This paper uses the optimal control theory to construct dynamic economic model. The primary purpose of this paper is to discuss how different policies alter the choice problem of the firm and influence the allocation of funds to existing and new research and development activities. I analyze how the fixed-cost regulatory standard and the marginal-cost standard let firm consider externality, in order to protect the consumer of asymmetric information and avoid the problem of adverse selection. The firm maximizes expected profit. At the same time I want to know how the consumer acceptance, mark and audit affect the farmer to purchase the quantity of seed and the allocation of funds . We want to discuss how different price influence the option input path, the option quantity path and the option path . I discuss the different between ultimatum and static model. Finally, I discuss dynamic models in this paper to find out whether there exists a long-term and stable steady state. Saddle-point stability exists under certain restrictions.

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Abstract The biotechnology industry is an industry that uses applied science and bioengineering to employ living organisms or parts of organisms to make or modify products. Although there are many websites, databases, and research instruments focused on this field, the information given is still incomplete. Therefore, in this research report we will find that Taiwan¡¦s Biotechnology Industry has certain characteristics: it is going through its developing period, it has long research & development cycles, faces many government rules and regulations, has a complex value chain, is technique intensive, innovation oriented, has low energy dependence, high add-value, etc. After analyzing the literature and data from the case company, the results of the research indicate that: 1. Product: There is high threat from substitutes, so the case company should emphasize its differences from other products, make product level enlargements, create more extensions to their products, recheck its product positioning in the market to reduce threat. 2. Price: The case company should refer to the market price when deciding on a product price; they should take a more active approach in their pricing strategy. Moreover, they should take into consideration the whole operation system when deciding on a price by evaluating each product¡¦s break-even-point. 3. Place: The case company uses traditional methods of transporting its products, so it should enlarge its logistic channels, to make the products more popular and easier to buy. They should use a vertical marketing system to reduce the relocation of resources, and reinforce the sales techniques of its salesmen. 4.Promotion: The case company uses direct marketing so they know their customers¡¦ needs, but they have limited customer resources. The company should increase its product publicity, and improve its promotion strategy and public relationship to draw in more potential customers. Key words: Biotechnology Industry; marketing theory; five force analysis;4P analysis

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University, 2008. / "A dissertation submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership & Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2008."--from the title page. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 30, 2008). Advisor: Alan Guskin, Ph.D.. Keywords: biotechnology, biopharmaceutical, leadership, founder, success, management, case study Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-218).

Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Wits Business School, 2016. / The biotech sector is highly specialized, with long development time lines, high risk and high investment financing requirement, however with high returns. At a global scale, the USA and Europe are the most important markets, accounting for half of the global biotech patents. In 2012, the USA held 46.6% of the global sales in this sector with the European Union at 28.5%, Japan at 8.4% and BRICS at 3.4%. Much of the growth (29.3%) is however, expected in emerging markets. The South African government has invested an amount of approximately R1 billion in the period from 2003 to 2011 in the Biotechnology start-ups. It is not clear whether a return on this investment has been realized. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate what is the investment performance of the South African Biotechnology industry, what funding models have been used and suggest models that would be appropriate for Biotechnology start-ups to result in an improved investment performance. The methods applied included reviewing various published journal articles, industry reports and lastly having structured expert interviews with major funders in the South African Biotechnology industry that is, the IDC, TIA, the dti and DST. The findings indicate that when compared to the development markets, the composition of the SA biotechnology sector lags behind in terms of the number of companies that are in existence, publically listed companies, revenue generated by companies in this sector and number of jobs created. It is evident that although government funding and percentage national GDP spend on R&D in this sector is on par with that of India and Brazil, the lack of private sector funding is much more pronounced in South Africa. In addition, the market size, industry revenues and profits generated in SA are much less than those of its emerging market counterparts. Furthermore, in addition to the financing environment that is not broad enough, there are critical structural elements such as the involvement of universities, alliances with large corporates and the role of the stock market in raising capital that need to be addressed. It is thus, suggested that the South African government reviews its current funding models in an effort to realize a return on its investments. Two models are proposed in this work. Firstly, government-private sector matching funds linked to an incubator and secondly, increasing the pool of funds by accessing patient capital and structuring it as VC –type fund. These models have been very successful in yielding returns in other markets and improving the impact of the sector. / DH2016

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As China has celebrated its economic boom over the past decades, scientific research within the R&D sector of industry has become an active arena for Science and Technology Studies (STS) in understanding how science contributes to social change in China. Two themes are central in this sociological work: the study of secular change in China, in particular, change in its biotech industries exemplified by work in the BGI (formerly known as Beijing Genomics Institute); the investigation of interdisciplinarity in that context. This research sheds new light on explanatory practice in interdisciplinary research (IDR) strategy as patterns of interaction in the social process of scientific knowledge production, and its contribution also includes bridging the sociology of scientific knowledge production and research policy studies. In this thesis, I examine a number of topics at three interrelated levels of analysis. First, it explores the theoretical development of the academic discipline and the notion of interdisciplinarity, with a focus on the balance of normative and descriptive approaches in understanding their social functionality as embodied by what I name as Paradiscipline (the initial stage of IDR project). The second level investigates closely how IDR patterns emerge and evolve in the sequencing-based industrial R&D practice in the case of the BGI. Social, cultural, and institutional factors directing and conditioning collective actions by status groups within interaction network are carefully weighed against the context that scientific expertise speak to power in China's social setting. The last level is dedicated to yield more pervasive implications including the organizational structure of interaction and modelling of scientific research, via comparative analysis of traditional S&T management and governing 'Big Science'. It further addresses the issues around on-site governance of China's biotechnology industry R&D, at both management practice and policy making levels, on the basis of social embedment.

This is the second volume of a dissertation dealing with industrial marketing change processes. The empirical part of the dissertation describes a set of marketing organization changes in Pharmacia Biotech. In 1959 Pharmacia AB launched a completely new separation product for biochemical separation and entered a period of steady growth and development in a completely new business area. By the second half of the 1980s, Pharmacia Biotech AB, subsidiary of the multinational pharmaceutical corporation Pharmacia, had become one of the world's major suppliers of biotech products and services. In 1986, following a sustained period of sharp sales increases and growth, Pharmacia Biotech acquired its main competitor LKB-Produkter AB. The merger process of the two companies triggered off a number of important marketing organization changes. One of these concerned the physical distribution and the stocks of biotech supplies. A centrally coordinated project was also started for restructuring the company's after sales service operations. These two projects overlapped with two other change processes with significant effects on Pharmacia Biotech's marketing organization. In one of the biggest business deals ever concluded in Sweden, the whole Pharmacia corporation was integrated into a large conglomerate, the Procordia Group. During the same period, the company entered a phase of internationalization in which the former country based net of marketing subsidiaries was rearranged and adapted to a new international situation. Regions and sub-regions were formed, and heavy emphasis was put on reorganizing the market organizations in Europe. These reorganization processes are the focus of a historical study of Pharmacia Biotech AB covering the period 1959-1995, including a prologue starting in the 1930s. The story is the empirical part of a study of industrial marketing change processes. It complements a separate analysis volume entitled "Concurrence, Transition and Evolution - Perspectives of Industrial Marketing Change Processes". / Utgör del av författarens diss.

Abstract With the decoding of human genome, biotechnology has been regarded as to be one of the most prospective technologies in the next decades. Many countries have actively undertaken various R&D projects in order to get the leading position in this field. According to American and European experience in developing biotechnology industry, the development of biotechnology park serves the purposes of bettering production environment domestically and drawing international investment. The main purpose of the study is to find the optimal location of biotechnology park. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which has the characteristic with multi-criteria, indefinite, group decision-making, qualitative, this study has established an evaluation structure for development preference order based on biotechnology industry, science-based industrial park and location theory. The empirical study find out that the preference order from high to low of the priorities of the location choice factors is ¡§human resource,¡¨ ¡§R&D environment,¡¨ ¡§industrial environment,¡¨ ¡§public facilities¡¨ and ¡§communications and transportation.¡¨ And that the preference order from high to low of the optimal location of biotechnology industry is ¡§Hsin-Chu Science-based Park,¡¨ ¡§South Science-based Park¡¨ and ¡§Central Science-based Park.¡¨

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2007. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-114). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.