Con el objetivo de explicar la variabilidad interanual y anual que presentan la carga de aerosoles y el ozono troposf´erico en la región RE se analizaron las posibles fuentes de contaminaci´on que generen el aumento de estos en los meses de agosto a octubre. Varios estudios muestran que la principal fuente de contaminación en Sudamérica en los meses de la época seca (julio a noviembre) son las quemas de biomasa razon por la cual se estudio la variabilidad de estas en la región RE. En la gráfica 4.21 se puede observar que no existen quemas de biomasa en la región RE a las cuales se les pueda atribuir el aumento de la contaminación. Este hecho pone de manifiesto que el aumento de la contaminación en la región RE durante los meses de agosto a octubre es generado en lugares externos a la región de estudio. En la década de los 90 se creía que la contaminación del aire era un problema local pero nuevos datos revelan que debido a que el transporte de masas de aire es rápido y de gran alcance, el aire contaminado de una región es transportado a regiones alejadas de la fuente. Por tal motivo se analizó el número de quemas de biomasa tanto en Bolivia, incluyendo al región RE, como Brasil y se observó que estas presentan máximos a finales de invierno y principios de primavera meses en los cuales se producen los máximos de carga de aerosol y ozono troposférico en la región RE. Esta correlación sugiere la idea de que así como las lluvias en el altiplano estan moduladas por la humedad transportada desde la Amazonia es posible que las quemas producidas en esta región modulen las concentraciones de la carga de aerosoles y ozono troposférico en la región RE. Si la hipótesis planteada es cierta entonces las condiciones atmosféricas jugarían un rol primordial en el transporte de los contaminantes generados en regiones externas a la región RE. Para develar esto se realizó un estudio climatológico de la dirección y velocidad del viento en base a 30 años de datos diarios provenientes del reanalisis NCEP/NCAR. El mismo mostró que la región altiplánica durante los meses de julio a octubre esta caracterizada por vientos del Este en la media atmósfera y vientos del Noroeste en la alta atmósfera, además de presentar las mayores velocidades anuales del viento. También se determinó que sobre la región Amazónica durante los mismos meses estan presentes grandes sistemas de alta presión en los niveles 600 y 250hP a los cuales tienen el efecto de retener y distribuir el humo emitido en las quemas de esta región. Los resultados encontrados dan cuenta de que las condiciones atmosféricas en los meses de agosto a octubre son favorables para el transporte, hacia la región de la ciudad de La Paz y su área circundante, de los contaminantes primarios y secundarios producidos en las quemas de biomasa en la región Amazónica tanto de Bolivia como Brasil. En base al análisis de la variabilidad interanual del AOD se identificó un caso de alta contaminación por aerosoles en la ciudad de La Paz el cual aconteció el 13 de agosto del 2006. Para estimar el origen de estos aerosoles se implementó en el país el estudio de trayectorias y retrotrayectorias de masas de aire a través de simulaciones y cálculos realizados empleando el modelo HYSPLIT ver- si´on 4.8 desarrollado por la NOAA. Los resultados de las simulaciones mostraron que los aerosoles medidos en la ciudad de La Paz el 13 de agosto del 2006 se originaron en las quemas de biomasa de los días 11, 10 y 9 de agosto en las regiones oeste, noroeste, norte y este del Brasil y que fueron transportados hasta la ciudad de La Paz en las capas medias y altas de la atmósfera

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / Litrhaea caustica (Litre) es un árbol endémico de Chile que normalmente crece en un clima mediterráneo. Este clima se caracteriza por veranos secos, cálidos y con alta radiación solar. Esta condición genera múltiples estreses sobre las plantas. L. caustica desarrolla diferentes respuesta ecofisiológicas que le permiten soportar períodos adversos. El ensayo se estableció en el vivero Antumapu de la Universidad de Chile, en la Región Metropolitana, en la zona central de Chile, bajo condiciones naturales de verano, entre diciembre y marzo. Se utilizaron 130 plantas de dos años. Las plantas se dividieron en tres tratamientos, plantas bien hidratadas (TC), las que se mantuvieron sobre el 83% de contenido hídrico de la maceta (%CHM), plantas regadas moderadamente (TM), alcanzando un 25% del %CHM y plantas con riego restringido (TS), llegando a un 18% del %CHM. Para analizar el estado hídrico de los individuos, se midió para diferentes %CHM el potencial hídrico (Ψa) y contenido hídrico relativo (%CHRa) foliar al alba. Además, las variables derivadas de las curvas de presión /volumen, como el potencial osmótico a cero turgor (π0) y plena turgencia (π100), el potencial de presión a plena turgencia (ΨP100), así como, el módulo de elasticidad (ε) y también el contenido hídrico relativo a cero turgor (%CHR0).

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / Se midió mensualmente el índice de área foliar en plantaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don en la región del Bío Bío en las cuatro principales zonas de crecimiento para esta especie (IV, V, VI y VII) durante 24 meses entre Octubre de 2010 y Octubre de 2012. Los predios donde se ubicaron los ensayos fueron San Pedro de la Paz (predio Lomas Coloradas), Nacimiento (predio Nacimiento), Santa Bárbara (predio Santa Bárbara) y Cabrero (predio Tapihue). Para cada sitio se consideraron tres clases de edad ([0-7), [7-14) y [14+)). En cada uno de los 12 puntos de Zona-Edad, se procedió a instalar un conglomerado de 3 parcelas permanentes de 1.000 m2, totalizando 36 parcelas, entre los meses de Agosto y Septiembre de 2010. Estos predios y rodales se ubican a menos de 10 km de las estaciones meteorológicas de Escuadrón (Lomas Coloradas), Pichún (Nacimiento), Santa Bárbara (Santa Bárbara) y Trilahue (Tapihue) que mantiene Forestal Mininco S.A. La edad se correlacionó positivamente con el índice de área foliar (L) como era de esperar. Además se aprecia que el L crece fuertemente desde la clase de edad [0-7) a la [7-14), comparado con el crecimiento entre la clase de edad [7-14) a [14+). Lo anterior implica que el mayor crecimiento en área foliar se genera antes de los 14 años. Además a lo largo de los 24 meses se observa que el L aumenta fuertemente en la clase de edad [0-7), en menor cuantía en la clase de edad [7-14), y muestra un crecimiento prácticamente imperceptible en la clase [14+) años.

The diploma thesis deals with the loss of wood biomass as a result of infestation of trees with carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) and also with the definition of nest thermoregulation. The study was carried out in the area of Czech-Saxon Switzerland National Park. The aim of the study was to find out the volume of infested wood with carpenter ants and the temperature inside their nests. The research itself was divided into two parts: the first part included measuring temperature in the nests, the second dealt with quantification of infested trees. In the first part of the research trees visibly infested with ants were chosen and temperature dataloggers installed. The data from the dataloggers were downloaded once in three months, in March, June and September. The observed trees were consequently felled and their trunks cut into logs about 20 centimeters long. In the second part of the diploma thesis a rectangle about 3 hectares big was marked out in a forest for the purpose of getting the number of infested trees. The data about healthy and damaged trees in the middle of each area and damaged trees near the way were collected. Altogether five areas were chosen in five forest departments. These were spruce groves more than 60 years older. The results show that temperatures were higher in the hollows inhabited by the ants than in the empty hollows. The volume of damaged parts of felled trees is little. It reached the values of 0,11-0,89 m3. The volume in spruce groves corresponds to this result and was also irrelevant. It was 0,93-7,9 m3. From the results of the research it is obvious that the negative effect of carpenter ants and its relation to the productive function of forests is often underestimated.

Biofuels are generally based on biomass. It may be a waste biomass or biomass grown specifically. It is used as fixed or lump fuel, and also to as liquid and gas. Liquid biofuels are used both for energy purposes, ie to produce heat, electricity generation, but also as a motor fuels. In this thesis goes on biofuel purposefully grown, about oilseed rape and from it made liquid fuel, in this case of RME rapeseed methyl ester, which is a fuel of the first generation. The European Union expected that the use of biofuel will reduce CO2 emissions by up to 35% further premised that the development of biofuels will be a positive impact on local employment and it the both on direct and indirect. Further help diversify Europe's dependence on oil imports. They were introduced direct support for growers in order to exlarged the area where grew plants intended for biofuel. These direct resistances were abolished in 2010. Similar support was also intended for producers. Regarding rapeseed, peak in the sown area across the EU was in 2010, when it was sown almost 7 mil. ha, which is almost 3,5 times more than the original plan for the EU. Last year, it was only 6,45 mil. ha, but with higher-yielding rapeseed seeds. Similarly, increasing the sowing areas you can watch in the Czech Republic. Moreover Czech Republic is the fifth producer of rapeseed in the EU. In 2013/14 have been sown most ha rape, total 418,8 th. ha, but production was the highest in the following year due hectare yields, although with reduced the area sown. Yet is rape sown on 14% of cultivated land. We can not talk about drastically restricting cultivation of rape, even after termination direct aid. First, the price of rape is very decent and steady and almost half designated for industrial processing it is processed on RME. However, the system of cultivation is not good for the soil. Rape in plans crop rotation is ranked every two years mostly, but the best would be once for five years. The only assumption was confirmed by the EU, CO2 emissions are lower, but is also needed to count with the amount of N2O emissions, which this benefit is reduced. However on employment it had no effect, or rather negative. More jobs in agriculture provides livestock production and the like can be evaluated also process industry. Another problem is the destruction of ecosystems so that could be grown plants suitable for biofuels. It is a matter of developing countries, in our lands is it about the depletion of fertile land to cultivation fuel instead of food. First, it needed more to fertilize and use pesticides. But also in case of crop failure it is revenue designetid for biofuels producers is delivere even at the cost of food price increases.

The diploma thesis deals with the family farm, which deals with fast growing trees cultivation. Business plan for my firm is the operation of the cogeneration unit and ensuring its self-sufficiency. The intention is that the family farm should produce more than half the biomass for cogeneration units. Diploma thesis works with providing services in processing of logging residues, removing seeding trees and transportation. All this in order to obtain sufficient quantities of the commodity for the operation of boiler plants with cogeneration unit. Further outputs are addressed including the use of waste heat. Necessary support in planning the boiler room is the SWOT analysis. Conclusion of SWOT analysis clearly support the business plan for hte operation of a family farm. Another key factor, that motivates me to expand current boiler room is a continuously rising electricity price. I suppose part of the generated electric power will be used for wood drying, the rest of the energy power is supposed to be sold to CEZ. Revenue from electricity sales should improve my Cash-Flow. An important source of energy is a waste hot water that will be used for heating lumber drying, rabbit slaughterhouses of Rabbit firm. The rest of hot water waste will be used for heating workshops and residential buildings around. The main incentive for founding a family farm is request to have enough fuel for the cogeneration unit also in case of external source shortage. The target is to ensure fluent economic operation of whole technological equipment. My target is an overall economic assessment of the project for extracting of biomass from various sources. After an overall assessment we got conclusion, that the project can be profitable especially due to own production. Services provided by my farm creates significant additional value. For family farm founding motivates me also unemployment of several family members.

Microbial biomass plays a main role in transformations of elements. It participates in transformation biogenic elements and it is a sensitive indicator changes in soil. The conten of soil microbial biomas is not the same, during the year Application of fertilizers can improve soil properties. Sewage sludges aplication on soil can provide not only organic matter, but they can increase soil productivity an provide nutrients, which is important for plants. In this thesis was watched effect of long-term application of sewage sludge on soil microbial bimass of carbon and nitrogen. Changes microbial biomass of carbon and nitrogen was watched on two sites Suchdol and Červený Újezd. Changes was watched under different system of fertilization. The long-term fertilization was manure, sewage sludge, NPK and unfertilized control. The samples was collected during the April, May, June and July 2014 and 2015 in March , April and June. The content of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen was estimated by fumigation-extraction method. On station Suchdol was in the year 2014 highest in April with sewage sludge treatment 237,52 mg C/kg. In the year 2015 was content soil microbial biomass carbon highest on manure treatment 338,90 mg C/kg. On station Červený Újezd was in the year 2014 highest content microbial biomass carbon on sewage sludge treatment 280,13 mg C/kg. The highest content microbial biomass nitrogen on Suchdol in the year 2014 was in the April with NPK treatment 23,19 mg N/kg. The maximum content of soil microbial biomass nitrogen in the year 2015 was with sewage sludge treatment 24,07 mg N/kg. On the stand Červený Újezd was highest content of soil microbial biomass nitrogen in the year 2014. It was on June with manure treatment 21,52 mg N/kg. One year later there was the highest with manure treatment 23,24 mg N/kg.

This thesis investigates the coppice-making ability of sessile oak (Quercus petraea agg.) as a part of project TARMAG II in the area of ŠLP Masaryk Forest Křtiny near the village Soběšice. It describes the relationship between diameter of stump, bark thickness, thickness of tree rings and volume exhibitions left in the area with sprout quantity. Than examine interrelationships among volume retained exhibitions, influence of tree rings and bark with biomass increment sprouts. The research area consists of sixteen sub - areas, where each of them was examined 8 stumps. Based on field measurements in winter 2013 and 2014, measured data, which were subsequently analyzed by statistical methods in the program R ( R DevelopmentCore Team , 2010). It was found, that diameter of stump do significant effect on sprouting capacity. The coppice-making ability of oak decreases with diameter of stump. It was demonstrated dependence among volume retained exhibitions and weight and increase in biomass.

Aim of this diploma work was assessment of biomass potential quantity for energetic using at LDO Přibyslav,especially at forest administration of Staré Ransko. Total quantity of biomass, which can be obtained from mature stand for energetic using was determined at study area. Further issues of appropriate technology of collecting and transporting of logging residues and possibilities of wood chips processing are dealt. There was found in total 49 019.07 tons of available quantity of biomass at the mature stand at research area. Technology of logging residues transporting to a roadside landing and its chipping was designed on the base of findings.

Master s thesis deals with a topic Evaluation of compost produced at the landfill Kuchyňky in the literary section deal composting and other methods of disposal of biodegradable waste. The practical part is described Zdounky composting plant, which is located at the closed part of the body waste dump in the municipality Kitchens. Following evaluation of compost samples collected in the months of April to September 2015. The experiment was carried out according to the modified standard DIN EN 13432 Appendix E, which deals with the determination of ecotoxicological effects on higher plants. The conclusion contains a discussion, which compares the results.