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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Experiments to collect dimensioning data for production of biogas and ethanol from straw

Szaszi, Judit January 2008 (has links)
The term biofuel is referred to as liquid or gasous fuels for the transport sector that are produced from biomass. Producing biofuels from cellulose- rich materials are considered as relevant technology nowadays. There is a research and technological development project for years at Malardalens Högskola about bioethanol and biogas production, and the university joined to the Vaxtkraft project in Vasteras, Sweden, aims to produce biogas out of ley crop and organic waste. The purpose of my study was to analyse the efficiency of producing transportation fuels, spezifyed ethanol and biogas from straw. Extraction of sugar from straw under different conditions with respect to pH, temperature and extraction time were studied. Thereafter biogasification with bacteria to form CH4 and ethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces was performed and the gas production measured. The extractions were carried out separately at 121 °C and 140-145 °C, with 20, 40, 60, 120 minutes extraction time. The pH during the processes was set to 5 and 3 with buffer solution. To consider the extraction rate, the better conditions are lower pH, higher temperature and longer extraction time. The results show the optimal extraction is performed at 140-145 °C for 120 minutes with pH 3. The gasification was carried out at 37 °C with using Baker’s yeast. The results indicate that in contrast to the extraction, the gasification is better with the samples which extraction was carried out at lower temperature and higher pH. The best gasification was achieved by the samples with 121°C and pH 5 extraction irrespectively of the extraction time, although they had the worst extraction rate results. More research and detailed quality analysis are needed to determine the reason of this seeming contradiction
32

Praktisk framställning av biogas : konstruktion av en fungerande demonstrationsapparat

Callstam, Christian, Hedlund, Henrik January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
33

Biogasprojekt på Huntley Farm

Jansson, Eric, Almqvist, Ludvig January 2010 (has links)
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att på Huntley farm i Lusaka, Zambia undersöka gårdens möjligheter att utvinna biogas i framtiden ur deras restprodukter i form av gödsel från nötkreatur, kycklinguppfödning, höns samt avlopp från slakteri. Huntley farm ägs av Zambeef Products PLC som är en av Zambias största kött och jordbruksproducenter med en marknad i södra Afrika. För att göra farmen mer miljövänlig samt minska energikostnaderna har beräkningar gjorts på hur mycket biogas som teoretiskt går att utvinna ur substraten. Därefter kan biogasen användas till bränsle samt som ett komplement för generering av el vid eventuellt strömavbrott. Rapporten undersöker hur mycket substrat som finns tillgängligt på farmen under ett år och med hjälp av teoretiska värden för varje substrat beräknas det totala biogasutbytet. Behandling av farmens totala energiförbrukning och energikostnader har gjorts för att se vad biogasen ska användas till samt hur mycket energikostnaden kan skäras ner. En blivande biogasanläggning på Huntley farm skulle teoretiskt sätt kunna producera 1 464 000 m³ uppgraderad biogas vilket motsvarar 14,2G Wh el eller 1 450,8 m³ diesel. Efter energiförluster i form av uppvärmning av anläggning samt generering av el skulle den producerade energin bli 3,37G Wh eller uppgraderad biogas som motsvarar 725,4 m³ diesel eller 1450,8 m³ diesel om biogasanläggningen inte underhållas med biogas. Elkonsumtionen skulle reduceras med 30 % och en reducerad kostnad på 100 000 USD. Eller om Huntley farm väljer att använda den uppgraderade biogasen till dieselförbrukning skulle det motsvara en minskning på 75 % och en reducerad kostnad på 1.45 miljoner USD.
34

Teknisk undersökning : Rötgaskammare för småskalig biogasproduktion

Wiberg, Nicklas, Westerlund, Robin January 2010 (has links)
Biogas mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide, where methane is theenergy-rich gas, and is naturally created when organic matter breaks down in absenceof oxygen, also known as anaerobic digestion. A biogas plant re-creates the anaerobicconditions inside a digester where the organic substrate is fed into and digests toproduce biogas. The gas is then used to produce energy by combustion and can beseen as a completely renewable fuel.Today, energy from biogas is used primarily by major stakeholders such asmunicipalities and thus the plants become very large with high investment- andconstruction costs. There are currently few small plants in Sweden, even though thepotential for agriculture and medium-sized to smaller farms to become self-sufficientin terms of electricity and heat is great. Farms have a natural stock of digestibleorganic material in form of manure or crops for example, which are constantlyavailable. A reason that only a few small plants exists are the large investment costs.A study focusing on the actors who supply these smaller plants today was made withthe intention to find out where the large investment costs are and what techniquesare most profitable and efficient to use. The survey was conducted through field visits,interviews and contact by phone and internet with active companies and peoplefamiliar with the modern production of biogas.The survey was compiled and the various techniques and concepts were presented,evaluated and discussed to give the client a good basis for further development ofsmall-scale biogas plants.The investigation revealed that there are no barriers for biogas production in smallerfacilities, given that the same conditions in terms of temperature, acidity and nutrientis created just like in the larger facilities. It also showed that active heating and stirringof the substrate in the digester is of utmost importance to have a functioning processand maximum gas exchange.
35

Biogas cars in Sweden : An emerging market

Vanciu, Gabriela Alina, Miresashvili, Nino January 2012 (has links)
The energy sector is a vital part of country´s economy. Continuous increase in energy consumption, the limited resources in the sector, price volatility and the necessity of environment protection determined people to look for alternative sources of energy. An important fraction of the energy is consumed in the transport sector, thus it is not surprising that important investments and researches have been focused on finding substitute fuels in order to diminish the dependency of fossil fuels and reduce the quantity of CO 2. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how the consumer behavior regarding the biogas cars per capita, being determined by income per capita, the share of educated population, the existence of plant production at local level, the density of gas stations and the population, differs across Sweden’s municipalities.
36

Biogasprojekt på Huntley Farm

Jansson, Eric, Almqvist, Ludvig January 2010 (has links)
<p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att på Huntley farm i Lusaka, Zambia undersöka gårdens möjligheter att utvinna biogas i framtiden ur deras restprodukter i form av gödsel från nötkreatur, kycklinguppfödning, höns samt avlopp från slakteri. Huntley farm ägs av Zambeef Products PLC som är en av Zambias största kött och jordbruksproducenter med en marknad i södra Afrika.</p><p>För att göra farmen mer miljövänlig samt minska energikostnaderna har beräkningar gjorts på hur mycket biogas som teoretiskt går att utvinna ur substraten. Därefter kan biogasen användas till bränsle samt som ett komplement för generering av el vid eventuellt strömavbrott.</p><p>Rapporten undersöker hur mycket substrat som finns tillgängligt på farmen under ett år och med hjälp av teoretiska värden för varje substrat beräknas det totala biogasutbytet. Behandling av farmens totala energiförbrukning och energikostnader har gjorts för att se vad biogasen ska användas till samt hur mycket energikostnaden kan skäras ner.</p><p>En blivande biogasanläggning på Huntley farm skulle teoretiskt sätt kunna producera 1 464 000 m³ uppgraderad biogas vilket motsvarar 14,2G Wh el eller 1 450,8 m³ diesel. Efter energiförluster i form av uppvärmning av anläggning samt generering av el skulle den producerade energin bli 3,37G Wh eller uppgraderad biogas som motsvarar 725,4 m³ diesel eller 1450,8 m³ diesel om biogasanläggningen inte underhållas med biogas. Elkonsumtionen skulle reduceras med 30 % och en reducerad kostnad på 100 000 USD. Eller om Huntley farm väljer att använda den uppgraderade biogasen till dieselförbrukning skulle det motsvara en minskning på 75 % och en reducerad kostnad på 1.45 miljoner USD.</p>
37

Designkriterier för produktiva våtmarker: hur bör framtidens biogasproducerande våtmarker se ut? / Designcriterias for productive wetlands: how should a modern biogas producing wetland be constructed?

Hellberg, Kristoffer January 2014 (has links)
Denna litteraturstudie syftade till att identifiera olika design- och skötselkriterier för anlagda våtmarker vars huvudsyfte är att producera biomassa till biogastillverkning. Syftet var även att utveckla en planeringsmodell för att säkra att alla aspekter som är viktiga beaktas i processen. Dessa aspekter inkluderar placering, utformning, val av växtlighet, reglering av vattennivåer och utformning av våtmarkens skörde- och skötselregim. Rapporten behandlar också kriterier för att sådana våtmarker även ska kunna leverera ekosystemtjänster, såsom kväve- och fosforavskiljning, biologisk mångfald och fiske. Resultatet visar att det går att kombinera en del av dessa med skörd med hjälp av mindre förändringar i designen. Studien visar även på motstående intressen som kan förekomma mellan olika sekundärintressen och produktionen, alltså hur vissa ändringar inte är förenliga med produktionssyftet. Rapporten tar upp kriterier för att gynna utvalda helofyter och hydrofyter som kan vara lämpliga som produktionsväxter. Avslutningsvis appliceras planeringsmodellen som stöd vid planering av en våtmark på en testgård i östra Östergötland, för att visa hur en planeringsprocess kan se ut. / The aim of this literature review was to identify design criteria for the construction of wetlands whose primary purpose is to produce plant biomass for biogas production. The study deals with aspects that are important for decisions regarding location, design, choice of vegetation as well as the design of the wetlands harvesting and maintenance regime. A conclusion is that other ecosystem services such as nutrient retention and biodiversity can be combined with plant production, by considering alternative pathways during the planning process. The report presents a schematic planning model that will guide the reader through the steps that the planning process involves. The report discusses selected helophytes and hydrophytes that may be suitable production plants. The study also shows conflicting interests which may exist between different interests and secondary production, i.e. how certain changes are not compatible with optimal biomass production. A result of the study is a conceptual planning model that can be used as a decision support tool in the planning process. The model is applied on a test farm in eastern Östergötland to show how a planning process should look like according to the planning model.
38

Effekt av karbonatisering med biogas på aska från trädbränslen / The effect of carbonation with biogas on wood ashes

Kristoffersson, Stina January 2015 (has links)
It is essential to reuse- and recycles residues to decrease the amount of deposit materials and reach sustainable energy use. Two ways to work towards this is to recycle wood ashes to the forest as nutrient compensation and extract biogas from combustion of biomass. The aim with this study was to decide whether wood ashes that been used for biogas upgrading with accelerated carbonation also can be used as a nutrient compensation in the woods according to recommendations from the Swedish Forest Agency (Skogsstyrelsen). The ashes that were used in this study came from Johan Andersson who works at JTI in Uppsala, who also treated the ashes with biogas. The ashes have, in both untreated and treated condition, been analyzed in this study according to contents of elements, leaching properties, hardening properties and contents of crystalline phases, to evaluate what impact carbonation with biogas has on the ashes. The accelerated carbonation led to hardening of the ash, and decreased amount of CaO- and increased amount of CaCO3. The CO2-uptake also entails a dilution of the elements, and the content of nutrients and trace elements decreases. However the results show an indication of an uptake of S from the biogas to the ash, since the dilution had a smaller impact on S than the rest of the elements. No conclusions could be made according to what affect carbonation has on the leaching properties. This study showed that the ashes from biomass incineration that were analyzed in this study can be used both for biogas upgrading and nutrient compensation in the woods; since the results confirm that the ashes that been treated with biogas fulfills all the limits from the Swedish Forest Agency.
39

Insamling och behandling av matavfall i Kiruna

Kumpula, Veronika January 2014 (has links)
Syftet med studien har varit att utreda vilka typer av lokalt härrörande avfall som skulle kunna fungera som potentiella rötningssubstrat tillsammans med matavfall i Kiruna kommun, samt vilka biogasutbyten som är möjliga att vänta sig från avfallen i frågan. Utöver detta har syftet varit att lägga fram tekniska och ekonomiska lösningar på hur biogas kan framställas, samt jämföra matavfallstransporter via vägnät med avloppsnätet för att utreda vilket alternativ som är mest lämpligt att använda sig av. Metoden för att nå syftet har varit litteraturstudier, att jämföra med redan etablerade anläggningar och insamlingssystem samt utföra egna beräkningar och analyser gjorda på information och antagande gällande Kiruna kommun. Resultatet visade att en substratblandning på matavfall, avloppsslam, hästgödsel och slaktavfall skulle kunna generera strax under 400 000 nm3 fordonsgas per år och att en matavfallsinsamling utförd via vägnätet, men som anpassats till klimatet, var att föredra på grund av stora gasförluster i avloppsledningsnätet. Resultatet visade på ett totalt insparande av drygt 683 ton koldioxidekvivalenter om året, dock ett behov av att öka avfallstaxan med 379 kronor per hushålls och år. En termofil våtrötning var den rötmetod som ansågs mest lämplig att använda sig av och för uppgradering av gasen är en så kallad vattenskrubber att föredra. Den viktigaste aspekten som kom upp i diskussionen var den ekonomiska biten och den miljömässiga vinsten, huruvida det är lämpligt att låta ett mindre minusresultat sätta stopp för en möjlighet att spara in stora mängder växthuspåverkande gaser. Resultatet från den enklare scenarioanalysen av köksavfallskvarnar i Kiruna diskuterades även, eftersom att det visade sig uppstå stora gasförluster i ledningsnät och reningsverk.
40

Modelagem da produção acumulada de biogás em biodigestores tipo batelada segundo a porcentagem de inóculo adicionada utilizando os modelos de regressão não-linear de Gompertz e expoencial /

Queiroz, Simone de Castro, 1960- January 2003 (has links)
Orientador: José Raimundo de Souza Passos / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a modelagem estatística da produção acumulada de biogás utilizando-se de modelos de regressão não linear, a partir do estudo no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, em 4 tratamentos com três repetições em 12 biodigestores do tipo batelada abastecidos com dejetos bovinos, inóculo e água, em 3 ciclos de fermentação. Conduziu-se um estudo para determinar os efeitos da variação da quantidade de estrume, água e inóculo na produção de biogás e reduções nos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e voláteis (SV). A partir dos dados de produção diária de biogás e da temperatura do ar, foi feita uma correção no volume de biogás para 1 atm e 20 oC. Com os dados já corrigidos, foram feitas avaliações semanais da produção de biogás ao longo do experimento. Foram obtidos dados relativos as produções diárias de biogás, nos 3 ciclos, apresentados sob forma de totais, em m3 e em valores acumulados para cada tratamento. Assim, foi feita a modelagem estatística, a partir dos tratamentos definidos, utilizando-se dos modelos de Gompertz e Exponencial (regressão não-linear), seguindo duas linhas metodológicas distintas. Inicialmente foram considerados modelos de regressão não-linear somente com um componente determinístico (Gompertz) e posteriormente com dois componentes (mistura de Exponencial com Gompertz). Nas duas linhas metodológicas os ajustes do volume acumulado foram feitos para a média e para as 3 repetições dos tratamentos, em cada ciclo. Os ajustes de uma Gompertz e mistura de Exponencial com Gompertz dos modelos estatísticos propostos para o volume acumulado de biogás para todos tratamentos dos três ciclos, se mostraram adequadas em todas as situações experimentais. Foram estudadas as propriedades amostrais dos estimadores através de simulações sob ótica distribucional e, devido à não-normalidade dos mesmos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: This study aimed at the statistical modeling of the accumulated biogas production by using non-linear regression models from the study of the anaerobic biodigestion process, in 4 treatments with three repetitions in 12 batch biodigesters fed with bovine faeces, inoculant and water, in 3 fermentation cycles. A study was conducted in order to determine the effects of the manure, water and inoculant amount variation in biogas production and in the reduction of total solids (TS) and total volatile (VS) values. Based on the data relating to the daily production of biogas and air temperature, a correction in the biogas volume to 1 atm and 20oC was made. With the corrected data, weekly evaluations of the biogas production along the experiment were performed. After the corrections in the biogas volume for each treatment in the 3 cycles, we obtained data related to the daily biogas production, which were presented in totals, in m3 and in accumulated values for each treatment. Therefore, the statistical modeling was made from the defined treatments using the Gompertz and the Exponential models of non-linear regression, according to two distinct methodological lines. Firstly we considered a non-linear regression model containing only one determining component (Gompertz), and later the two-component model (a mixture of the Exponential and Gompertz models). In both methodological lines the adjustments of the accumulated volume were made for the average and repetition of treatments in each cycle. The adjustments of one Gompertz, and a mixture of Exponential with Gompertz of the statistical models proposed for the accumulated volume of biogas for all treatments, in the three cycles, was adequate in all experimental situations. The sampling properties of the estimators were studied through simulations performed under a distribution point of view. This study found out... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

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