The Slovenian Public Opinion survey (SPOS), which carried out in 1990, was used by the government of Slovenia as a benchmark to prepare for an upcoming plebiscite, which asked the respondents whether they support independence from Yugoslavia. However, the sample size was large and it is quite likely that the respondents and nonrespondents had divergent viewpoints. We first develop an ignorable nonresponse model which is an extension of a bivariate binomial model. In order to accommodate the nonrespondents, we then develop a nonignorable nonresponse model which is an extension of the ignorable model. Our methodology uses an EM algorithm to fit both the ignorable and nonignorable nonresponse models, and estimation is carried out using the bootstrap mechanism. We also perform sensitivity analysis to study different degrees of departures of the nonignorable nonresponse model from the ignorable nonresponse model. We found that the nonignorable nonresponse model is mildly sensitive to departures from the ignorable nonresponse model. In fact, our finding based on the nonignorable model is better than an earlier conclusion about another nonignorable nonresponse model fitted to these data.

In the development of any product to perform a specific function the first concern of the engineer is to design for satisfactory operation. Engineers originally approached the reliability problem by using excessive safety factors to be assured the structure or material would withstand the calculated loads and stresses. The engineer also learned from operating or testing the equipment until failures occurred and then redesigning as mistakes became apparent. These methods were time consuming and often resulted in bulky over designed products. These approaches became impractical with the advent of new technological advancements. The accelerated industrial development of aircraft, missiles, and modern electronics coupled with a need for a drastic reduction in weight and size magnified the problem. As products became more complex the problem of building a reliable product was intensified. An appreciation for the increase in complexity can be gained from considering that in a period of fifteen years the requirements for electronic tubes on a U.S. Navy destroyer changed from sixty to thirty-six hundred (14). During World War II new equipment was developed that had to be operational for extended period of time if the military mission was to be accomplished. The addition of a time requirement added to the already difficult problem caused by the increasing complexity of equipment. It soon became obvious that new techniques had to be developed that would assist the manufacturer in designing a reliable product.

This research presents more realistic models for left-turn and through volume capacity by taking into account the probabilistic nature of the left-turn bay blockages and spillbacks at a signalized intersection under the leading phasing scheme with a short left-turn bay. Generally, the left-turn bay spillback situation has been overlooked in the leading left-turn signal because much attention has been given to the more common problem of left-turn blockage under the leading left signal. The left-turn spillback situation, however, might happen because the ratio of left-turning vehicle tends to be relatively high in the traffic after the occurrence of left-turn bay blockage. That is, left-turn bay blockage, spillback situations, left-turn capacity, and through capacity are closely connected with one another. Hence, this research estimates more precisely the capacity for through and left-turn movement by considering the left-turn bay blockage and spillback situations associated with left-turn bay under leading left-turn signal operations. In order to find general agreement between the results from this proposed model and a real-world situation, the developed capacity model is validated with the results from CORSIM simulations of a real-world signalized intersection. The binomial distribution is applied as the arrival distribution for through movement considering the characteristics of expected arrivals under heavy flow conditions. Finally, since left-turn bay blockage and spillback situation seem to have adverse impacts on each other, this research investigates if there are any dependent relationships between left-turn bay blockage and spillback. Here, this study confirmed that close relationships between left-turn bay blockage and spillback situations obviously exists.

Wadley’s problem frequently emerges in dosage-mortality data and is one in which the number of surviving organisms is observed but the number initially treated is unknown. Data in this setting are also often overdispersed, that is the variability within the data exceeds that described by the distribution modelling it. The aim of this thesis is to explore distributions that can accommodate overdispersion in a Wadley’s problem setting. Two methods are essentially considered. The first considers adapting the beta-binomial and multiplicative binomial models that are frequently used for overdispersed binomial-type data to a Wadley’s problem setting. The second strategy entails modelling Wadley’s problem with a distribution that is suitable for modelling overdispersed count data. Some of the distributions introduced can be used for modelling overdispersed count data as well as overdispersed doseresponse data from a Wadley context. These models are compared using goodness of fit tests, deviance and Akaike’s Information Criterion and their properties are explored. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-62). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-119). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaf 51.

Resumo: O psilídeo Diaphorina citri Kuwayama tornou-se nos últimos anos, uma das mais importantes pragas na cultura de citros, principalmente pelos prejuízos causados às plantas devido à transmissão da bactéria causadora da doença Huanglongbing (HLB) ou Greening. Com a finalidade de estudar a distribuição espacial de ninfas e adultos desta praga, instalou-se um experimento em 2 áreas de citros com histórico de ocorrência de HLB, no município de Matão, região central do Estado de São Paulo, uma com plantas de 4 anos e outra com plantas de 12 anos de idade. Para estudo da agregação da população nas plantas, foram utilizados os seguintes índices de dispersão: razão variância/média (I), índice de Morisita (Id), coeficiente de Green (Cx) e expoente k da distribuição binomial negativa para cada amostragem. A distribuição binomial negativa foi o modelo mais adequado para representar a distribuição espacial do psilídeo na cultura de citros, tanto para ninfas como para adultos. Através da análise destes índices, verificou-se que, na maioria das amostragens, as ninfas encontradas nas brotações e os adultos capturados nas armadilhas apresentaram distribuição agregada. Foram desenvolvidos planos de amostragem seqüencial para ninfas e adultos em região com e sem HLB, e os números máximos de amostras esperados para se tomar a decisão foram de 264 e 83 para ninfas, em regiões com e sem a doença, e de 184 e 150 amostras para adultos, em regiões com e sem a doença. / Abstract: The psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is one of the most important pests of citrus, mostly because of plant damage due to transmission of the bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) or Greening disease. The experiment was carried out in 2 sweet orange orchards with previous HLB occurrence in Matão (central region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil), in plants with 4 and 12 years of age, in order to study the spatial distribution of nymphs and adults of this pest. The following dispersion indices were used to study pest aggregation in the citrus plants: variance/mean relationship (I), index of Morisita (Id), coefficient of Green (Cx), and the k exponent of negative binomial distribution for each sampling. The negative binomial distribution was the most representative spatial distribution of this psyllid in citrus, for both nymphs and adults. The analysis of these indices showed that, for most samplings, psyllid nymphs found in branches and adults caught in traps presented an aggregated distribution. Sequential sampling plans were developed for nymphs and adults in regions with and without HLB, and the maximum number of samples for decision making was 264 and 83 samples for nymphs in regions with and without the disease, and, 184 and 150 samples for adults, in regions with and without the disease, respectively. / Orientador: José Carlos Barbosa / Coorientador: Pedro Takao Yamamoto / Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Wilson Itamar Maruyama / Banca: Antonio Baldo Geraldo Martins / Banca: Eduardo Sanches Stuchi / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo_fr_me_jabo.pdf: 503818 bytes, checksum: 0c25df81cfee4dc01b57b77e3a7b22a0 (MD5) / Fundecitrus / O estudo da distribuição espacial de pragas é fundamental para elaboração de planos de amostragem para uso no manejo integrado de pragas. Para Toxoptera citricida foi estudada a distribuição espacial em talhões de pomares de citros comerciais de laranja (Citrus sinensis) da variedade Pêra, com 5, 9 e 15 anos de idade, durante o período de setembro de 2004 a abril de 2005. Foram realizadas 14 amostragens de número de pulgões-preto em intervalos aproximados de 15 dias entre as mesmas, utilizando-se armadilhas adesivas de cor amarela (0,11 x 0,11 m) fixadas à planta a 1,5 m de altura aproximadamente. As armadilhas foram distribuídas na área, a cada cinco plantas na linha, em linhas alternadas, totalizando 137 armadilhas no talhão com 5 anos, 140 no talhão com 9 anos e 80 no talhão com 15 anos. A lei de Taylor e a distribuição binomial negativa foram os modelos que melhor representaram a distribuição da população. Foram com construídos planos de amostragens para levantamento desta praga com base na lei de Taylor e na distribuição binomial negativa. / The study of spatial distribution of insects is fundamental to elaborate sampling plans with potential to use in integrated pest management. The spatial distribution of Toxoptera citricida was studied in plots of commercial orchards of orange (Citrus sinensis) of the variety 'Pêra' with 5, 9 and 15 years of age, during the period of September of 2004 and April of 2005. Fourteen samples of the number of Toxoptera citricida was performed each 15d approximately, using yellow adhesive traps fixed at 1,5 m of height each 5 plants in alternated lines, summing 137 traps in the 5-years plot, 140 traps in the 9-years plot and 80 traps in the 15-years plot. The best models fitted the distribution of population were the Taylor Law and negative binomial distribution, which were used to elaborate the sampling plans.

Submitted by JOÃO RAFAEL DE CONTE CARVALHO DE ALENCAR (jralencar@gmail.com) on 2016-08-02T21:26:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Completa João 31-06-2016.pdf: 1972389 bytes, checksum: 65cb391e11ab0faad1c090aead364836 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-04T18:22:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alencar_jrdcc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1972389 bytes, checksum: 65cb391e11ab0faad1c090aead364836 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T18:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alencar_jrdcc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1972389 bytes, checksum: 65cb391e11ab0faad1c090aead364836 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A cana-de-açúcar é uma das principais culturas do Brasil em área e produção, lhe conferindo problemas fitossanitários em igual proporção. Dentre estes problemas os insetos-praga acabam por limitar a produtividade. Sphenophorus levis é conhecido como uma das principais pragas da cana-de-açúcar. O gorgulho-da-cana tem a amostragem e o controle difíceis de serem realizados devido ao seu hábito subterrâneo durante as fases iniciais de desenvolvimento. Este trabalho, portanto teve como objetivo estudar a dinâmica populacional. o padrão de distribuição e desenvolver um plano de amostragem sequencial de S. levis na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Foram levantados dados da praga em uma área de 1,05 hectares entre o segundo e o terceiro corte da cultura, em duas safras seguidas 2013/2014 e 2014/2015. As áreas foram divididas em 100 parcelas onde se realizou a contagem de larvas, pupas e adultos, soma das formas biológicas e rizomas atacados pelo gorgulho da cana. Para isso, foram amostradas duas trincheiras por parcela de 0,5 x 0,5 x 0,5 m (largura, altura e profundidade) a cada duas semanas. E para os adultos também foi usado armadilhas com toletes tratados com melaço de cana. Com estes dados coletados foi possível verificar satisfatoriamente a praga e seus danos, e constatar que eles permanecem o ano inteiro presentes na área de cultivo. Além disso, foi determinado os períodos em que cada fase de desenvolvimento ocorram com maior e menor incidência, e correlacionar estes dados aos fatores do clima como a temperatura máxima, média e mínima, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar. Através do método “stepwise” foi constatado que a temperatura mínima, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar, são as variáveis climáticas que mais interferem no desenvolvimento de S. levis. Quanto à distribuição espacial, foi notório que tantos os índices de dispersão estudados, razão variância/média, índice de Morisita, coeficiente de Green e o expoente k da distribuição binomial negativa, indicaram que o gorgulho-da-cana e seus danos são altamente agregados. Este resultado foi confirmado com o melhor ajuste ao modelo probabilístico de distribuição pelo teste do qui-quadrado da distribuição binomial negativa. Além disso, foi estimado o k comum para desenvolver o plano de amostragem sequencial para os rizomas atacados por S. levis, utilizando-se os dados do teste da razão da máxima verossimilhança, com nível de controle de 10 e 5% de rizomas atacados, com número máximo de unidades amostrais esperado de 21 trincheiras. / The sugarcane is one of the main Brazilian crops in area as well in production. This fact ensures major phytosanitary problems associated too. Among these problems pests end up limiting production in several areas. Sphenophorus levis is known as one of the major pests of sugar cane. The sugarcane weevil sampling and control are difficult to done due their subterranean habit during the early stages of life. Therefore, this work aimed to study the population dynamics, the distribution pattern and to develop a sequential sampling plan for S. levis in sugarcane crops. Pest's data were raised from areas of 1.05 hectares between the second and third harvest cycle in two crops, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The areas were divided into 100 plots, where was held the counting of larval, pupae, adults and sum of biological forms from the weevil. The rhizomes attacked by this pest were also counted. For this, were sampled two trenches of 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m (width, height and depth) every two weeks. Also, the adults were collected with pieces of sugarcane treated with molasses in traps. With these collected data was possible to check satisfactorily that the pest and its damage still present for all the crop. In Addition, it was Determined the periods of each development phase, occurring with greater and lesser incidence. Maximum, medial and minimal temperature, such as precipitation and relative humidity were correlated by stepwise method with the dynamics of the pest and its damage. It was found that the minimum temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, are climate variables that most affect the development of S. levis The dispersion indexes studied were variance/mean ratio, Morisita index, Green coefficient and the exponent k of the negative binomial distribution. They indicated that the sugarcane weevil and their damage are highly aggregated. This result was confirmed by the greater fit to the probabilistic distribution model, using the chi-square test for the negative binomial distribution adjustment. Also, it was estimated the common k to develop the sequential sampling plan for attacked rhizomes, using the ratio from the maximum likelihood test data , with 10 and 5 % level of control. The maximum number of sample units expected for Attacked rhizomes was 21 trenches.