Orientador: Tsunao Matsumoto / Resumo: O crescimento do setor sucroalcooleiro tem potencializado a geração de grandes quantidades do resíduo de cana-de-açúcar (bagaço), fato que tem incentivado as pesquisas de novas alternativas para sua aplicação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização do resíduo da biomassa, obtida de uma usina sucroalcooleira do estado de São Paulo (SP); avaliando sua granulometria após pré-tratamento (peneira grosseira), passando por peneiras padronizadas da série Tyler com aberturas correspondentes aos diâmetros médios de:1,40mm,1,19mm, 1,00mm e 0,85mm,o material bioadsorvente alternativo para remoção de óleos e graxas (O & G) proveniente de processamento de alimentos. Estudos realizados consideram como contaminante de difícil remoção, devido a sua solubilidade, pois estão presentes na suspensão de compostos orgânicos das águas residuárias domesticas, como ésteres de alto peso molecular, formados a partir de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa e glicerol. Os melhores resultados e condições operacionais que foram obtidas para a bioadsorção por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar destes O & G em ensaios em batelada, teve a finalidade detestar os mesmos em ensaio em coluna de leito fixo. O melhor resultado obtido entre as granulometrias do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar testadas para bioadsorção foi com diâmetro de 1,4mm. O experimento que determinou a influência da dosagem, de 0,5 a 5,0g, do bioadsorvente, bagaço de cana-de- açúcar, foi realizado com pH ácido em torno de 4 e 25°C (temperatura ambiente) com con... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sugar and alcohol industry plant are rising, this has potentiated to generation of large amounts of sugarcane residue (bagasse), a fact that has encouraged the research of new use options and application. The objective of this research was for use the sugar and alcohol industry plant biomass residue obtained in Sao Paulo State (SP), evaluating its granulometry after pre-treatment (coarse sieving), passing through standard Tyler series sieves with openings corresponding to mesh (1.40mm, 1.19mm, 1.00mm and 0.85mm), as alternative bio- sorbent material for the removal of oils and greases (O & G) from food processing activity. This study carried out for these materials considered as difficult to remove these contaminants because their solubility, as present in organic compounds suspension from domestic wastewater, such as esters of high molecular weight, formed from long chain fatty acids and glycerol. The best results and operational conditions that were obtained for bio-adsorption by sugarcane bagasse of these O & G in batch tests; it had to purpose running them in a fixed bed column test. The best result obtained among the granulometry of the sugarcane bagasse tested for bio-adsorption was with a mesh of 1.4mm. The experiment that determined the influence of the dosage, from 0.5 to 5.0g of the bio-adsorbent (sugarcane bagasse), it was carried out with acid pH at 4 and 25°C (environment temperature) with initial O & G concentration at 0,057gg-1 in synthetic aqueous oily sol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les traitements de surfaces (TS) utilisent d’importants volumes d’eau et de nombreux produits chimiques dans leurs procédés industriels. Le principal problème environnemental de la filière TS est celui de la forte charge polluante de leurs eaux usées. En effet, celles-ci sont complexes et difficiles à traiter. Ce travail de thèse a permis d’étudier plusieurs stations de décontamination de la filière TS avec comme principal objectif de démontrer l’intérêt, à la fois chimique et écotoxicologique, de leur optimisation. Pour atteindre notre objectif, les procédés de décontamination industriels ont été étudiés et optimisés. L’intérêt des traitements proposés en matière d’efficacité environnemental a également été évalué en mettant en œuvre des bio-essais basés sur l’utilisation de trois bio-indicateurs. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les rejets du TS sont caractérisés par une polycontamination, organique et surtout métallique, fortement variable dans le temps. En outre, ces rejets ont une toxicité élevée envers les trois bio-indicateurs étudiés. Des bio-essais in vivo ont confirmé le rôle prépondérant des métaux dans la toxicité des rejets. L’optimisation des stations de décontamination a été réalisée en laboratoire, puis transposée et validée sur site industriel. Cette optimisation a permis d’améliorer significativement les abattements chimiques et il a également été démontré que l’utilisation de traitements de finition permet de tendre vers le rejet zéro. Après mise en œuvre des traitements, la toxicité des rejets a été considérablement réduite, démontrant ainsi l’existence d’une relation entre « efficacité chimique » et « réduction des impacts environnementaux ». / The surface treatment (ST) industry is currently undergoing major upheavals, particularly concerning environmental aspects, due to increasingly stringent standards. ST uses large volumes of water and chemicals in its manufacturing processes and its wastewater is acknowledged as being among the most polluting. The main environmental problem facing ST plants is the high pollution load of the effluent they generate. In this thesis, we analyzed and optimized three physicochemical units for the treatment of ST industrial wastewaters. We present the abatements obtained in the levels of pollution after the various chemical optimizations validated in the laboratory and then transposed to the industrial site. To evaluate the utility of each optimization proposal, bioassays using three bioindicators (Daphnia magna, Gammarus pulex, Lactuca sativa) were also carried out on the effluents of the treatment plants. The results showed that discharge waters were characterized by a polycontamination, organic and metallic, highly variable in time. These effluents also presented a high toxicity towards the bioindicators studied. Bioassays confirmed the preponderant role of metal in the toxicity. The optimization of the station and chemical treatment proposed reduced the organic load and the concentrations of metals. Decreasing pollutant concentrations in the wastewaters led to a significant reduction of their toxicity on the three bioindicators. This demonstrates that there is a relationship between “chemical efficiency” and “reduction of environmental impact”.