Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Bremen.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Bonn.

Les enjeux écologiques, réglementaires et économiques imposent que des méthodologies robustes d'évaluation des risques environnementaux des sédiments contaminés soient proposées aux gestionnaires et autres parties prenantes. Il importe par ailleurs que ces méthodologies soient organisées selon une approche graduée, qui permette de hiérarchiser et proportionner les efforts mis en oeuvre pour l'évaluation, selon les risques potentiels sur les écosystèmes. Ce travail de thèse vise donc au développement d'un outil biologique pour l'évaluation du danger toxique lié à la contamination des sédiments d'eau douce, intégrables dans une démarche d'évaluation du risque. Il s'agit de mesurer la toxicité des sédiments naturels contaminés par des polluants chimiques, via la mesure des perturbations biologiques provoquées par l'exposition d'organismes au laboratoire. Ainsi une batterie de bioessais, composée de trois espèces phylogénétiquement différentes (G. fossarum arthropode crustacé ; P. antipodarum mollusque gastéropode et C. riparius arthropode insecte), a été mise en place. Le développement de la batterie s'est déroulé en deux étapes principales. La première a porté sur l'évaluation de la variabilité des traits de vie des organismes exposés à une série de sédiments de qualité acceptable, et couvrant une gamme la plus large possible de granulométrie et de quantité de matière organique. La réalisation de cette étape a permis de proposer, pour chaque espèce et chacun des traits considérés, une gamme de réponse considérée comme normale, en dehors de laquelle un effet toxique chimique du sédiment est significativement mis en évidence. La seconde étape consistait à comparer les réponses des traits de vie en conditions contaminées à la gamme de réponses en conditions pas / peu contaminées préalablement définie. Ainsi, la capacité à caractériser des sédiments contaminés a été évaluée pour chaque trait de vie de chaque organisme. Les résultats obtenus montrent que certains traits ont un potentiel de discrimination fort (ex : taux d'alimentation de G. fossarum) alors qu'il est très faible pour d'autres (ex : production d'embryons de P. antipodarum). Les traits au potentiel de discrimination "intermédiaire" sont traités au cas par cas. Ils peuvent en effet être moyennement sensibles à un ensemble de contaminants, ou présenter des sensibilités spécifiques (ex : la croissance de C. riparius n'a répondu qu'aux sédiments présentant une contamination aux pesticides). L'exploitation des résultats a permis d'aboutir à la définition de référentiels de réponse pour chaque trait de vie testé pour les trois espèces et à des recommandations d'utilisation des tests mis en place (quels espèces / traits conserver, comment les combiner, que faudrait-il faire pour perfectionner la batterie ?) / The ecological, regulatory and economic stakes impose to propose reliable methodologies to assess the risk of contaminated sediments for the environment, following a gradual approach (which allows to rank and to proportion efforts), considering the potential risks on the ecosystems. This work aims to develop a biological tool for the hazard assessment of contaminated freshwaters sediments. It consists in the evaluation of natural sediments toxicity contaminated by chemicals pollutants, through the measurement of biological disturbances caused to laboratory exposed organisms. Thus, a bioassay battery composed of three species (G. fossarum crustacean arthropod; P. antipodarum gastropod mollusc and C. riparius insect arthropod), belonging to different phyla, was built. The battery was developed within two main steps. The first concerns the evaluation of the natural variability of organisms life-traits exposed to a good quality (not or few contaminated) sediment series, which present a range of particle size grading and organic matter content as large as possible. The second step consists in a comparison between life-traits responses in contaminated conditions and the range of responses previously obtained in control conditions. Thus, the battery capacity to discriminate was assessed on contaminated sediment for each endpoint for the three tested species. Results show some traits with a high discriminating power (e.g. G. fossarum feeding rate) and on the contrary some traits with a very low discriminating power (e.g. P. antipodarum embryo production). Intermediates responses are treated separately. Actually, it can present median sensitivity to contaminants or specific sensitivities (e.g. C. riparius growth rate responded only to pesticides contaminations). Results allow to obtain biological response thresholds for each endpoint of the three tested species, and recommendations for the use of developed tests (which species / traits to use in which conditions?)

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Bayreuth.

Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2004--Aachen.

Techn. Univ., Diss.--Hamburg-Harburg, 2004.

The efficacy of three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of family Steinernematidae was tested in different laboratory conditions in this study. The virulence of Steinernema arenarium, S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae was evaluated to fourth-instar larvae of Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. Standard temperature (25°C) and humidity (12,5 %) was used in bioassay No I. Trial No II focused on impact of temperature 10, 15 and 25°C on effectivity of S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae. Bioassay No III examined the influence of lower humidity and in consequence rehydration on virulence nematodes.

The dynamic development of industry and the constant production of new substances affecting the environment is currently one of the priorities of the interests of the human population. This thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of selected extinguishing agent which are applied in case of fire. They must effectively extinguish fire because a live protection and material resources in any case very important, but Theky should be also environmentally friendly. In this work were tested surfactants, which are the main component of foaming extinguishing agent with the following commercial names: STAMEX F-15, F-15 EXPYROL, MOUSOL APS F-15, FINIFLAM F-15 and PYROCOOL B. Since surfactants have a negative impact mainly on aquatic ecosystem assessment were mainly used ecotoxicity tests using aquatic organisms. Test organisms were aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus aquatic dicotyledons plant Lemna minor and terrestrial monocotyledons plant Sinapis alba. Based on the results of the tests were values of LC50, EC50 and IC50 for the tested substances determined and their ecotoxicity compared.

Earth mean surface temperature has increased by 1 °C since the industrial revolution, and this has already had considerable effects on animal and plant species. Ecological responses to the warming climate – often facilitated via phenotypic plasticity – are ubiquitous. However, even though evolution can occur rapidly there are only few examples of genetic adaptation to climate change. In my thesis, I used a near-natural system to study if and how organisms have adapted to 30 years of warming, and how this has affected competitive species interactions. I investigated Baltic Sea populations of the aquatic snails Galba truncatula and Theodoxus fluviatilis, which had been subjected to cooling water discharge from power plants, resulting in water temperatures 4 to 10 °C higher than in the surrounding sea. G. truncatula had high upper thermal limits and large acclimation potential. This plasticity may have helped the species to survive under the new conditions, allowing evolution through natural selection to take place. I found that the populations of the two thermal origins had diverged in SNP markers associated with warmer temperature, whereas divergence in selectively neutral markers was mainly related to geographical distance. Adaptation occurred from standing genetic variation, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity and population size in enabling the persistence of populations. Changes in thermal sensitivity of growth and survival were subtle yet significant, and complied with theoretical models of thermal adaptation in ectotherms. At the community level, pre-adaptation to warmer conditions aided the native T. fluviatilis when competing with the alien Potamopyrgus antipodarum. However, interspecific competition limited the snails most in those traits favored under warming, highlighting the challenge of adapting to different selecting forces during global change. The persistence of species and populations under climate change depends on several factors - plasticity allowing for initial survival, evolvability in allowing the genetic changes, and species interactions affecting the new ecological niches. The results of my thesis indicate that persistence under climate change is possible when these factors align, but the relative roles of ecology and plasticity may explain why there are so few observed instances of evolution in response to climate change.