Macrossomia fetal significa feto grande ou com sobrepeso, mais recentemente chamado de recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional. Diversos fatores afetam a distribuição do peso corporal fetal tais como a idade gestacional, tamanho materno, hereditariedade, estado socioeconômico, origem étnica entre tantos outros. Conseqüentemente, observa-se uma morbidade aumentada nesta situação. A tendência temporal da macrossomia foi avaliada em estudos realizados em outros países e mostrou aumento gradativo de sua prevalência, além de uma distribuição geográfica heterogênea. Objetivos: Avaliar a tendência temporal da macrossomia fetal em todo território brasileiro considerando fatores determinantes reconhecidamente responsáveis por interferirem no peso dos recém-nascidos. Mapear e identificar conglomerados de macrossomia fetal no território brasileiro e fatores espacialmente correlacionados.Para investigação da tendência temporal foram realizados levantamentos descritivos sobre 14.509.859 declarações de nascidos vivos do Sistema Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) de 26 Unidades da Federação mais o Distrito Federal. As estatísticas descritivas foram apresentas sob a forma de tabelas para freqüências absolutas e relativas, médias aritméticas e descrições geométricas através de gráficos. Dados de 2.858.627 declarações de nascidos vivos do Sistema Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) do ano de 2004 foram usados para realizar a parte da pesquisa sobre análise geográfica. A estatística espacial foi a metodologia utilizada para testar a presença de conglomerados e identificar sua localização aproximada. A contextualização geográfica espacial foi feita com o modelo Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) sobre o mapa do Brasil desagregado em microrregiões. A prevalência geral da macrossomia entre 2000 e 2004 foi de 5,4%, iniciando com 6,0 % no ano 2000 e terminando com 5,1 % em 2004. A tendênciatemporal do percentual de macrossomia diminuiu ao longo dos anos, entretanto, o percentual de cesariana mostrou crescimento gradativo entre os estratos de peso de recém-nascidos. As demais variáveis estudadas foram percentuais de pós-termo, mãe adolescente, grau de instrução inferior, situação conjugal, cor da pele e consulta de prénatal infreqüente que mostraram redução gradativa a cada ano entre os estratos de peso dos recém-nascidos. Análises espaciais de 558 microrregiões brasileiras com os dados do SINASC de 2004 mostraram que o índice global de Moran do percentual de macrossomia fetal foi de 0,40. Foram identificados conglomerados de microrregiões com altos percentuais de macrossomia relacionadas com vizinhos de altos percentuais nas regiões norte-nordeste do país, entretanto os conglomerados de baixos percentuais foram encontrados nas regiões sul-sudeste. O modelo final da regressão comprovou a presença de dependência espacial do percentual de macrossomia com as variáveis percentuais de cesariana e grau de instrução inferior mantidas no modelo. A estratégia de especificação clássica foi usada para seleção do modelo final, indicando o modelo de erro espacial para verificação da autocorrelação espacial nos termos de erros. Conclusão: A tendência temporal da macrossomia no Brasil está em declínio, acompanhando tendências favoráveis em vários indicadores de saúde materno-infantil. No entanto, houve aumento de 10% no percentual de cesariana e de 6% no percentual de microssomia no período estudado. Conglomerados geográficos de macrossomia com dependência espacial foram caracterizados nas microrregiões brasileiras com percentuais de cesarianas e grau de instrução inferior contribuindo de forma significativa para este relacionamento espacial. / Fetal macrosomia means large or overweight fetus, more recently called large for gestational age. The birth weight is affected by many conditions such as gestational age, maternal size, hereditary factors, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity among others. Consequently, an increased morbidity is observed in this situation. The macrosomia temporal trend was investigated in studies conducted in other countries and showed gradual increased prevalence with a heterogeneous geographic distribution. Objectives: To evaluate the temporal trends of fetal macrosomia in the Brazilian territory considering the well known determinants that affect birth weight. To map and identify clusters of macrosomia in the Brazilian territory and its spatial correlation factors. Methods: Descriptive data of 14.509.859 birth registries were collected in the Brazilian Live Births Information System from 26 states and the Federal District. Statistics were shown in tables for absolute and relative frequencies, arithmetic means and graphics for geometric descriptions. Data of 2.858.627 birth registries from 2004 were used for the geographic analysis. Spatial statistics methodology was used to identify the clusters and their approximate location. The geographic contextualization was performed with Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) model over disaggregated map of Brazilian microregions. Macrosomia overall prevalence was 5.4% starting with 6.0% in 2000 and finishing with 5.1% in 2004. The temporal trends of macrossomia percentage decreased during the study period, however, the cesarean percentage increased gradually over the birth weight stratus. The reminded studied variables, post-term delivery percentage, adolescent pregnancy, less than a full elementary education, married status, skim color and infrequent pre-natal care visits shown annual reduction over the birth weightstratus. SINASC 2004 spatial analysis of 558 Brazilian micro regions displayed macrosomia Moran’s I percentage of 0.40. Clusters of high percentage macrosomia micro-regions related to high percentage neighbors were identified in the northnortheast regions of the country, although clusters with low percentage were located in the south-southeast regions. The final regression model showed spatial dependence of macrosomia percentage maintaining cesarean and education variables in the model. The spatial error model was indicated to test the spatial autocorrelation in the terms of error in the final model using the classical specification strategy.The Brazilian macrosomia temporal trend is decreasing accompanied by favorable tendencies in nearly all maternal-infant health indicators, but an increase of 10% in the cesarean percentage and of 6% in microsomia was observed during the study period. Geographic macrosomia clusters with spatial dependence were characterized in the Brazilian micro regions with percentages of cesarean and less than a full elementary education significantly affecting this spatial relationship.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_ro_me_botfmvz.pdf: 562942 bytes, checksum: 549664298847700d9997c951c26c3f0a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram utilizadas 60 cabras (20 Alpina, 17 Anglo-Nubiana e 23 mestiças Boer), com peso corporal médio de 49,33±1,41kg, mantidas em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã e suplementadas com dois níveis de concentrado: 300 (NS30) e 600 g/kg (NS60) das exigências diárias, avaliadas desde a pré-estação de monta, até, em média 110 dias de lactação. O controle leiteiro foi realizado a cada 14 dias, estimandose as características da curva de produção: tempo para atingir o pico (TP), produção no pico (PP) e produção de leite até 110 dias de lactação (PL); os constituintes: gordura, proteína, lactose, sólidos totais (ST), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), nitrogênio uréico (NU) e contagem de células somáticas (CCS); além da prolificidade das cabras e o peso ao nascer dos cabritos. O grupo racial influenciou a curva de lactação, sendo que as Alpinas e Anglo-Nubianas apresentaram maior TP, PP e PL. Os teores de proteína, ST e ESD foram influenciados pelo grupo racial, tendo as mestiças Boer apresentado maiores teores. Os teores de gordura, lactose e o log da CCS foram influenciados pelo tratamento, sendo o NS30 com maiores valores, e pelo grupo racial, tendo as mestiças Boer apresentado maiores valores para teores de gordura e log da CCS, e as mestiças Boer e as Alpinas maiores valores para a lactose. O NU foi influenciado pelo estádio da lactação. A prolificidade e o peso ao nascer foram influenciados pelo grupo racial e tratamento, sendo que as Anglo-Nubianas e mestiças Boer do NS60 apresentaram melhores resultados. Os cabritos de partos simples tiveram maiores pesos ao nascer. A raça Anglo-Nubiana pode ser indicada para esse sistema de produção, por apresentar boa produção de leite e melhor condição corporal. A suplementação NS60 favoreceu o peso ao nascer e a prolificidade / Were used 60 goats (20 Alpine breed, 17 Anglo-Nubian breed and 23 crossbred Boer), with average body weight of 49.33 ± 1.41 kg, kept on pasture of Panicum maximum cv. Tobiatã and supplemented with two levels of concentrated: 300 (NS30) and 600 g/kg (NS60) of the daily requirements in relation to dry matter intake, evaluated from pre-breeding season, average 110 days of lactation. The milk recording was realized every 14 days, estimating the characteristics of the production curve: time to peak (TP), peak production (PP) and milk production until 110 days of lactation (MP) the constituents: fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS), dry extract defatted (DED), urea nitrogen (UN) and somatic cell count (SCC), and the prolificacy of the goats and the birth weight of the kids. The racial group influenced the lactation curve, and Alpine goats and Anglo-Nubian showed higher TP, PP and MP. The levels of protein, TS and DED were influenced by the racial group, and crossbred Boer presented the highest levels. The levels of fat, lactose and the SCC log were influenced by the treatment, and the NS30 with the highest values, and by the racial group, the crossbred Boer presented the highest values for fat and SCC log, and the crossbred Boer and Alpines had the highest values for lactose. The UN was influenced by the stage of lactation. The prolificacy and the birth weight were influenced by racial group and the treatment, being that the Anglo-Nubian and crossbred Boer from NS presented best results. The kids of single birth had superior birth weights. The Anglo-Nubian breed can be indicated for this production system, by presenting good milk production and body condition. Supplementation NS60 favored the birth weight and prolificacy

Macrossomia fetal significa feto grande ou com sobrepeso, mais recentemente chamado de recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional. Diversos fatores afetam a distribuição do peso corporal fetal tais como a idade gestacional, tamanho materno, hereditariedade, estado socioeconômico, origem étnica entre tantos outros. Conseqüentemente, observa-se uma morbidade aumentada nesta situação. A tendência temporal da macrossomia foi avaliada em estudos realizados em outros países e mostrou aumento gradativo de sua prevalência, além de uma distribuição geográfica heterogênea. Objetivos: Avaliar a tendência temporal da macrossomia fetal em todo território brasileiro considerando fatores determinantes reconhecidamente responsáveis por interferirem no peso dos recém-nascidos. Mapear e identificar conglomerados de macrossomia fetal no território brasileiro e fatores espacialmente correlacionados.Para investigação da tendência temporal foram realizados levantamentos descritivos sobre 14.509.859 declarações de nascidos vivos do Sistema Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) de 26 Unidades da Federação mais o Distrito Federal. As estatísticas descritivas foram apresentas sob a forma de tabelas para freqüências absolutas e relativas, médias aritméticas e descrições geométricas através de gráficos. Dados de 2.858.627 declarações de nascidos vivos do Sistema Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) do ano de 2004 foram usados para realizar a parte da pesquisa sobre análise geográfica. A estatística espacial foi a metodologia utilizada para testar a presença de conglomerados e identificar sua localização aproximada. A contextualização geográfica espacial foi feita com o modelo Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) sobre o mapa do Brasil desagregado em microrregiões. A prevalência geral da macrossomia entre 2000 e 2004 foi de 5,4%, iniciando com 6,0 % no ano 2000 e terminando com 5,1 % em 2004. A tendênciatemporal do percentual de macrossomia diminuiu ao longo dos anos, entretanto, o percentual de cesariana mostrou crescimento gradativo entre os estratos de peso de recém-nascidos. As demais variáveis estudadas foram percentuais de pós-termo, mãe adolescente, grau de instrução inferior, situação conjugal, cor da pele e consulta de prénatal infreqüente que mostraram redução gradativa a cada ano entre os estratos de peso dos recém-nascidos. Análises espaciais de 558 microrregiões brasileiras com os dados do SINASC de 2004 mostraram que o índice global de Moran do percentual de macrossomia fetal foi de 0,40. Foram identificados conglomerados de microrregiões com altos percentuais de macrossomia relacionadas com vizinhos de altos percentuais nas regiões norte-nordeste do país, entretanto os conglomerados de baixos percentuais foram encontrados nas regiões sul-sudeste. O modelo final da regressão comprovou a presença de dependência espacial do percentual de macrossomia com as variáveis percentuais de cesariana e grau de instrução inferior mantidas no modelo. A estratégia de especificação clássica foi usada para seleção do modelo final, indicando o modelo de erro espacial para verificação da autocorrelação espacial nos termos de erros. Conclusão: A tendência temporal da macrossomia no Brasil está em declínio, acompanhando tendências favoráveis em vários indicadores de saúde materno-infantil. No entanto, houve aumento de 10% no percentual de cesariana e de 6% no percentual de microssomia no período estudado. Conglomerados geográficos de macrossomia com dependência espacial foram caracterizados nas microrregiões brasileiras com percentuais de cesarianas e grau de instrução inferior contribuindo de forma significativa para este relacionamento espacial. / Fetal macrosomia means large or overweight fetus, more recently called large for gestational age. The birth weight is affected by many conditions such as gestational age, maternal size, hereditary factors, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity among others. Consequently, an increased morbidity is observed in this situation. The macrosomia temporal trend was investigated in studies conducted in other countries and showed gradual increased prevalence with a heterogeneous geographic distribution. Objectives: To evaluate the temporal trends of fetal macrosomia in the Brazilian territory considering the well known determinants that affect birth weight. To map and identify clusters of macrosomia in the Brazilian territory and its spatial correlation factors. Methods: Descriptive data of 14.509.859 birth registries were collected in the Brazilian Live Births Information System from 26 states and the Federal District. Statistics were shown in tables for absolute and relative frequencies, arithmetic means and graphics for geometric descriptions. Data of 2.858.627 birth registries from 2004 were used for the geographic analysis. Spatial statistics methodology was used to identify the clusters and their approximate location. The geographic contextualization was performed with Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) model over disaggregated map of Brazilian microregions. Macrosomia overall prevalence was 5.4% starting with 6.0% in 2000 and finishing with 5.1% in 2004. The temporal trends of macrossomia percentage decreased during the study period, however, the cesarean percentage increased gradually over the birth weight stratus. The reminded studied variables, post-term delivery percentage, adolescent pregnancy, less than a full elementary education, married status, skim color and infrequent pre-natal care visits shown annual reduction over the birth weightstratus. SINASC 2004 spatial analysis of 558 Brazilian micro regions displayed macrosomia Moran’s I percentage of 0.40. Clusters of high percentage macrosomia micro-regions related to high percentage neighbors were identified in the northnortheast regions of the country, although clusters with low percentage were located in the south-southeast regions. The final regression model showed spatial dependence of macrosomia percentage maintaining cesarean and education variables in the model. The spatial error model was indicated to test the spatial autocorrelation in the terms of error in the final model using the classical specification strategy.The Brazilian macrosomia temporal trend is decreasing accompanied by favorable tendencies in nearly all maternal-infant health indicators, but an increase of 10% in the cesarean percentage and of 6% in microsomia was observed during the study period. Geographic macrosomia clusters with spatial dependence were characterized in the Brazilian micro regions with percentages of cesarean and less than a full elementary education significantly affecting this spatial relationship.

Orientador: Ana Maria Segall Correa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T05:49:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patella_RoseineFortes_M.pdf: 21656384 bytes, checksum: a411b353da2b069b334fa693980d77d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto da assistência oferecida pelo Programa de Vigilância para crianças nascidas sob risco (PRNR) sobre as intemações hospitalares e a mortalidade de crianças menores de um ano de idade em Santos/SP. Foi estudada uma coorte histórica retrospectiva de crianças expostas e não expostas ao Programa no período de 1"de Julho de 1997 até 30 de Junho de 1998. Dos 6554 bebês nascidos neste período, 1208 foram classificados como sob risco (RNRs). Foram então divididos em dois grupos: G.A. (acompanhados pelo PRNR = 675) e G.N.A. (não acompanhados pelo PRNR = 553). O seguimento foi delineado para controlar variáveis presumidas como fatores de confundimento como peso ao nascer, hospital de nascimento, localidade de residência e aleitamento ao seio além de outras variáveis psicossociais. Os RNRs do grupo G.A. foram então classificados em duas categorias de acordo com a assistência recebida. Foram considerados sob Assistência Adequada (ADEQ) os recém-nascidos que cumpriram três condições principais: - Ter realizado a primeira consulta médica e atividades de monitoramento em até 10 dias após o nascimento, ter recebido visita domiciliar (VD), e, pelo menos 7 consultas médicas durante o período de seguimento. Foram considerados sob Assistência Não Adequada (NADEQ) aqueles que não atingiram os critérios completos referidos. Foram encontrados 712 bebês no primeiro grupo e 496 no segundo. O risco relativo para intemação hospitalar considerando bebês não expostos ao programa (NADEQ) e os expostos (ADEQ) não foi estatisticamente significativo. Os Grupos GA e GNA foram diferentes ao considerar-se variáveis sociais. O primeiro (GA) mostrou freqüência mais alta de desemprego entre pais ou responsáveis e muitos moravam em localidades caracterizadas como as mais pobres na cidade. O risco relativo para intemação hospitalar no primeiro ano apontou para proteção para as crianças do G.N.A. O perfil de seguimento dos RNRs (G.A.) mostrou que 61,6% deles chegaram para a primeira consulta médica após dez dias; quase a metade (41,8%) compareceu a menos de sete consultas pediátricas; quase um terço deles (28,4%) nunca recebeu uma VD. Apesar da assistência oferecida pelo PRNR foram identificados 13 óbitos entre os RNRs da coorte estudada. Estudos adicionais seriam necessários para esclarecer melhor as características dos cuidados de saúde que deveriam ser oferecidos, em tais condições sociais, a recém-nascidos de alto risco no seu primeiro ano de vida / Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the assistance provided by the Surveillance Program for children bom at risk (PRNR) on hospital admissions and mortality of children under one year of age in Santos/SP. A historic retrospective cohort of children exposed and non-exposed to the program was studied from the 1st of July 1997 to the 30th of June 1998. From 6554 babies bom in this period, 1208 were classified as at risk (RNRs). They were then divided in two groups: G.A. (followed by the PRNR = 675) and G.N.A. (not followed by the PRNR = 553). The followup was designed to control for variables presumed to be confounders, like birth-weight, hospital of birth, neighborhood of residence, and breastfeeding, besides other mother's psychosocial variables. The RNRs of G.A. groups were then classified in two categories according to the assistance received. Adequate Assistance (ADEQ) was considered for those newboms who met tree main conditions: - first medical appointment and monitoring activity within 10 days afier birth, having received a home visit (VD), and, at least 7 medical consultations during the follow-up period. Non-Adequate Assistance (NADEQ) was assigned to those who did not meet the full ADEQ criteria. There were 712 babies in the first group and 496 in the second. The relative risk for hospital admission considering babies not exposed to the program (NADEQ) and those exposed (ADEQ) was not statistically significant. The GNA and GA groups were different considering social variables. This last group had higher frequency of unemployment among parents or family's responsible person and most of then were leaving in the neighborhood characterized as the poorest in the city. The relative risk for hospital admission in the first year of life pointed out to protection towards children of the G.N.A. The follow-up profile of the RNRs (G.A.) showed that 61,6% of them arrived after ten days at the 1st appointment, almost half (41,8%) attended less than seven pediatric consultations; almost a third of them (28,4%) never received a VD. Despite the assistance provided by the PRNR 13 deaths were acknowledged among RNRs in the study cohort. Further studies would be necessary to better clarify the characteristics of health care that should be offered, under such social conditions of the high-risk newbom in their first year of life / Mestrado / Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Maternal consumption of dietary methyl donors (DMDs) such as folate, methionine, choline, as well as co-factors including zinc, vitamins B2, B6 and B12 can lead to permanent alterations in the DNA and gene expression of the developing fetus. This study aimed to identify patterns of DMD intake during the second trimester of pregnancy and their associations with infant birth weight, small and large for gestational age (SGA and LGA, respectively). From food sources alone, most pregnant women were below the estimated average requirement for dietary folate equivalent (DFE) (69%) and below the adequate intake measure for choline (99%). Zinc seemed to be the most important nutrient for attaining adequate birth weight. DFE and vitamin B12 were positively associated with birth weight. DFE also reduced the risk for SGA whereas choline increased the risk for LGA. Therefore, DMD intake from food sources during pregnancy may be important to ensure optimal infant birth weight.

Malaria infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical countries, and particularly in Mozambique. Recently substantial resources have been used to reduce the burden of malaria in Mozambique. These include the distribution of insecticide treated bed-nets, indoor residual insecticide spraying, access to artemisinin-based combination treatment (ACT), and intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women with sulfadoxine-pyrimetamine (SP-IPTp). The most important benefit of SP-IPTp in malaria endemic areas has been the increase in birth weight, thus increasing the probability of child survival. The SP-IPTp policy was based on evidence of its effectiveness in areas of high intensity malaria transmission. The effect of SP-IPTp has been less evident in the presence of high coverage with insecticide treated bed-nets. It is not know whether reducing the risk of malaria through effective vector control using indoor residual insecticide spraying and large-scale deployment of ACTs has a similar effect in reducing the impact of SP-IPTp on birth weight. At the same time, increasing resistance of SP could be compromising the effect of SP-IPTp on birth weight, as could co-infection with HIV. The aim of this study was to determine if the effect of SP-IPTp on reduction in risk of low birth weight is modified by Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalence. This retrospective antenatal record review, analyzed 20867 antenatal records from 2005 to 2007 from public health facilities in Maputo and Gaza provinces, southern Mozambique. One or two doses of SP-IPTp does not have any effect on reducing the risk of low birth weight, while women who had at least three doses of SP-IPTp had a 15% lower risk of their babies being born with low birth weigh compared with fewer doses, (OR=0.85; 95% CI 0.73 – 1.00; p=0.053). The risk of babies being born with low birth weight was reduced by 28% when both malaria prevalence and dhfr / dhps mutation prevalence are low, (OR=0.72; 95% CI 0.51 – 1.00), but this effect was no longer significant with higher malaria prevalence and or mutation prevalence. SP-IPTp has an effect on reducing low birth weight with three or more doses, and in areas where malaria prevalence and mutation prevalence are low.  Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Clinical Epidemiology / unrestricted

Background: Adolescent female depressive symptomatology is an unrecognized mood disorder that impairs health in adolescence or adulthood. However, the long-term effects of pre-pregnancy depressive symptoms on birth outcomes in adulthood have not been given adequate empirical assessments. Method: In this study, we assessed the relationship between the life time duration of depressive symptoms over a 14-year period and birth outcomes (LBW and PTB) among a sample of 6023 female respondents who took part in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). We used the generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to assess these relationships. Results: Exposure to elevated depressive symptoms in late adolescence, but not in adulthood, was associated with increased odds of LBW by more than 2-fold in early and young adulthoods (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.19; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.56, 3.08). Depressive symptoms in early adulthood were independently associated with increased odds of PTB and were higher for black mothers. Maternal race modified the relationship between consistent reporting of depressive symptoms in adolescence and LBW or PTB in adulthood. Conclusion: This study provides compelling evidence that effects of elevated depressive symptomatology on LBW or PTB appear to be linked to a specific development period in adolescence. National policies to address social inequalities and stratification particularly in health at all stages of human development, will provide an important step in reducing depressive symptoms prior to early adulthood and in pregnancy and childbirth.

No description available.

No description available.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in the United States, currently affecting 11.3% of the nation. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Hypothesis suggests that environmental stresses in utero and in early stages of life, such as preterm birth (age), can lead to development of adulthood diseases, including T2D. However, research on the association between preterm birth and T2D is sparse and predominantly based on European ancestry populations. We examined this association in postmenopausal women (N = 85,356) from the Women’s Health Initiative, a nationwide prospective cohort. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between self-reported preterm birth and T2D status, adjusting for demographic and lifestyle covariates. Preterm birth was significantly and positively associated with odds of T2D at baseline (unadjusted: OR=1.51, 95% CI 1.24, 1.83; P