Here, we provide results of mid/late Holocene fresh water Ostracoda analyses from coastal modern lake basins in the Thrace region of Istanbul and Sarikum Lake, on the Black Sea coast near Sinop. While neither diatoms nor Cladocera are abundant in the sediments, Podocopian (fresh water) ostracods preserved well, but with discontinuous occurences during the mid/late Holocene. Un-noded forms of Cyprideis torosa, along with other Podocopian ostracods, dominated the sediments of all three lakes. Studying these three lagoonal basins along the Black Sea and Thracian coasts of Turkey allows reconstruction of long term, regional environmental histories, using the following methods. Loss-on-ignition (LOI) analyses at 1 cm intervals of short and long cores provide stratigraphic cross-correlation and calculations of organic matter, carbonate and mineral weight. At 5 cm intervals, spectrally-inferred chlorophyll-a contents by visible reflectance spectroscopy (Michelutti et al., 2010), provide estimates of algal production. Trace element analysis (Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca) using ICP-AES (coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) is applied to fully calcified adult specimens of un-noded forms of Cyprideis torosa shells (which dominate the uppermost 145 cm of Terkos Lake). 210Pb and 137Cs dating of short cores, and AMS 14C dating of long cores, are used to infer sediment accumulation rates and to place specific ages on inferred environmental changes. Benthic foraminifers, gastropods, bivalves, single valves of fossil Glochidia, and Charophyte seeds are the other biological indicators observed within the sediment archive. Based on these data: 1. Terkos Lake sediments contain records of multiple, sub-millennial scale marine incursion events, over the last 2.8 ka, inferred to be the result of severe storms or tsunami on the Black Sea, including the tsunami in AD 1598 and AD 557-543 / 2. short core sediments from Sarikum Lake reveal sharp decreases in organic matter, carbonate, and increases in algal production and sand amount that suggest a storm or more recent earthquake / such as the Great Erzincan Earthquake (26 December, 1939) or the Bartin earthquake (3 September, 1968) while four more such events appear in the undated sediments of the Sarikum Lake long core / and 3. a large earthquake in AD 447 that affected the entire Sea of Marmara (Leroy et al., 2002) does not appear in the B&uuml / y&uuml / k&ccedil / ekmece Lake sediment record, but there is evidence for a significant hiatus in these deposits before the development of the dam (AD 1989) and after the youngest AMS date (2400 cal yrs BP). This suggests that B&uuml / y&uuml / k&ccedil / ekmece Lagoon was an environment of net erosion prior to its artificial impoundment, either from gradual processes or from scouring by one or more tsunami.

This study investigates the actual glaciers and the major properties of glacial landscapes (valleys, cirques and lakes) located over the Eastern Black Sea mountain chain using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies. A database is created for each glacial feature that includes fundamental properties of each landscape. Data layers used in the study include digital and analog topographic maps, satellite images, geological maps and drainage maps. The studies carried out yielded identification of 93 glacial valleys (30 main, 63 tributary), 1222 cirques and 685 lakes. Several properties (length, size, aspect, elevation, slope, orientation, roundness, elongation) of each glacial landscape are investigated for the northern and southern parts separately. The frequency of each landscape is found to be more in the northern part of the area. Total area of the actual glacier is found as 0.43 to 0.53 km2 by two methods of remote sensing applications.

The economic development of Greece and Rome hinged directly on the ability of commercial vessels to transport large volumes of goods across the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Archaeology has revealed the sizes, construction methods and cargos of these ships, but the navigational techniques that were employed to direct them from port to port remain unclear and elusive. In ancient literature, the oft-repeated themes of storm, shipwreck and death at sea led to the popular assumption among scholars that seafarers developed habits to minimize their exposure to this hostile element--hugging the shore to avoid the open sea, putting in at night, sailing only in summer, and using 'seafaring manuals' to help guide their way. While several recent studies have made some strides in overturning this overly simplistic view by highlighting aspects of navigation in certain areas and in certain periods, the 'standard model' lingers in both scholarly and popular imagination. This study offers a comprehensive review of the scattered textual and archaeological evidence pertaining to ancient seafaring and navigation, and a major reinterpretation of ancient commercial navigation in both periods. Chapters 2-3 explore the parameters of the maritime environment (coasts, winds, currents and visibility) and the human responses to them in the form of ships, seasonal rhythms and maritime corridors. Chapters 4 and 5 discuss the ways in which Greek and Roman sailing masters accounted for the fundamental requirements of navigation--the determination of direction, position, speed and distance--using wind roses as a 'compass' and various stars and star groups at night. Chapter 6 treats the question of whether seafarers used written guides or experience, or both, to help determine their position. Chapter 7 explores the historical figure of the sailing master himself and integrates a wide range of evidence to reconstruct the navigational routines of the crews of Alexandrian grain ships during the Roman imperial era. My research concludes that both coastal and open-sea sailing were matters of routine in the commercial sector, that commercial seafarers did indeed sail at night and employ the stars to deduce navigational information, that winter sailing was a widespread practice, and that crews employed navigational strategies to weather storms, usually successfully. / text

The Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey accomodates indecent residence conditions for people owing to ground conditions comprising of volcanics and concurrent flysch, and its related irregular geomorphology. One of the important difficulties in this region is transportation. Accordingly, the ordu peripheral highway which encompasses various structures such as, open cuts, bridges, viaducts and junctions and double tubed tunnel sections which will be driven in these geological and geomorphological conditions is palnned to be constructed. In regional scale, volcanics, pyroclastics and flysch deposits often intertounge with each other even over very short distances. The accurate determination of the shear strength parameters of these lithologies is vital for the assessment of portal slope stability and support design in regards to tunnel design. Rock mass classification systems, namley, RMR, NGI Q system and GSI, have been employed to obtain the rock mass shear strength parameters. Stress analyses around the tunnel opennings have been executed through employing 2D finite element analysis in an attempt to design tunnel support. The results of the analysis have been correlated with the results obtained from the emprical methods. The overall analyses and interpretations led to the determination of the support systems to be employed during tunnel construction.

This thesis aims to analyze the Black Sea environmental regime, which consists of three main parts. The first part of the study, after a general introduction to the environmental aspect of international politics, puts forward the regime formation in the field of environment and the development of global and regional environmental policy and law for the protection of coastal and marine environments. The second part firstly describes the peculiar characteristics and the environmental problems of the Black Sea. Secondly, it analyzes the disintegrative and integrative motives behind the establishment of the regime. Lastly, the legal, institutional and financial framework of the regime together with the role of international donors in the Region are put forward. The third part identifies the challenges affecting the functioning of the regime as well as the opportunities for the future of the Black Sea. The main concern of this study is to have an insight of the Black Sea environmental regime to see whether the regime has been functioning sustainably to enable the protection of the Black Sea and the recovery of its ecosystem.

Before the Roman rule in Asia Minor, under the Hellenistic kings, small communities lived independently within areas surrounding temples with local powers. The temple held together and ruled these communities. Under the Romans these communities were brought and united to form cities in order to govern them by a central power and to take advantage of their unified work force. These communities served the Temple providing it necessary resources to function and provided themselves protection under sacred power. Some scholars have identified term as temple state, a term originated from the Sumerian communal structure. This study examines the validity of the use of the term temple state in defining Comana Pontica and Zela in the Black Sea region in Pontic region through a comparison with similar examples found in Anatolia. This study also aims to provide a revision to the meaning of independently structured temples by observing their transformation in time and by examining changes of the properties of their location.

Fishing is a significant source of food, and constitutes an important source of income in Turkey. Due to the large extent required to analyse the distribution of fish stocks, information derived from satellites play an important role in fisheries applications. Chlorophyll concentration and sea surface temperature (SST) are the most significant parameters which define the fish habitat. The accuracy of these parameters in the Black Sea taken from two different satellites, namely Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-views Sensor (SeaWIFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are evaluated. Results indicate that both satellites give good estimates of SST but the algorithms overestimate the chlorophyll concentration values. MODIS products are used in the subsequent analyses due to their high correlation with in-situ measurements relative to SeaWIFS products. The cause of the overestimation of chlorophyll concentration is further examined and a general description of environmental variability in Black Sea is done using MODIS products. Anchovy, the most important commercial fish in Turkey, has been selected as the target specie of the study. Level 3 weekly average MODIS chlorophyll and SST products are processed using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) integration to estimate potential favorable zones for pelagic fish aggregations. Two different decision rules are employed to generate fish stock maps, simple additive weigthing (SAW) and fuzzy additive weigthing (FSAW). The resultant maps are used to visualize the general distribution of Anchovy in Turkish Seas from May 2000 to May 2001. The resultant thematic fish stock maps generated by FSAW analysis represents the uncertainity in the environment better than the ones generated by SAW analysis.

Thesis--Paris University, 1926. / Bibliography: p. [133]-134.

Thesis--Paris University, 1926. / Bibliography: p. [133]-134.

Κατά την διάρκεια του προγράμματος SESAME (Southern European Seas: Assessing and Modelling Ecosystem changes) χρηματοδοτούμενο από την ΕΕ, μετρήθηκαν σωματιδιακές ροές με την χρήση διάταξης ιζηματοπαγίδων στη Μαύρη Θάλασσα και ειδικότερα στη θέση 43ο01,950Ν, 29ο28,525Ε σε βάθος 2000m. Η διάταξη ποντίστηκε για 12 μήνες, σε δύο ποντίσεις, από 16 Οκτωβρίου 2007 έως 16 Οκτωβρίου 2008 και έφερε δύο ιζηματοπαγίδες σε βάθη 1000m και 1965m. Το καθιζάνον υλικό αναλύθηκε και μετρήθηκαν η ολική ροή, καθώς επίσης και οι ροές οργανικού C, ανθρακικών, βιογενούς Si και λιθογενούς κλάσματος. Οι χρονοσειρές των ροών έδειξαν έντονη διακύμανση σε όλη την διάρκεια του πειράματος και οι μέσες ετήσιες ολικές ροές ήταν 109 και 86 mg m-2 d-1, δείχνοντας μια μείωση με το βάθος. Το σωματιδιακό υλικό έδειξε μια εξαιρετική ομοιότητα ως προς την ποιοτική σύσταση στα δύο βάθη συλλογής και χαρακτηρίζεται από υψηλά ποσοστά οργανικού άνθρακα (10,5%). Γενικά το βιογενές υλικό, με περίπου 54%, κυριαρχεί του λιθογενούς που φτάνει το 46%. / As part of the SESAME (Southern European Seas: Assessing and Modelling Ecosystem changes) EU-funded research project, particle flux data was obtained with one instrumented array moored in SW Black Sea at 43ο01,950Ν, 29ο28,525Ε and 2000m depth. The mooring line was deployed over 12 months, from October 16th 2007 to October 16th 2008 and was equipped with two sediment trap-current meter pairs at 1000m and 1965m of water depth. The settling material was analyzed to obtain total mass, lithogenic, calcium carbonate, organic carbon and opal fluxes. Time-series of fluxes showed strong temporal variations over the experiment. The mean annual total mass fluxes were 109 and 86 mg m-2 d-1, showing a decrease with the depth. The qualitative composition of particulate matter was impressively similar at both depths of collection and it is characterized by high content of organic C, reaching 10,5%. Generally biogenic material dominates with around 54%, while lithogenic content was 46%.