon, Preet Kaur. January 2002 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-69).
6

Ecological studies using supplemental case-control data /

Haneuse, Sebastian J. P. A., January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 164-170).
7

Prevalência de perda auditiva autodeclarada e fatores associados : informante primário versus proxy

Quevedo, André Luis Alves de January 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos epidemiológicos do tipo inquérito domiciliar, em algumas situações, empregam informantes secundários, substitutos, informante-chave ou também denominados proxy para coletar informações sobre outros indivíduos, especialmente na ausência do informante primário. Estudos na literatura científica têm avaliado se existe diferença na prevalência dos desfechos quando consideradas separadamente as respostas dos informantes primários e informantes proxy. Na área dos distúrbios da comunicação não foram identificados estudos que verificassem a presença ou não de vieses sobre perda auditiva autodeclarada quando se utilizam respostas de informantes proxy. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se existe diferença entre as prevalências de perda auditiva autodeclarada e fatores associados quando separadas as respostas de informante primário e informante proxy no Estudo de Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana de base Populacional (DCH-POP). MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo de métodos em epidemiologia realizado a partir dos dados de um inquérito domiciliar populacional, do tipo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística estratificada por múltiplos estágios de 1.248 indivíduos, realizada em um bairro do município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizadas medidas de proporções, medianas e desvio interquartílico (variáveis idade em anos e anos de escolaridade) para a população estudada, e por informante primário e informante proxy. Para verificar a existência de diferença nas características sócio demográficas e prevalências autodeclaradas por informantes primários e informante proxy foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher para variáveis categóricas, e o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para variáveis contínuas com distribuição não simétrica. Ainda, foi realizada modelagem por regressão logística para a variável dependente perda auditiva considerando as informações de toda a amostra estudada, somente as respostas dos informantes primários, e somente as respostas dos informantes proxy. No modelo de análise multivariada, ficaram retidas apenas aquelas variáveis que apresentaram uma associação com o desfecho perda auditiva ao nível de p<0,20. A magnitude da associação foi determinada por Razão de Odds (OR) e IC95%. RESULTADOS: Considerando respostas autodeclaradas pelos informantes primários (479 indivíduos) e informantes proxy (769 indivíduos), apenas as variáveis infecção de ouvido nos últimos 12 meses, cirurgia de ouvido, rinite e sinusite não apresentaram diferença entre as prevalências informadas por informantes primários e informantes proxy. De forma geral, observa-se que para todas as variáveis analisadas, e que diferiram estatisticamente, as prevalências declaradas por informantes proxy subestimaram os desfechos estudados quando comparadas às respostas dos informantes primários. Nos modelos finais, apenas as variáveis independentes idade e tontura estiveram associadas com o desfecho de perda auditiva. Para tontura a maior OR foi encontrada no modelo com apenas os dados dos informantes proxy; enquanto que o modelo com apenas as respostas dos informantes primários apresentou uma OR menor que a do modelo para toda a amostra estudada, e que o modelo somente com as respostas dos informantes proxy. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Aponta-se sobre a necessidade de que, sempre, ao se utilizar dados coletados a partir de informante proxy explorar como essas respostas impactam nos resultados gerais da população estudada. E caso existam vieses é importante que sejam utilizados ajustes estatísticos para diminuir essas diferenças. / INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies, as household surveys, in some situations use secondary informants, substitutes, key-informant or also called as proxy to collect information about others, especially in the absence of primary informant. Studies in the literature have evaluated whether there are differences in the prevalence of outcomes when treated as separate responses of the primary informants and informant's proxy. In the field of communication disorders studies that check the presence or absence of biases on self-reported hearing loss when using informant's proxy answers were not identified. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there is difference between the prevalence of selfreported hearing loss and associated factors when treated separately the primary informant and proxy informant answers in Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana de base Populacional (DCH-POP) Study. METHOD: This is a study of an epidemiological method based on data from a population-based cross-sectional household survey, with a probabilistic multistage stratified sample of 1,248 individuals held in a neighborhood of the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Measurement of proportions, medians and interquartile range were performed, for the whole population studied, and primary informant and proxy informant. To verify the existence of differences in sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported prevalence of primary informants and proxy informant we used the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test for continuous variables with non-symmetrical distribution. Still, logistic regression was performed using the hearing loss as dependent variable and considering the information of the entire sample studied, only the responses of primary informants, and only the responses of proxy informant. In the multivariate model it were retained only those variables that showed association with hearing loss at level p<0,20. The magnitude of the association was determined by odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS: Considering self-reported answers by the primary informants (479 individuals) and proxy informants (769 individuals), only the variables ear infection in the last 12 months, ear surgery, rhinitis and sinusitis showed no difference between the prevalence reported by primary informants and proxy informants. In general, it is observed that for all variables which differ significantly, the prevalence declared by proxy informants underestimated the study outcomes when compared with the responses of primary informants. In the final model only independent variables age and dizziness were associated with the outcome of hearing loss. For dizziness the biggest OR was found in the model with only data from proxy informant; while the model with only the responses of primary informants found a lower OR that the model for the whole sample, and the model with only data from proxy informant. CONCLUSION: It is pointed out on the need, to explore how the proxy’s responses impact the overall results of the study population. And if biases are likely to occur, it is important that statistical adjustments are used to reduce these differences.
8

Prevalência de perda auditiva autodeclarada e fatores associados : informante primário versus proxy

Quevedo, André Luis Alves de January 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos epidemiológicos do tipo inquérito domiciliar, em algumas situações, empregam informantes secundários, substitutos, informante-chave ou também denominados proxy para coletar informações sobre outros indivíduos, especialmente na ausência do informante primário. Estudos na literatura científica têm avaliado se existe diferença na prevalência dos desfechos quando consideradas separadamente as respostas dos informantes primários e informantes proxy. Na área dos distúrbios da comunicação não foram identificados estudos que verificassem a presença ou não de vieses sobre perda auditiva autodeclarada quando se utilizam respostas de informantes proxy. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se existe diferença entre as prevalências de perda auditiva autodeclarada e fatores associados quando separadas as respostas de informante primário e informante proxy no Estudo de Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana de base Populacional (DCH-POP). MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo de métodos em epidemiologia realizado a partir dos dados de um inquérito domiciliar populacional, do tipo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística estratificada por múltiplos estágios de 1.248 indivíduos, realizada em um bairro do município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizadas medidas de proporções, medianas e desvio interquartílico (variáveis idade em anos e anos de escolaridade) para a população estudada, e por informante primário e informante proxy. Para verificar a existência de diferença nas características sócio demográficas e prevalências autodeclaradas por informantes primários e informante proxy foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher para variáveis categóricas, e o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para variáveis contínuas com distribuição não simétrica. Ainda, foi realizada modelagem por regressão logística para a variável dependente perda auditiva considerando as informações de toda a amostra estudada, somente as respostas dos informantes primários, e somente as respostas dos informantes proxy. No modelo de análise multivariada, ficaram retidas apenas aquelas variáveis que apresentaram uma associação com o desfecho perda auditiva ao nível de p<0,20. A magnitude da associação foi determinada por Razão de Odds (OR) e IC95%. RESULTADOS: Considerando respostas autodeclaradas pelos informantes primários (479 indivíduos) e informantes proxy (769 indivíduos), apenas as variáveis infecção de ouvido nos últimos 12 meses, cirurgia de ouvido, rinite e sinusite não apresentaram diferença entre as prevalências informadas por informantes primários e informantes proxy. De forma geral, observa-se que para todas as variáveis analisadas, e que diferiram estatisticamente, as prevalências declaradas por informantes proxy subestimaram os desfechos estudados quando comparadas às respostas dos informantes primários. Nos modelos finais, apenas as variáveis independentes idade e tontura estiveram associadas com o desfecho de perda auditiva. Para tontura a maior OR foi encontrada no modelo com apenas os dados dos informantes proxy; enquanto que o modelo com apenas as respostas dos informantes primários apresentou uma OR menor que a do modelo para toda a amostra estudada, e que o modelo somente com as respostas dos informantes proxy. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Aponta-se sobre a necessidade de que, sempre, ao se utilizar dados coletados a partir de informante proxy explorar como essas respostas impactam nos resultados gerais da população estudada. E caso existam vieses é importante que sejam utilizados ajustes estatísticos para diminuir essas diferenças. / INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies, as household surveys, in some situations use secondary informants, substitutes, key-informant or also called as proxy to collect information about others, especially in the absence of primary informant. Studies in the literature have evaluated whether there are differences in the prevalence of outcomes when treated as separate responses of the primary informants and informant's proxy. In the field of communication disorders studies that check the presence or absence of biases on self-reported hearing loss when using informant's proxy answers were not identified. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there is difference between the prevalence of selfreported hearing loss and associated factors when treated separately the primary informant and proxy informant answers in Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana de base Populacional (DCH-POP) Study. METHOD: This is a study of an epidemiological method based on data from a population-based cross-sectional household survey, with a probabilistic multistage stratified sample of 1,248 individuals held in a neighborhood of the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Measurement of proportions, medians and interquartile range were performed, for the whole population studied, and primary informant and proxy informant. To verify the existence of differences in sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported prevalence of primary informants and proxy informant we used the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test for continuous variables with non-symmetrical distribution. Still, logistic regression was performed using the hearing loss as dependent variable and considering the information of the entire sample studied, only the responses of primary informants, and only the responses of proxy informant. In the multivariate model it were retained only those variables that showed association with hearing loss at level p<0,20. The magnitude of the association was determined by odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS: Considering self-reported answers by the primary informants (479 individuals) and proxy informants (769 individuals), only the variables ear infection in the last 12 months, ear surgery, rhinitis and sinusitis showed no difference between the prevalence reported by primary informants and proxy informants. In general, it is observed that for all variables which differ significantly, the prevalence declared by proxy informants underestimated the study outcomes when compared with the responses of primary informants. In the final model only independent variables age and dizziness were associated with the outcome of hearing loss. For dizziness the biggest OR was found in the model with only data from proxy informant; while the model with only the responses of primary informants found a lower OR that the model for the whole sample, and the model with only data from proxy informant. CONCLUSION: It is pointed out on the need, to explore how the proxy’s responses impact the overall results of the study population. And if biases are likely to occur, it is important that statistical adjustments are used to reduce these differences.
9

Prevalência de perda auditiva autodeclarada e fatores associados : informante primário versus proxy

Quevedo, André Luis Alves de January 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos epidemiológicos do tipo inquérito domiciliar, em algumas situações, empregam informantes secundários, substitutos, informante-chave ou também denominados proxy para coletar informações sobre outros indivíduos, especialmente na ausência do informante primário. Estudos na literatura científica têm avaliado se existe diferença na prevalência dos desfechos quando consideradas separadamente as respostas dos informantes primários e informantes proxy. Na área dos distúrbios da comunicação não foram identificados estudos que verificassem a presença ou não de vieses sobre perda auditiva autodeclarada quando se utilizam respostas de informantes proxy. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se existe diferença entre as prevalências de perda auditiva autodeclarada e fatores associados quando separadas as respostas de informante primário e informante proxy no Estudo de Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana de base Populacional (DCH-POP). MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo de métodos em epidemiologia realizado a partir dos dados de um inquérito domiciliar populacional, do tipo transversal, com uma amostra probabilística estratificada por múltiplos estágios de 1.248 indivíduos, realizada em um bairro do município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizadas medidas de proporções, medianas e desvio interquartílico (variáveis idade em anos e anos de escolaridade) para a população estudada, e por informante primário e informante proxy. Para verificar a existência de diferença nas características sócio demográficas e prevalências autodeclaradas por informantes primários e informante proxy foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher para variáveis categóricas, e o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para variáveis contínuas com distribuição não simétrica. Ainda, foi realizada modelagem por regressão logística para a variável dependente perda auditiva considerando as informações de toda a amostra estudada, somente as respostas dos informantes primários, e somente as respostas dos informantes proxy. No modelo de análise multivariada, ficaram retidas apenas aquelas variáveis que apresentaram uma associação com o desfecho perda auditiva ao nível de p<0,20. A magnitude da associação foi determinada por Razão de Odds (OR) e IC95%. RESULTADOS: Considerando respostas autodeclaradas pelos informantes primários (479 indivíduos) e informantes proxy (769 indivíduos), apenas as variáveis infecção de ouvido nos últimos 12 meses, cirurgia de ouvido, rinite e sinusite não apresentaram diferença entre as prevalências informadas por informantes primários e informantes proxy. De forma geral, observa-se que para todas as variáveis analisadas, e que diferiram estatisticamente, as prevalências declaradas por informantes proxy subestimaram os desfechos estudados quando comparadas às respostas dos informantes primários. Nos modelos finais, apenas as variáveis independentes idade e tontura estiveram associadas com o desfecho de perda auditiva. Para tontura a maior OR foi encontrada no modelo com apenas os dados dos informantes proxy; enquanto que o modelo com apenas as respostas dos informantes primários apresentou uma OR menor que a do modelo para toda a amostra estudada, e que o modelo somente com as respostas dos informantes proxy. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Aponta-se sobre a necessidade de que, sempre, ao se utilizar dados coletados a partir de informante proxy explorar como essas respostas impactam nos resultados gerais da população estudada. E caso existam vieses é importante que sejam utilizados ajustes estatísticos para diminuir essas diferenças. / INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies, as household surveys, in some situations use secondary informants, substitutes, key-informant or also called as proxy to collect information about others, especially in the absence of primary informant. Studies in the literature have evaluated whether there are differences in the prevalence of outcomes when treated as separate responses of the primary informants and informant's proxy. In the field of communication disorders studies that check the presence or absence of biases on self-reported hearing loss when using informant's proxy answers were not identified. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there is difference between the prevalence of selfreported hearing loss and associated factors when treated separately the primary informant and proxy informant answers in Distúrbios da Comunicação Humana de base Populacional (DCH-POP) Study. METHOD: This is a study of an epidemiological method based on data from a population-based cross-sectional household survey, with a probabilistic multistage stratified sample of 1,248 individuals held in a neighborhood of the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Measurement of proportions, medians and interquartile range were performed, for the whole population studied, and primary informant and proxy informant. To verify the existence of differences in sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported prevalence of primary informants and proxy informant we used the chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test for continuous variables with non-symmetrical distribution. Still, logistic regression was performed using the hearing loss as dependent variable and considering the information of the entire sample studied, only the responses of primary informants, and only the responses of proxy informant. In the multivariate model it were retained only those variables that showed association with hearing loss at level p<0,20. The magnitude of the association was determined by odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS: Considering self-reported answers by the primary informants (479 individuals) and proxy informants (769 individuals), only the variables ear infection in the last 12 months, ear surgery, rhinitis and sinusitis showed no difference between the prevalence reported by primary informants and proxy informants. In general, it is observed that for all variables which differ significantly, the prevalence declared by proxy informants underestimated the study outcomes when compared with the responses of primary informants. In the final model only independent variables age and dizziness were associated with the outcome of hearing loss. For dizziness the biggest OR was found in the model with only data from proxy informant; while the model with only the responses of primary informants found a lower OR that the model for the whole sample, and the model with only data from proxy informant. CONCLUSION: It is pointed out on the need, to explore how the proxy’s responses impact the overall results of the study population. And if biases are likely to occur, it is important that statistical adjustments are used to reduce these differences.
10

A study of improving the reliability of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for assessing validity of clinical trials: 一個用於提高考柯藍風險評價工具信度的評價臨床試驗偏倚風險的研究 / 一個用於提高考柯藍風險評價工具信度的評價臨床試驗偏倚風險的研究 / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection / study of improving the reliability of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for assessing validity of clinical trials: Yi ge yong yu ti gao Kaokelan feng xian ping jia gong ju xin du de ping jia lin chuang shi yan pian yi feng xian de yan jiu / Yi ge yong yu ti gao Kaokelan feng xian ping jia gong ju xin du de ping jia lin chuang shi yan pian yi feng xian de yan jiu

January 2014 (has links)
Objective. The Cochrane risk of bias tool (CRoB) is one of the most widely used tools for assessing the risk of bias of clinical trials. However, it was criticized for its poor inter-rater reliability, lack of clear and detailed guidelines for its application, and no clear distinguishing between reporting quality from real quality in implementation. This study aims to develop a framework (or improved CRoB, iCRoB) so as to improve the inter-rater reliability of the CRoB in its first 4 domains: sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, and blinding of outcome assessment, through providing: i) a structured pathway for assessing risk of bias assessment; and ii) a comprehensive dictionary of scenarios for each domain. / Methods. The study is consisted of 4 steps: / i) Step 1: Develop a step-by-step structured pathway for assessing the risk of bias. / ii) Step 2: Identify and summarize possible scenarios that are used in literature to describe a domain in clinical trials by using a qualitative content analysis approach. A random sample of 100 Cochrane systematic reviews (SRs) was taken from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Each review was carefully scrutinized for this purpose. / iii) Step 3: Merge the scenarios identified from the sample with those already provided in the CRoB. The combined list of scenarios extends the current coverage of the CRoB and forms a more comprehensive dictionary of scenarios for use in the future. The bias assessment pathway and the new dictionary of scenarios in combination are the new components added or contribution to the CRoB to form the iCRoB. / v) Step 4: Conduct a randomized controlled study that allocated at random 8 raters equally into either using the CRoB or our new iCRoB. 150 clinical trials were randomly selected from the fore-mentioned 100 SRs for the inter-rater reliability comparison. Both inter-rater reliability among individual raters (measured with Fleiss’ κ) and that across rater pairs (measured with weighted Cohen’s κ) were computed. Data analyses were conducted by using STATA version 13.0. / Results. A structured pathway for systematically assessing bias was designed, which helps classify a study into one of 5 categories for each risk of bias domain based on the information provided in the report of a trial: Category A: a trial reports in details how a bias reduction method was conducted and it is also deemed by the assessor to be conducted adequately; Category B: a trial reports in details how a bias reduction method was conducted but it is deemed by the assessor to be conducted inadequately; Category C: a trial reports that a bias reduction method was conducted but no detailed description was given which can be used to judge whether it was done adequately; Category D: a trial reports that a bias reduction method was not conducted; Category E: a trial does not mention at all whether or not a bias reduction method was conducted. / A total of 34, 36, 26 and 20 scenarios were generated for sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, and blinding of outcome assessment, respectively. We extended the current CRoB list of scenarios by a number of 20, 23, 26 and 20 respectively for the 4 bias reduction domains. / Our trial results showed that the iCRoB had a higher inter-rater reliability across rater pairs than the original CRoB for every bias reduction domain. The weighted κ was 0.71 and 0.81 for sequence generation respectively for CRoB and iCRoB; 0.53 and 0.61 for allocation concealment respectively for CRoB and iCRoB; 0.56 for blinding of participants and personnel in CRoB, 0.68 for blinding of participants and 0.70 for blinding of personnel ini CRoB; and 0.19 and 0.43 for blinding of outcome assessment respectively for CRoB and iCRoB. / Conclusion. We developed the iCRoB including a standard pathway and extended substantively the dictionary of scenarios for making the judgement on risk of bias in the reports of clinical trials. Our iCRoB showed a higher reliability than the current CRoB in all the domains examined. The iCRoB can be recommended for improving the assessment of bias in clinical trials. / 目的:考柯藍偏倚風險評估工具(CRoB)是最廣泛應用的用於評價臨床試驗偏倚風險的工具之一。然而,CRoB 有以下三個缺陷:評價者間信度低,缺乏明確和詳細的應用說明和沒有明確區分報告質量和方法學質量。本研究擬制定一個新的工具iCRoB 用以提高CRoB 前4 項指標的評價者間信度。這4項指標分別為隨機序列生成,分配隱藏,對研究對象和研究者實施盲法,和對結局評估者實施盲法。本研究通過以下2 點實現這一目的:i) 提供一個結構化路徑用以評估偏倚風險;ii) 為每個研究指標提供一個廣泛包含偏倚風險評估相關描述場景的字典。 / 方法:本研究包含以下4 個步驟: / 第1 步:制定一個用以評估偏倚風險的結構化路徑。 / 第2 步:從考柯藍系統綜述數據庫中隨機抽取100 篇系統綜述,應用定性內容分析法從中確定並總結出臨床試驗中與偏倚風險相關的可能的描述場景。 / 第3 步:將從100 個樣本中總結的描述場景與CRoB 中已有的場景合併,從而擴大CRoB 的描述場景的覆蓋範圍,得到一個更廣泛包含偏倚風險評估相關描述場景字典。偏倚風險評估的結構化路徑和包含場景描述的字典共同形成了本研究中新制定的iCRoB,用以評估臨床試驗的偏倚風險。 / 第4 步:在一個隨機對照研究中,8 名評價者被隨機平均分配至CRoB 組或者iCRoB 組。在上述100個系統綜述所納入的臨床試驗中隨機抽取150 個臨床試驗用以比較CRoB 和iCRoB 的評價者間信度。評價者間信度的比較包括個體評價者間信度(用Fleiss’κ 測量)和配對評價者間信度(用加權Cohen’s κ 測量)的比較。數據採用Stata 13.0 進行統計分析。 / 結果:本研究成功的制定了一個用於系統評價偏倚風險的結構化路徑,在該結構化路徑中,每個偏倚風險相關的指標在一個臨床研究中將分為以下5 類: / A 類:臨床試驗詳細描述了預防偏倚的措施的實施,根據描述可以判定該措施的實施能預防偏倚的產生; B 類:臨床試驗詳細描述了預防偏倚的措施的實施,根據描述可以判定該措施的實施不能預防偏倚的產生; C 類:臨床試驗報告採取了預防偏倚的措施,但未描述這一過程如何實施,從而無法判斷其實施是否正確; D 類:臨床試驗報告沒有採取任何預防偏倚的措施; E 類:臨床試驗沒有報告是否採取了預防偏倚的措施。 / 本研究分別為隨機序列生成,分配隱藏,對研究對象和研究者實施盲法,和對結局評估者實施盲法收集了34,36,26 和20 個描述場景。與CRoB 提供的描述場景比較,iCRoB 分別為隨機序列生成,分配隱藏,對研究對象和研究者實施盲法,和對結局評估者實施盲法增加了20,23,26 和20 個新的描述場景。 / 隨機對照試驗結果顯示,iCRoB 中每個研究指標的配對評價者間信度均高於CRoB,其中,隨機序列生成加權κ 為0.71(CRoB)和0.81(iCRoB),分配隱藏加權κ 為0.53(CRoB)和0.61(iCRoB),對研究對象和研究者實施盲法加權κ 為0.56(CRoB),對研究對象實施盲法加權κ 為0.68(iCRoB),對研究者實施盲法加權κ 為0.70(iCRoB),對結局評估者實施盲法加權κ 為0.19(CRoB)和0.43(iCRoB)。 / 結論:本研究通過制定一個由偏倚風險評估的結構化路徑和包含場景描述的字典組成的iCRoB,用以改善CRoB 中對臨床試驗中隨機序列生成,分配隱藏,對研究對象和研究者實施盲法,和對結局評估者實施盲法偏倚風險評估過程。相比於CRoB,iCRoB 在每個研究指標中均顯示出更好的配對評價者間信度。這些結果證明評價者間信度可以通過提供結構化偏倚風險評估路徑和更全面的描述場景字典而提高。 / Wu, Xinyin. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-105). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 09, September, 2016). / Wu, Xinyin. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.y066 / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

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