Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Wageningen Universiteit, 2005. / Thesis propositions sheet inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. [249]-262).

South Africa is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world. However, biodiversity is suffering under the huge demand for natural resources and the increasing dependence of rural communities on these same resources. It has also become apparent that an alarming number of species are threatened, endangered or even destroyed. Surveys have revealed that 34% of the country’s 440 terrestrial ecosystems are threatened. The three severest threats to biodiversity are overexploitation, overgrazing and mining. There is however a range of international, regional, national and local laws and best practice guidelines that aim to protect and preserve the natural faunal and floral diversity of the various rural areas and regions. The prescription of sustainable practices enables communities that depend on the services of ecosystem in their area, to utilise without depleting the resources provided by nature. South Africa is a signing party to more than seven conventions and treaties that either protect or govern biodiversity. In addition to this, the South African government has promulgated eighteen pieces of legislation and guidelines to protect and govern the use of biodiversity. The focus of this study was on the impacts platinum mining have on biodiversity and how effectively these impacts are managed. Data for the case study was obtained from Impala Platinum. Impala leases its land from the Royal Bafokeng Nation and inter alia shares it with the people who use the areas in between for grazing and other subsistence activities. The aim of the study was, in the first place to identify how Impala Platinum’s Environmental Management Plans (EMP’s) and Closure Plan (which manages current and post mining activities and their impacts) are aligned with the various international, national and local requirements for biodiversity management, and secondly to evaluate the effectiveness of the current management measures put in place, which regulates activities impacting on biodiversity. To give effect to the above outcome it was necessary to first identify the various international, national and local treaties, legislature and guidelines. Secondly, an environmental risk assessment was conducted where the current management measure were weighed against the various international, national and local requirements in order to deduce the level of effectiveness of the current EMP’s and Closure plan. It was found that the majority of the EMP’s compiled under the Environmental Conservation Act No. 73 of 1989 (ECA) lack substantive management and preventative measures. It was only in the later EMP’s (between the years 2000 - 2004) that the prescribed management measures improved and became more effective. This was because the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process had matured in South Africa and an entire new regime of more descriptive EIA regulations had been promulgated under the National Environmental Act No. 107 of 1998, which repealed the majority of the outdated ECA regulations. It was also found that the environmental standards, management objectives and priorities that were developed in the EMP’s did not contingently and specifically reflect the conditions in relation to the environmental, developmental and biodiversity contexts to which they apply. The Closure plan on the other hand, was a regurgitation of the same unimaginative objectives focusing on remedying past legacies instead of providing a lasting solution to sustain and improve the environmental conditions left by the mine, and most importantly it does not address the social issues that result from mine closure. For example, the overexploitation and overgrazing of the areas in between the various mining operations by the Royal Bafokeng Nation’s people is a crucial aspect that has not been thoroughly addressed in the respective documents. Habitat disturbance, which was not addressed for instance, requires a wide range of actions e.g. educating local communities on pasture management, post–rehabilitation monitoring, amelioration etc. To improve compliance with current legislation and adherence to the guidelines proposed by best practice initiatives, various recommendations are put forward to control both the negative activities brought on by the Royal Bafokeng and Impala Platinum. These include the implementation of: Biodiversity (inclusive) impact assessment, good environmental governance, the precautionary approach, the ecosystems approach, sustainable biodiversity management practices through conservation planning, biodiversity action plans, stewardship and land care tools, conservation plans, biodiversity offsets, effective mine closure planning and the forming of a Biodiversity Action Steering Committee (BASC). Finally, an eight step model is proposed as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of specifically the platinum mine’s EMP’s and Closure plans to manage activities affecting biodiversity. The model is based on the concepts of direct and indirect drivers of change and the Deming cycle and is an elaboration of the model proposed by UNEP and the International Association of Impact Assessment. The model focuses on both the natural and anthropogenic drivers that may affect biodiversity and will aid the management of a mine to supplement the shortcomings of these documents. As an indirect outcome the model may possibly even improve, the relationship between the specific company and the communities with which it shares its land. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

South Africa is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world. However, biodiversity is suffering under the huge demand for natural resources and the increasing dependence of rural communities on these same resources. It has also become apparent that an alarming number of species are threatened, endangered or even destroyed. Surveys have revealed that 34% of the country’s 440 terrestrial ecosystems are threatened. The three severest threats to biodiversity are overexploitation, overgrazing and mining. There is however a range of international, regional, national and local laws and best practice guidelines that aim to protect and preserve the natural faunal and floral diversity of the various rural areas and regions. The prescription of sustainable practices enables communities that depend on the services of ecosystem in their area, to utilise without depleting the resources provided by nature. South Africa is a signing party to more than seven conventions and treaties that either protect or govern biodiversity. In addition to this, the South African government has promulgated eighteen pieces of legislation and guidelines to protect and govern the use of biodiversity. The focus of this study was on the impacts platinum mining have on biodiversity and how effectively these impacts are managed. Data for the case study was obtained from Impala Platinum. Impala leases its land from the Royal Bafokeng Nation and inter alia shares it with the people who use the areas in between for grazing and other subsistence activities. The aim of the study was, in the first place to identify how Impala Platinum’s Environmental Management Plans (EMP’s) and Closure Plan (which manages current and post mining activities and their impacts) are aligned with the various international, national and local requirements for biodiversity management, and secondly to evaluate the effectiveness of the current management measures put in place, which regulates activities impacting on biodiversity. To give effect to the above outcome it was necessary to first identify the various international, national and local treaties, legislature and guidelines. Secondly, an environmental risk assessment was conducted where the current management measure were weighed against the various international, national and local requirements in order to deduce the level of effectiveness of the current EMP’s and Closure plan. It was found that the majority of the EMP’s compiled under the Environmental Conservation Act No. 73 of 1989 (ECA) lack substantive management and preventative measures. It was only in the later EMP’s (between the years 2000 - 2004) that the prescribed management measures improved and became more effective. This was because the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process had matured in South Africa and an entire new regime of more descriptive EIA regulations had been promulgated under the National Environmental Act No. 107 of 1998, which repealed the majority of the outdated ECA regulations. It was also found that the environmental standards, management objectives and priorities that were developed in the EMP’s did not contingently and specifically reflect the conditions in relation to the environmental, developmental and biodiversity contexts to which they apply. The Closure plan on the other hand, was a regurgitation of the same unimaginative objectives focusing on remedying past legacies instead of providing a lasting solution to sustain and improve the environmental conditions left by the mine, and most importantly it does not address the social issues that result from mine closure. For example, the overexploitation and overgrazing of the areas in between the various mining operations by the Royal Bafokeng Nation’s people is a crucial aspect that has not been thoroughly addressed in the respective documents. Habitat disturbance, which was not addressed for instance, requires a wide range of actions e.g. educating local communities on pasture management, post–rehabilitation monitoring, amelioration etc. To improve compliance with current legislation and adherence to the guidelines proposed by best practice initiatives, various recommendations are put forward to control both the negative activities brought on by the Royal Bafokeng and Impala Platinum. These include the implementation of: Biodiversity (inclusive) impact assessment, good environmental governance, the precautionary approach, the ecosystems approach, sustainable biodiversity management practices through conservation planning, biodiversity action plans, stewardship and land care tools, conservation plans, biodiversity offsets, effective mine closure planning and the forming of a Biodiversity Action Steering Committee (BASC). Finally, an eight step model is proposed as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of specifically the platinum mine’s EMP’s and Closure plans to manage activities affecting biodiversity. The model is based on the concepts of direct and indirect drivers of change and the Deming cycle and is an elaboration of the model proposed by UNEP and the International Association of Impact Assessment. The model focuses on both the natural and anthropogenic drivers that may affect biodiversity and will aid the management of a mine to supplement the shortcomings of these documents. As an indirect outcome the model may possibly even improve, the relationship between the specific company and the communities with which it shares its land. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Conservation and management of the ecology of natural areas has become a prerequisite for mining companies in South Africa. Systematic conservation planning provides a useful tool for land–use planning and impact assessment, particularly in the mining industry. A study was therefore undertaken to provide sufficient, spatially explicit biodiversity and veld condition information to aid in the development and establishment of an official conservation plan for the leased mining area of Impala Platinum. By identifying areas with high plant diversity or endemism and by assessing veld conditions as well as grazing and browsing capacities, recommendations could be made towards management strategies and potential future land–use practices. The licensed mining area, north of Rustenburg, covers 29334 ha and includes 14 operational shafts. The area was stratified into three main categories based on landscape types namely: norite koppies; thornveld and rehabilitated areas. The Braun Blanquet approach was followed to sample 139 stratified random relevés. Additional computer software packages were used for capturing, processing and presentation of the phytosociological data (TURBOVEG) as well as a visual editor for phytosociological tables (MEGATAB). Ordinations were subsequently performed to confirm the plant communities and illustrate possible environmental gradients, using multivariate statistic analyses (CANOCO). Four plant communities with two subcommunities were identified and described in both the norite koppies and thornveld respectively while three plant communities with three sub–communities were identified in the rehabilitated areas. Specific environmental factors that influence plant community structure and composition in the norite koppies were the aspect and percentage of soil surface rockiness while soil types proved to be the distinguishing factor in the thornveld. The distribution of plant communities in the rehabilitated areas is mainly due to anthropogenic influences rather than any environmental factors. The Fixed Point Monitoring of Vegetation Methodology– FIXMOVE was then used to sample 32 stratified random survey plots in four selected plant communities in order to quantify and compare veld conditions as well as grazing and browsing capacities. The determination of landscape functionality served to support these quantitative results. The Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) method was used for this purpose. Multivariate statistic analyses (CANOCO) were used to indicate possible degradation gradients between the plant communities. Conclusions regarding conservation and management units were reached by interpreting the quantitative data in accordance with the phytosociological results and recommendations could then be made. All the norite koppies plant communities were recommended as areas for The Fixed Point Monitoring of Vegetation Methodology– FIXMOVE was then used to sample 32 stratified random survey plots in four selected plant communities in order to quantify and compare veld conditions as well as grazing and browsing capacities. The determination of landscape functionality served to support these quantitative results. The Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) method was used for this purpose. Multivariate statistic analyses (CANOCO) were used to indicate possible degradation gradients between the plant communities. Conclusions regarding conservation and management units were reached by interpreting the quantitative data in accordance with the phytosociological results and recommendations could then be made. All the norite koppies plant communities were recommended as areas for ii conservation because of unique and high biodiversity and anthropogenic threats. The Eragrostis rigidior–Ziziphus mucronata and Acacia caffra–Bothriochloa insculpta Communities in the thornveld showed the best potential for browsing and grazing practices but were also recommended for conservation because of their high species diversity and anthropogenic threats. The high landscape functionality, veld condition and grazing capacity of the Aristida bipartita–Bothriochloa insculpta Community indicated that the rehabilitation of the opencast mining areas had been relatively successful at the time of the surveys. Selected parts of the Indigofera heterotricha–Aristida bipartita Community were also recommended for conservation and management in the form of controlled and more effective grazing strategies were recommended for the rest of the thornveld. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The purpose of the research was to explore the experiences of educators regarding the training for the implementation of inclusive education in a Full Service school. A qualitative research design was chosen, using a case study. Three methods of gathering data were used, namely individual interviews, focus group interviews and observations. The study was conducted in a primary schools in the North West province that was converted into a fullservice school in 2008. The findings indicated that educators demonstrated misunderstanding of the Screening, Identification, Assessment and Support strategy. The misunderstanding can be ascribed to the kind of training educators received. The training lacked in–depth content and practical demonstration. Recommendations on the content and the dynamics of the training process are made. The overarching recommendation on the dynamics of the training indicated that the training should be revisited for improved methods of training. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Conservation and management of the ecology of natural areas has become a prerequisite for mining companies in South Africa. Systematic conservation planning provides a useful tool for land–use planning and impact assessment, particularly in the mining industry. A study was therefore undertaken to provide sufficient, spatially explicit biodiversity and veld condition information to aid in the development and establishment of an official conservation plan for the leased mining area of Impala Platinum. By identifying areas with high plant diversity or endemism and by assessing veld conditions as well as grazing and browsing capacities, recommendations could be made towards management strategies and potential future land–use practices. The licensed mining area, north of Rustenburg, covers 29334 ha and includes 14 operational shafts. The area was stratified into three main categories based on landscape types namely: norite koppies; thornveld and rehabilitated areas. The Braun Blanquet approach was followed to sample 139 stratified random relevés. Additional computer software packages were used for capturing, processing and presentation of the phytosociological data (TURBOVEG) as well as a visual editor for phytosociological tables (MEGATAB). Ordinations were subsequently performed to confirm the plant communities and illustrate possible environmental gradients, using multivariate statistic analyses (CANOCO). Four plant communities with two subcommunities were identified and described in both the norite koppies and thornveld respectively while three plant communities with three sub–communities were identified in the rehabilitated areas. Specific environmental factors that influence plant community structure and composition in the norite koppies were the aspect and percentage of soil surface rockiness while soil types proved to be the distinguishing factor in the thornveld. The distribution of plant communities in the rehabilitated areas is mainly due to anthropogenic influences rather than any environmental factors. The Fixed Point Monitoring of Vegetation Methodology– FIXMOVE was then used to sample 32 stratified random survey plots in four selected plant communities in order to quantify and compare veld conditions as well as grazing and browsing capacities. The determination of landscape functionality served to support these quantitative results. The Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) method was used for this purpose. Multivariate statistic analyses (CANOCO) were used to indicate possible degradation gradients between the plant communities. Conclusions regarding conservation and management units were reached by interpreting the quantitative data in accordance with the phytosociological results and recommendations could then be made. All the norite koppies plant communities were recommended as areas for The Fixed Point Monitoring of Vegetation Methodology– FIXMOVE was then used to sample 32 stratified random survey plots in four selected plant communities in order to quantify and compare veld conditions as well as grazing and browsing capacities. The determination of landscape functionality served to support these quantitative results. The Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) method was used for this purpose. Multivariate statistic analyses (CANOCO) were used to indicate possible degradation gradients between the plant communities. Conclusions regarding conservation and management units were reached by interpreting the quantitative data in accordance with the phytosociological results and recommendations could then be made. All the norite koppies plant communities were recommended as areas for ii conservation because of unique and high biodiversity and anthropogenic threats. The Eragrostis rigidior–Ziziphus mucronata and Acacia caffra–Bothriochloa insculpta Communities in the thornveld showed the best potential for browsing and grazing practices but were also recommended for conservation because of their high species diversity and anthropogenic threats. The high landscape functionality, veld condition and grazing capacity of the Aristida bipartita–Bothriochloa insculpta Community indicated that the rehabilitation of the opencast mining areas had been relatively successful at the time of the surveys. Selected parts of the Indigofera heterotricha–Aristida bipartita Community were also recommended for conservation and management in the form of controlled and more effective grazing strategies were recommended for the rest of the thornveld. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The purpose of the research was to explore the experiences of educators regarding the training for the implementation of inclusive education in a Full Service school. A qualitative research design was chosen, using a case study. Three methods of gathering data were used, namely individual interviews, focus group interviews and observations. The study was conducted in a primary schools in the North West province that was converted into a fullservice school in 2008. The findings indicated that educators demonstrated misunderstanding of the Screening, Identification, Assessment and Support strategy. The misunderstanding can be ascribed to the kind of training educators received. The training lacked in–depth content and practical demonstration. Recommendations on the content and the dynamics of the training process are made. The overarching recommendation on the dynamics of the training indicated that the training should be revisited for improved methods of training. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Abstracts in English, Afrikaans and Venda / The purpose of this study was to assess the diversity of epiphytic lichens growing on Acacia karroo, A. caffra and Jacaranda mimosifolia trees in Pretoria, and to investigate the influence of air pollution, land use, altitude and climate on lichen diversity. Lichen diversity was first studied at 12 sampling sites under different land use types (high traffic areas, residential areas and industrial areas) and in protected areas (open-air museums and nature reserves). The “European guidelines for monitoring lichen diversity as an indicator of environmental stress” were then tested in 29 sites using the same tree species and under two main land use types (“Industrial areas and busy roads” and “Parks and nature reserves”). Lichen Diversity Values (LDVs) were calculated for 164 trees. Correlations of LDVs and single lichen species with environmental parameters were studied by descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM). A naturality/alteration interpretative scale based on the percentile deviation of LDVs from natural conditions was developed for the first time in South Africa. Altogether 25 taxa, predominantly foliose and subtropical to tropical species, were recorded and are reported with their ecology and distribution. An identification key was developed for easy identification of species in the field. The highest lichen diversity was found in protected areas. The LDVs of Jacaranda are lower than values for both Acacia species. “Parks and nature reserves” have significantly higher LDVs than “industrial areas and busy roads”, as demonstrated by the PCA. The GLM models were significant for LDV and some lichen species. Sampling sites in industrial areas and the proximity of busy roads are negatively related to LDV and with the frequency of many lichen species. Higher atmospheric concentrations of NOx were negatively related to LDV and to the frequency of the species Candelaria concolor, Lepraria spp. and Pyxine cocoes. Culbersonia nubila and Lepraria spp. were respectively positively and negatively correlated with atmospheric SO2. The intensity of land use appears to have a negative impact on lichen diversity. In conclusion, lichens respond well to human disturbances in Pretoria and can be used as bioindicators of naturality/alteration. The European standardised monitoring method can be applied to estimate the degree of environmental alteration in South Africa, by adopting a stratified random sampling and a more flexible strategy for tree selection. / Die doel van hierdie studie is om die diversiteit van die epifitiese ligene op Acacia Karoo, A. caffra en Jacaranda mimosifolia bome in Pretoria te bepaal, en die uitwerking van lugbesoedeling, grondgebruik, hoogte en klimaat op die ligeendiversiteit te ondersoek. Die ligeendiversiteit is by 12 monsterneemterreine bestudeer. Sommige terreine het op grond met uiteenlopende gebruike (drukverkeergebiede, woongebiede en nywerheidsgebiede) en ander in beskermende gebiede (opelugmuseums en natuurreservate) voorgekom. Die “Europese riglyne vir die monitering van ligeendiversiteit as aanduiding van omgewingstres” is telkens by dieselfde boomspesies op 29 terreine gevolg. Die hoofsoorte grondgebruik van hierdie terreine was “nywerheidsgebiede en besige paaie” en “parke en natuurreservate”. Die ligeendiversiteitswaardes (LDW’s) van 164 bome is bereken. Die korrelasies tussen LDW’s, enkelligeenspesies en omgewingsparameters is aan die hand van beskrywende statistiek, eenveranderlikeontleding, ʼn hoofkomponentanalise (HKA) en veralgemeende lineêre modelle (VLM’s) bestudeer. ʼn Verklarende naturaliteit-/wysigingskaal wat op die persentielafwyking van LDW’s in natuurlike omstandighede berus, is vir die eerste keer in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel. Altesame 25 taksa, oorwegend digblarige en subtropiese tot tropiese boomspesies, tesame met die ekologie en verspreiding van elk, is geboekstaaf. ʼn Kensleutel waarmee spesies maklik in die veld uitgeken kan word, is ontwikkel. Die grootste ligeendiversiteit het in beskermde gebiede voorgekom. Die LDW’s van Jacaranda was laer as dié van die twee Acacia-spesies. Volgens die HKA het “parke en natuurreservate” beduidend hoër LDW’s as “nywerheidsgebiede en besige paaie” gehad. Die VLM’s vir LDW en sommige ligeenspesies was veelseggend. In nywerheidsgebiede en naby besige paaie was die LDW en die voorkoms van verskeie ligeenspesies laag. ʼn Hoë konsentrasie van NOx het ʼn negatiewe verband getoon met die LDW en die voorkoms van die spesies Candelaria concolor, Lepraria spp. en Pyxine cocoes. Daarteenoor het Culbersonia nubila en Lepraria spp. onderskeidelik positief en negatief met atmosferiese SO2 gekorreleer. Die intensiteit van grondgebruik benadeel blykbaar ligeendiversiteit. Ten slotte reageer ligene goed op menslike versteurings in Pretoria. Hulle kan as bioaanwysers van naturaliteit/wysiging gebruik word. Die gestandaardiseerde Europese moniteringsmetode kan toegepas word om die mate van omgewingswysiging in Suid-Afrika te skat deur gestratifiseerde, ewekansige steekproewe te neem en ʼn buigsame strategie in boomkeuring te volg. / Ndivho ya ngudo idzi ho vha u ela ha phambano ya nzulatshinya dza epiphytic lichens dzi aluwaho kha Muunga wa Sogani, Caffra na Muṱonḓowa wa Piṱori, u sedzulusa ṱhuṱhuwedzo ya tshikafhadzo, u shumiswa ha mavu, vhunṱha na kilima kha u fhambana ha nzulatshinya. Phambano ya nzulatshinya yo thoma u gudiwa kha saithi dza 12 dza sambula nga fhasi ha tshaka dzo fhambanaho dza tshumiso ya mavu (vhupo ha vhuendi, vhupo ha vhudzulo na vhupo ha dzifeme) na kha vhupo ho tsireledzwaho (miziamu yo vuleaho na kha tsireledzo ya mupo). Nyendedzi dza Yuropa dza u lavhelesa phambano ya nzulatshinya sa tsumbo ya “mutsiko kha mupo” dzo lingiwa kha saithi dza 29 hu tshi khou shumiswa miri ya tshaka dzi fanaho nga fhasi ha tshaka mbili dza ndeme dza tshumiso ya mavu (“vhupo ha dzifemeni na bada dzi re na vhuendi ho tsitsikanaho” na “phakha na fhethu ha tsireledzo ya mupo”). Ndeme dza Phambano ya Nzulatshinya (LDV) dzo rekanywa u itela miri ya 164. U elana ha LDV na tshaka dza nzulatshinya na phimo dza mupo zwo gudiwa nga mbalombalo dza ṱhalutshedzo, musaukanyo nga phambano nga nthihi, Musaukanyo wa Zwipiḓa zwa Ndeme (PCA) na Tshiedziswa Tswititi tsho Angaredzwaho (GLM). Tshikalo tsha ṱhalutshedzo ya tshanduko ya mupo zwo ḓisendeka nga u fhambana ha phesenthe ya LDV u ya kha nyimele ya mupo tsho bveledzwa lwa u thoma kha ḽa Afrika Tshipembe. Zwo ṱangana zwoṱhe, tshaka dza 25, dzine nnzhi dza vha nzulatshinya dza tshaka dza fhasi ha ṱiropika na kha ṱiropika dzo rekhodiwa na u vhigiwa na saintsi ya mupo yadzo ya phaḓaladzo. U topola ha ndeme ho bveledzwa u itela u kona u ḓivha dzitshaka nnḓa. Phambano khulwane ya nzulatshinya yo wanala kha vhupo ho tsireledzeaho. LDV dza muṱonḓowa dzi fhasi kha ndeme u fhira u itela tshaka dza Muunga. “Phakha na fhethu ha tsireledzo ya mupo” hu na LDV dza nṱha u fhira “vhupo ha dzifemeni na bada dzi re na vhuendi vhunzhi”, sa zwe zwa sumbedziswa nga kha PCA. Zwiedziswa zwa GLM zwo vha zwi zwa ndeme u itela LDV na tshaka dza nzulatshinya. Saithi dza tsumbonanguludzwa kha vhupo ha dzifemeni na u vha tsini ha bada dzi re na vhuendi ho tsitsikanaho dzi elana lu sa takadzi na LDV na tshivhalo tsha tshaka nnzhi dza nzulatshinya. Pfutelelo ya nṱha ya dzingamufhe ya NOx yo vha i sa elani zwavhuḓi na LDV na tshivhalo tsha dzitshaka dza Candelaria concolor, Lepraria spp. na Pyxine cocoes. Culbersonia nubila na Lepraria spp. dzo vha dzi tshi livhanywa zwavhuḓi na lu si lwavhuḓi na SO2 ya dzingamufhe. Kushumiselwe kwa mavu ku nga ku na masiandaitwa a si avhuḓi kha mutevhe wa nzulatshinya. Ndi tshi fhedzisa, nzulatshinya dzi fhindula zwavhuḓi u thithiswa nga vhathu Piṱori nahone dzi nga zwisumbedza vhutshilo ha tshanduko/mupo. Ngona ya tshilinganyo ya vhulavhelesi ya Yuropa i nga shumisa u anganyela tshikalo tsha tshanduko dza vhupo kha ḽa Afrika Tshipembe. Nga u dzhia tsumbonanguludzwa dzo dzudzanywaho nga zwigwada zwa tshayandivhiswa na tshiṱirathedzhi tshi shandukiseaho tsha munanguludzo wa miri. / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Science)