Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-02-08T11:32:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO _FABIANE_versaofinalcorrigida gustavo.pdf: 478077 bytes, checksum: 6878b81ae118091bcba4f74778c61995 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-02-16T11:14:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO _FABIANE_versaofinalcorrigida gustavo.pdf: 478077 bytes, checksum: 6878b81ae118091bcba4f74778c61995 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T11:14:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO _FABIANE_versaofinalcorrigida gustavo.pdf: 478077 bytes, checksum: 6878b81ae118091bcba4f74778c61995 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A Tagetes minuta L. é uma planta bioativa de ocorrência espontânea no Sul do Brasil, conhecida pelos agricultores familiares por ser uma espécie invasora e frequentemente usada como repelente de insetos. Contudo, pode se tornar uma nova alternativa de renda uma vez que seu óleo essencial possui propriedades de interesse na indústria de fármacos, cosméticos, alimentos e bioinsumos agrícolas. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar o óleo essencial de populações espontâneas de T. minuta em municípios do sul do Rio Grande do Sul, tentando identificar a ocorrência de quimiotipos e fatores de variabilidade na sua composição. Foram coletadas plantas de seis populações de T. minuta entre abril e maio de 2015, quando as plantas estavam em plena floração. O óleo essencial foi extraído de flores e folhas com pecíolos por arraste a vapor e analisado por CG-EM/CG-DIC. Foram identificados 15 compostos, sendo que todos as populações tiveram os mesmos compostos majoritários, cis-tagetona, cis-β-ocimeno, dihidrotagetona, trans-tagetona e limoneno, que em média representaram 96% da composição do óleo. As populações fazem parte de um mesmo quimiotipo. As variações na proporção entre os compostos majoritários permitiu agrupar as populações em três grupos, sendo o primeiro com três amostras e 96% de similaridade, o segundo com duas amostras e 86% de similaridade e uma última amostra isolada, com 74% e 79% de similaridade com as duas anteriores respectivamente. As primeiras populações colhidas apresentaram maiores teores de dihidrotagetona e limoneno enquanto aquelas colhidas mais tardiamente tiveram teores mais elevados de cis-tagetona e cis-β-ocimeno. A data de colheita foi um fator determinante na proporção entre os compostos majoritários e apresentou uma correlação negativa com a temperatura média do ar. A ocorrência de elevada precipitação pluviométrica nos dias anteriores à colheita pode ter interferido na composição do óleo de pelo menos uma população. A radiação solar teve correlação positiva com os teores de cis-tagetona e cis-β-ocimeno e negativa com dihidrotagetona e limoneno. Finalizando, o óleo essencial é similar entre as diferentes populações de T. minuta avaliados e tende a apresentar uma composição uniforme dos compostos majoritários, com variações nas suas proporções devido ao estádio fenológico no momento da colheita. / Tagetes minuta L. is a bioactive plant of spontaneous occurrence in the South of Brazil, known to family farmers as an invasive species and frequently used as an insect repellent. However, it can become a new income alternative since its essential oil has properties of interest in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural bioproducts industry. The aim of this work was to characterize the essential oil of spontaneous populations of T. minuta in municipalities of southern of the Rio Grande do Sul State, trying to identify the occurrence of chemotypes and variability factors in their composition. Plants of six populations of T. minuta were collected between April and May 2015, in the full flowering. The essential oil was extracted from flowers and leaves with petioles by steam-drag and analyzed by GC-MS/GC-FID. Fifteen compounds were identified, and all the populations had the same major compounds, cis-tagetone, cis-β-ocimene, dihydrotagetone, trans-tagetone and limonene, which on average represented 96% of the oil composition. The populations are of the same chemotype. Variations in the proportion of the major compounds allowed grouping the populations into three groups, the first with three samples and 96% similarity, the second with two samples and 86% similarity, and the last sample isolated, with 74% and 79% of similarity with the two previous ones respectively. The first populations harvested had higher levels of dihydrotagetone and limonene whereas those harvested later had higher levels of cis-tagetone and cis-β-ocimene. The date of harvest was a determinant factor in the proportion between the major compounds and presented a negative correlation with the mean air temperature. The occurrence of high rainfall in the days prior to harvest may have interfered in the oil composition of at least one population. The solar radiation had a positive correlation with the contents of cis-tagetone and cisβ-ocimene and negative with dihydrotagetone and limonene. Finally, the essential oil is similar among the different populations of T. minuta evaluated and tends to present a uniform composition of the major compounds, with variations in their proportions due to the phenological stage at the time of harvest.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Marcio_de_Medeiros.pdf: 676169 bytes, checksum: 35c7abb7cdc119cc6b24fb32d00c1cb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / This study aimed to contribute to the development of organics systems production through the evaluation of plant protection imputs. The cultivation of potatoes in an organic system presents some challenges in pest control, and the Diabrotica speciosa and Phytophthora infestans are the most important. We sought to avaluate the efficiency of different imputs, both those available in the market as other locally produced, with laboratory and fields methods. There were jobs in the experimental fields and laboratories of Embrapa Clima Temperado. To control insects were tested imputs derived from leaves of Melia azedarach, Cedrela fissilis and Trichilia claussenii. The T. claussenii tincture 10 and 20% obtained the lowest values of leaf consumption by D. speciosa in no-choice tests and the free-choice tests. The Neem oil obtened better results in the free-choice tests, suggesting that presence of no trated food turn this product more efficient. Composto A in the laboratory trial had a negative effect on feeding D. speciosa in no-choice and free-choice tests. The test of Composto A persistence was made until 29 days after application, and was also the imput with the highest proportion of tubers without damage by insects in the field test. In the P. infestans imputs control evaluation in potatoes only the bordeaux mixture obtained similar results to positive control in the field tests. / A busca de insumos alternativos aos convencionais com características definidas para serem utilizadas na produção orgânica é uma atividade nova no cenário da pesquisa nacional. O cultivo da batata em sistema orgânico apresenta alguns desafios no controle fitossanitário, sendo a D. speciosa e a P. infestans os principais agentes. Buscou-se avaliar a eficiência de diferentes insumos, tanto aqueles disponíveis no mercado quanto outros produzidos localmente, com métodos laboratoriais e de campo. As plantas foram escolhidas com base em critérios objetivos como existência de informação prévia de sua ação e fácil cultivo. Realizaram-se os trabalhos nos campos experimentais e laboratórios da Embrapa Clima Temperado. Para controle de insetos testaram-se as tinturas oriundas de folhas de Melia azedarach, Cedrela fissilis e Trichilia claussenii. A T. claussenii obteve melhor desempenho nos dois testes realizados, sendo as concentrações de alcoolatura de 10 e 20% as que causaram redução no consumo foliar por D. speciosa, tanto nos testes sem chance de escolha como nos testes de livre escolha. O óleo de nim apresentou maior efeito antialimentar nos testes com chance de escolha, indicando melhor eficiência quando existe opção de alimento não tratado. O Composto A no ensaio laboratorial teve efeito negativo sobre a alimentação de D. speciosa nos testes com e sem chance de escolha, com ação observada no teste de persistência até os 29 dias após a aplicação. No teste de campo foi o único insumo que apresentou controle significativo, na categoria 1 (sem danos de insetos). A partir do método utilizado para avaliação do impacto ambiental da aplicação dos insumos não foi possível observar diferença entre os tratamentos, principalmente pela grande influência das modificações ambientais do próprio sistema de produção. Na avaliação de insumos para controle de P. infestans em batata a campo, somente a calda bordalesa obteve valores de severidade baixos e semelhantes a testemunha positiva no teste de campo.

Les nématodes parasites du tube digestif demeurent une contrainte majeure pesant sur la santé, le bien être et les productions des petits ruminants élevés à l’herbe. Le mode usuel de maîtrise de ce parasitisme repose sur l’emploi répété de molécules chimiques anthelminthiques. Toutefois, le développement et la diffusion généralisée de résistances à ces molécules dans les populations de vers imposent désormais d’utiliser ces traitements avec discernement et de trouver des solutions complémentaires ou alternatives. L’incorporation dans la conduite d’élevage (ration des moutons ou des chèvres) de légumineuses fourragères riches en tannins condensés dotées de propriétés anthelminthiques s’est avérée une option prometteuse pour réduire le recours aux molécules chimiques. Toutefois, une des difficultés d’application de ces plantes tient à la variabilité des résultats observés. En prenant le sainfoin comme modèle de légumineuse contenant des tannins et en s’appuyant essentiellement sur des méthodes in vitro basées sur les larves 3 infestantes, l’objectif général de cette thèse est d’analyser le rôle respectif de facteurs liés à l’environnement, aux variétés génétiques ou aux modes de préservation technologiques sur les propriétés anthelminthiques. Quelque soit le critère envisagé, une forte variabilité a été observée. Les principales variations liées à l’environnement dépendaient de l’année et du cycle de coupe, ainsi que du site d’exploitation. Parmi les 38 variétés testées, 9 se sont avérées à forte activité AH, alors que 22 étaient à très faible activité. Enfin, les résultats ont aussi surtout souligné une plus forte activité antiparasitaire dans des formes séchées ou ensilées par comparaison à des échantillons frais. La comparaison des profils biochimiques liés à cette variabilité a permis une exploration des composés phénoliques expliquant l’activité anthelminthique. L’existence d’une relation dose-réponse a été précisée. Le rôle des tannins condensés a été confirmé, notamment ceux à faible degré de polymérisation et à faible poids moléculaire. L’importance des prodelphinidines qui seraient plus actives que les procyanidines reste à confirmer. De plus, il a été montré que d’autres flavonoides peuvent jouer un rôle, notamment les flavan-3-ols et les flavonols. La différence d’activité entre les échantillons de sainfoin ensilés ou fanés par comparaison aux échantillons frais s‟expliquerait en partie par la présence de formes non glycosidés de flavonols. Ces résultats devraient conduire à développer des méthodes de dosage pour identifier les échantillons de sainfoin, et plus généralement de légumineuses riches en tannins, dotés de propriétés anthelminthiques significatives. / Gastrointestinal nematodes remain a major constraint on the health, welfare and production of small ruminants. Over the past decades, the usual mode of control of this parasitism has mainly relied on the repeated use of chemical anthelmintics. However these treatments are nowadaysfacing some limits among which the most important is the development and widespread diffusion of resistance to these chemical molecules within worm populations. Consequently, the need to find complementary or alternative solutions is becoming urgent. The possible exploitation of forage legumes, rich in condensed tannins, with anthelmintic properties, by incorporation in the diet of sheep or goats, seems a promising option to reduce the reliance on chemical molecules. However, one of the main difficulties to use these plants as nutraceuticals relates to the variations in results. By using sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoliae) as a model of tannin-containing legume and based on in vitro methods on the infective third stage larvae, the main objectives of this PhD were i) to examine the influence of environmental, genetic (40 different varieties) and technological (mode of preservation) factors on the anthelmintic properties of sainfoin and ii) to analyse whether differences in phenolic compounds might explain the variations. Whatever the factor considered, a high variability in results was observed. The main variations due to the environmental factors depended on the year and the cycle of cutting, as well as on the site of cultivation. Among the 38 varieties tested, only 9 have shown AH activity over 50 %. Last, a higher antiparasitic activity was found in the dried or ensiled forms compared to the fresh samples. A comparison of the biochemical profiles associated with these variations indicated a role of proanthocyanidins plus other phenolic compounds in the anthelmintic properties. The dose-response relationship between the AH activity and the ability to form complex with proteins was defined. The role of condensed tannins was confirmed, particularly those with a low degree of polymerization. The respective importance of prodelphinidins vs procyanidins remains to be further investigated. Moreover, the possible role of other flavonoids, in particular of flavan-3-ols and flavonols was also confirmed. The difference in activity between dried or ensiled forms compared to fresh sainfoin samples was partly explained by the presence of flavonol aglycosides. These results should favour the development of measurements in order to identify sainfoin samples with higher anthelmintic properties.

[Truncated abstract] Antimicrobial growth promoters are added to feed to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminant animals by selectively inhibiting rumen bacteria that produce lactic acid. However, recently imposed or impending bans on the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in animal production have lead to a critical need to find practical alternatives that are safe for the animal and consumer and that obtain similar production benefits. I investigated bioactive plants of Australia for their potential to prevent lactic acidosis in ruminants. The unifying hypothesis tested was that plants would be identified that selectively inhibit lactic acid-producing bacteria and consequently protect against lactic acidosis. This hypothesis was tested in a three phase process: phase 1, plant selection and collection; phase 2, a three stage protocol for screening plants and essential oils; phase 3, in vivo experiments and chemical fractionation of the most promising plant. I developed an in vitro bioassay that simulated acidosis by adding glucose to rumen fluid in Bellco tubes and incubating for 5 h (Chapter 4). The pH and gas production were used as indicators of acidosis and fermentation activity. I used this bioassay to screen ninety-five plants (dried and ground material from 79 species) and ten essential oils and included a negative control (oaten chaff) and a positive control (virginiamycin). One plant, Eremophila glabra, produced a similar pH (5.63) to the positive control (5.43) although it inhibited gas production to a moderate extent (P < 0.05). ... Seven serrulatane diterpenes were identified to be the major secondary metabolites in E. glabra. The metabolites were screened using a broth dilution and microtitre spectrophotometry method and were selective against S. bovis at between 320 and 1077 [mu]g/ mL. The serrulatanes from E. glabra were probably responsible for the activity against acidosis that I observed in vitro, because they selectively inhibited lactateproducing bacteria. It is also possible that a synergy between serrulatanes and possibly other metabolites are responsible for the activity observed in vitro. The results from my experiments support the role that bioactive plants may have to replace the antibiotics that are added to livestock feed. Australian plants were identified containing compounds that were active against the bacterial processes responsible for ruminant acidosis. To my knowledge this is the first work undertaken to identify bioactive plants of Australia for their potential to prevent acidosis. I developed in vitro screening bioassays that targeted key indicators of acidosis. These bioassays enabled me to identify 5 plants from the 104 screened that could potentially control acidosis. One of these plants in particular, E. glabra, showed a level of activity in vitro that was comparable to antibiotic protection against acidosis. The exciting in vitro results were not demonstrated in vivo but only one dose level of E. glabra was used, which was based on the in vitro work. In contrast to the in vitro system the rumen is a continuous flow system with greater complexity and it is possible that the concentration of E. glabra that I used in vivo was not optimum. This places importance on future dose response experiments to confirm the efficacy of E. glabra in vivo.