M.Cur. (Midwifery and Neonatal Nursing) / The infiltration of modern trends into black cultures, has allowed fathers to support mothers during labour. Only a limitednumber of fathers utilise this opportunity. Whether more will do so in future seemed in part to depend on the following: * how do black fathers experience their support to mothers during labour? * what can be done to encourage black fathers to support mothers during labour? The following aims were formulated: to explore and describe the experiences of black fathers concerning support during labour and to establish guidelines to encourage black fathers to support mothers during labour. This study was explored and described within the framework of the Nursing for the Whole Person Theory (ORU 1990; RAU 1992) which functions in an integrated biopsychosocial manner (body, mind, spirit) within the family and or community. The parameters of nursing and beliefs about man, health, illness and nursing are also described. A functional reasoning approach is followed, based on the Botes (1991) model for Nursing Research. The research design entailed an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study, which is contextual to clinical nursing. Two groups of black fathers were purposively selected for the research study. Group one consisted of fathers who provided support to mother during labour and was selected from a private maternity hospital. Group two, consisted of fathers who did not provide support during labour, and was selected from a provincial hospital. Both hospitals are within the Gauteng province. A phenomenological approach to nursing research was utilized. Unstructured interviews were conducted with ten fathers. They were divided into two groups of five each. After analysis of data, follow-up interviews were conducted with two of the fathers included in the sample. Data was analyzed according to Kerlinger's (1986:476) method of content analysis. A literature control was undertaken in order to explore and describe the conclusions of other researchers and authors. The results from this study indicate that most of the fathers in Group one, experienced negative feelings of frightened, difficulty, helplessness and anxiety due to lack of information concerning childbirth. This is coupled with positive feelings such as excitement, nice, overwhelming and miracle. Most of the fathers in Group two, expressed a feeling of wanting to be there. Lack of information, fear and culture were identified as stumbling blocks. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations concerning nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research were made. Guidelines for encouragement of black fathers concerning support during labour were described.

1. Reasons for Choosing the Topic. Much has been written about secondary education in England, Continental Europe, the United States, Canada, China and other countries mainly "because Secondary Education has been one of the most prized of all formal types of education ... because it has been the rung of the educational ladder that has led to opportunity and preferment". Very little research work has been done on Bantu secondary education in the Ciskei, and still less about Bantu urban secondary education. This is a shortcoming since the Ciskei has been one of the most important educational areas for the Bantu in the Union of South Africa and the territories outside her borders. It was here that the experiment of Bantu day secondary schools was carried out. It could aptly have been said of the Ciskei, too, that "experimental work (destined one day to blaze into a consuming fire) has been carried on, where men and women of faith and inspiration have lit up some dark corner of the field, and where teachers of genius have defied tradition and convention, gone their own way in scorn of consequence, and have lit a candle which will never be put out". The Bantu Urban Day Secondary Schools started amidst conflicting opinions as regards their advantages and disadvantages. Difficulties were encountered and efforts made to overcome them. The present writer attempts to show how the problems of these schools were overcome and to assess the progress that was made. 2. Need for the Study. There is a great need for the study of the history and problems of Bantu Urban Day Secondary education because for many years to come these schools will have to serve an increasing number of urban Bantu pupils. The results of the research may serve as a guide to teachers appointed to these schools. The important history of these institutions preserved only in the minds of old men and women, may be lost to posterity. There is also a great need to bring to light the unique problems confronting these schools. 3. Scope of Dissertation. The dissertation limits itself to Bantu Urban Day secondary education, in specific areas of the Ciskei. Two secondary and two high schools have been chosen for special study. Bantu Urban Day Secondary Schools are those schools which are situated in areas under the jurisdiction of municipalities or town councils irrespective of whether the school admits largely pupils who are outside such an area or only those within it or both. The entrance qualification to these schools has always been a pass in Standard VI (normally after eight years of primary or elementary schooling). For the Bantu pupil the Junior Certificate Course was of three years' duration. The successful completion of the J.C. course qualified pupils to train as nurses, in the case of girls, and agricultural demonstrators in the case of boys. Both sexes could undertake studies for Native Primary Higher Teachers' Course, and the Senior Certificate Course or the Matriculation leading to university degrees.

No description available.

Bibliography: leaves 199-207. / This survey aims at reflecting the historical development of the Carnegie Non- European Library, from 1950 known as the Non-European Library Service, Transvaal, and attempts to evaluate the contribution of a small private library organization to the development of library services for Africans in South Africa. Since 1931 the (Carnegie) Non-European Library Service, Transvaal, has been engaged in its self-appointed task of promoting the reading habit and the use of libraries among Non-Whites, and amongst Africans in particular. The administering Committee consists of officials from government, provincial and municipal authorities as well as representatives of various organizations, who all serve in a voluntary capacity. With their active assistance and interested co-operation a considerable amount of work has been achieved despite the many difficulties encountered. The (Carnegie) Non-European Library Service, Transvaal, administered its own lending library services between 1931 and 1962; encouraged the training of Non-Whites for library work; entered the publishing field to produce two hand- books of library methods and two books for children written in the Bantu languages. The administering Committee has also provided many opportunities for the exchange of information on various aspects of library development for Non- Whites, and particularly for Africans. In its efforts to promote through reading, the intellectual development of the African, and so further his understanding of the cultures of his own peoples and other civilizations, the (Carnegie) Non- European Library Service, Transvaal, has also emphasised the role of the library in the African's spiritual quest for cultural awakening and upliftment.

No description available.

America has continued to be increasingly diverse in culture and ethnicities. As such, these diverse populations require those in health and mental health fields to adjust to the cultural differences that arise. Central to these conversations is the impact of the acculturation process on immigrant populations. Researchers posit the stress of immigration and the acculturation process leads to increased rates of mental illness (Lang, Munoz, Bernal and Sorenson 1982; Masten, Penland and Nayani 1994; Neff and Hoppe 1993). Assuming that the acculturation process impacts first generation immigrants most, this study investigated U.S. born Blacks with and without Caribbean descent and Caribbean born Blacks residing in the U.S. to determine if nativity status and generational status impacts rates of mental illness. Using the National Survey of American Life (NSAL) dataset which is one of three research projects conducted from 2001 to 2003 by the Program for Research on Black Americans (PBRA), as part of the Research Center for Group Dynamics project, analyses were conducted to determine if relationships existed for these groups. Results indicated that mental illness is dependent on country of origin and U.S. born Blacks do self-report mental illnesses significantly more than Caribbean Blacks. Caribbean Blacks who are first generation in the U.S. are significantly less likely to report mental illness than second generation Caribbean Blacks. Differences in gender, work, number of years living in the U.S., age at immigration and wealth and poverty indicators all show some relationships with mental illnesses. / Ph. D.

Canada's continued forgetfulness concerning slavery here, and the nation-state's attempts to record only Canada's role as a place of sanctuary for escaping African-Americans, is part of the story of absenting blackness from its history. Rinaldo Walcott The fact that people of African descent have had a presence in Canada for over four hundred years is not well known within the Canadian mainstream. The fact that slavery existed as an institution in Canada is another fact that is not well known. Within the Canadian mainstream writing of African-Canadian history, Blacks most often appear in historical narratives around the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, as American fugitives or refugees—either as escaping slaves or British Loyalists. Through the representative writing of the "the Black refugee," Canada is often constructed as a "Promised Land," a sanctuary or safe haven for Blacks, a place of refuge and redemption that does not speak to the complex history of slavery that existed well before the American exodus. Many Black Canadian writers and scholars argue that there is a price to be paid for this kind of representation. First, the absence of people of African descent in Canadian historical narratives, prior to the coming o f the American refugees, ignores the long presence of Blacks in Canada and the contributions that Blacks have made in the development of Canada. Second, in focusing on the American Loyalists and refugee slaves, Canadian writers and historians often construct Black Canadians as a homogenous, genderless group, ignoring the diversity within Canada's Black population and, in particular, the concerns of Black women. Finally, the mainstream representation of Canada as a 'safe haven' proves problematic for any critical discussion of racism in contemporary Canadian society, for notions of "Canada the good" and "America the evil" that arose from those crossings North still penetrate the Canadian mainstream today. This autobiocritical exploration examines the representation of the haven and offers alternative readings to contemporary mainstream writings of African-Canadian history. In part one, I track the appearance of Black Canadians, over the past fifty years, from 1949 to 2001, in a survey of mainstream and scholarly texts. Using the results of this survey, which does not see the appearance of Blacks in Canada until 1977, I examine how mainstream texts might use the works of Black writers to offer more critical and complex histories of Black Canadians and, in particular, Black women. In part two, I take up an analysis of George Elliott Clarke's Beatrice Chancy. Seen as a counter-narrative to mainstream writings of African-Canadian history, Clarke's work, which takes up the subject of slavery in early-nineteenth century Nova Scotia, presents an/Other kind of Loyalist story, one with a Black woman at its centre. In this discussion I examine how Clarke's poetic work subverts the national narrative, as he speaks to the diversity within blackness and the complexities in defining racial identities.

Acompanha: Ensinando história: produção de uma sequência didática sobre as representações do negro no Brasil / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar a produção e a aplicação de uma sequência didática como produto educacional, para a apropriação do conhecimento de professores e de estudantes sobre as relações étnico-raciais no Brasil, no ensino de História. Os conceitos de representação, apropriação e práticas culturais da Nova História balizaram a construção deste objeto de análise. No que diz respeito às representações do negro, buscou-se, durante a aplicação do produto educacional, discutir as teorias raciais, construídas no século XIX, a fim de identificar mudanças e permanências dessas representações nos dias atuais. Buscou-se, também, discutir o processo de exclusão social dos ex-escravos, que gerou implicações para os afro-brasileiros, a fim de esclarecer as causas da pobreza que afeta mais a negros do que a brancos. Para tanto, os alunos analisaram e discutiram as representações do negro no cinema nacional, com base em filmes realizados em diferentes períodos da História do Brasil, buscando superar as visões estereotipadas e discriminatórias dessas representações. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola pública de Londrina/Paraná, com uma turma de trinta e cinco estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio. De natureza qualitativa, nesta pesquisa-ação, os dados foram coletados mediante atividades escritas, orais e por meio de videogravação das aulas. Para a elaboração dos planos de aula que compuseram a sequência didática, foram selecionados como documentos o quadro Redenção de Cã (1895), a música A favela vai abaixo (1928) e quatro filmes, sendo eles: O Despertar da Redentora (1942), um trecho de Orfeu do Carnaval (1959), um trecho de Rio Babilônia (1982) e o filme Besouro (2009). Antes da elaboração dos planos de aula, foi necessário revisar a literatura sobre as especificidades linguísticas desses documentos, para a elaboração do material didático em questão. A preparação dos planos de aula partiu do seguinte problema: como as sequências didáticas de História, desenvolvidas com base em diferentes linguagens, podem contribuir para a desconstrução do preconceito racial no ambiente escolar? O fulcro das atividades, portanto, foi desvelar as origens do racismo e as estereotipias sobre o negro, aprimorar o olhar crítico dos estudantes sobre os discursos fílmicos e promover a discussão e a leitura histórico-social da contribuição dos negros para a cultura brasileira. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram observar o quanto é produtivo para a aprendizagem trabalhar de forma problematizada e com diferentes fontes, estabelecendo uma relação entre presente e passado. Os estudantes puderam identificar as permanências de teorias racistas, construídas ontem, nos dias atuais, estabeleceram relações entre a exclusão social dos escravos e as causas da pobreza no Brasil. Foram também capazes de identificar, de modo geral, os arquétipos pelos quais o negro é representado no cinema nacional, identificando também uma valorização da apresentação do negro e da sua cultura no filme Besouro. / This work aims to present the production and application of a didactic sequence as educational product for knowledge appropriation of both teachers and students on ethnic-racial relations in Brazil, happening while teaching History. The concepts of representation, appropriation and cultural practices of the New History were used as guidelines for the construction of this analysis. With regard to the issue about the representations of black people, it was sought, during the implementation of the educational product, to discuss the racial theories built in the nineteenth century in order to identify changes and continuities of these representations nowadays, as well as the social exclusion process of former slaves and its implications for Afro-Brazilians today, in order to clarify the causes of poverty that affects more black than white people; analyzing and discussing the representations of black people in the Brazilian cinema from films made in different periods of the Brazilian History, seeking to overcome the stereotypical and discriminatory views of these representations. The research was conducted in a public school in Londrina / Paraná, with a group of thirty-five students of the third year of high school. Being of qualitative nature, in this action-research data were collected through written and oral activities and video recording of classes. For the elaboration of the lesson plans that composed the didactic sequence, the painting Redenção de Cã (1895), the song “A favela vai abaixo” (1928) and four movies, namely: “O Despertar da Redentora” (1942), a section of “Orfeu do Carnaval” (1959), and “Rio Babilônia” (1982) and the movie “Besouro” (2009) were selected. Before the elaboration of the lesson plans, it was necessary to review the literature on linguistic specificities of these documents, to the elaboration of involved didactic material. The elaboration of the lesson plans came up from the following issue: How can didactic sequences of history, developed from different languages, contribute to the deconstruction of racial prejudice in school environment? The focus of activities was therefore uncovering the origins of racism and stereotypes about black people, improving the critical view of the students about the filmic discourse and promoting discussion and the socio-historical reading of black people´s contribution to Brazilian culture. The results of the research allowed observing how productive the work with different sources by a problematizing way is to the learning process, establishing a relationship between present and past. So, the students were able to identify permanence of racist theories built yesterday, nowadays. They established relationships between social exclusion of slaves and the causes of poverty in Brazil; and they were able to identify, in general, the archetypes by which black people are placed in the national cinema, also identifying an appreciation of the representation of black people and their culture in the movie Beetle.

Acompanha: Ensinando história: produção de uma sequência didática sobre as representações do negro no Brasil / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal apresentar a produção e a aplicação de uma sequência didática como produto educacional, para a apropriação do conhecimento de professores e de estudantes sobre as relações étnico-raciais no Brasil, no ensino de História. Os conceitos de representação, apropriação e práticas culturais da Nova História balizaram a construção deste objeto de análise. No que diz respeito às representações do negro, buscou-se, durante a aplicação do produto educacional, discutir as teorias raciais, construídas no século XIX, a fim de identificar mudanças e permanências dessas representações nos dias atuais. Buscou-se, também, discutir o processo de exclusão social dos ex-escravos, que gerou implicações para os afro-brasileiros, a fim de esclarecer as causas da pobreza que afeta mais a negros do que a brancos. Para tanto, os alunos analisaram e discutiram as representações do negro no cinema nacional, com base em filmes realizados em diferentes períodos da História do Brasil, buscando superar as visões estereotipadas e discriminatórias dessas representações. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola pública de Londrina/Paraná, com uma turma de trinta e cinco estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio. De natureza qualitativa, nesta pesquisa-ação, os dados foram coletados mediante atividades escritas, orais e por meio de videogravação das aulas. Para a elaboração dos planos de aula que compuseram a sequência didática, foram selecionados como documentos o quadro Redenção de Cã (1895), a música A favela vai abaixo (1928) e quatro filmes, sendo eles: O Despertar da Redentora (1942), um trecho de Orfeu do Carnaval (1959), um trecho de Rio Babilônia (1982) e o filme Besouro (2009). Antes da elaboração dos planos de aula, foi necessário revisar a literatura sobre as especificidades linguísticas desses documentos, para a elaboração do material didático em questão. A preparação dos planos de aula partiu do seguinte problema: como as sequências didáticas de História, desenvolvidas com base em diferentes linguagens, podem contribuir para a desconstrução do preconceito racial no ambiente escolar? O fulcro das atividades, portanto, foi desvelar as origens do racismo e as estereotipias sobre o negro, aprimorar o olhar crítico dos estudantes sobre os discursos fílmicos e promover a discussão e a leitura histórico-social da contribuição dos negros para a cultura brasileira. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram observar o quanto é produtivo para a aprendizagem trabalhar de forma problematizada e com diferentes fontes, estabelecendo uma relação entre presente e passado. Os estudantes puderam identificar as permanências de teorias racistas, construídas ontem, nos dias atuais, estabeleceram relações entre a exclusão social dos escravos e as causas da pobreza no Brasil. Foram também capazes de identificar, de modo geral, os arquétipos pelos quais o negro é representado no cinema nacional, identificando também uma valorização da apresentação do negro e da sua cultura no filme Besouro. / This work aims to present the production and application of a didactic sequence as educational product for knowledge appropriation of both teachers and students on ethnic-racial relations in Brazil, happening while teaching History. The concepts of representation, appropriation and cultural practices of the New History were used as guidelines for the construction of this analysis. With regard to the issue about the representations of black people, it was sought, during the implementation of the educational product, to discuss the racial theories built in the nineteenth century in order to identify changes and continuities of these representations nowadays, as well as the social exclusion process of former slaves and its implications for Afro-Brazilians today, in order to clarify the causes of poverty that affects more black than white people; analyzing and discussing the representations of black people in the Brazilian cinema from films made in different periods of the Brazilian History, seeking to overcome the stereotypical and discriminatory views of these representations. The research was conducted in a public school in Londrina / Paraná, with a group of thirty-five students of the third year of high school. Being of qualitative nature, in this action-research data were collected through written and oral activities and video recording of classes. For the elaboration of the lesson plans that composed the didactic sequence, the painting Redenção de Cã (1895), the song “A favela vai abaixo” (1928) and four movies, namely: “O Despertar da Redentora” (1942), a section of “Orfeu do Carnaval” (1959), and “Rio Babilônia” (1982) and the movie “Besouro” (2009) were selected. Before the elaboration of the lesson plans, it was necessary to review the literature on linguistic specificities of these documents, to the elaboration of involved didactic material. The elaboration of the lesson plans came up from the following issue: How can didactic sequences of history, developed from different languages, contribute to the deconstruction of racial prejudice in school environment? The focus of activities was therefore uncovering the origins of racism and stereotypes about black people, improving the critical view of the students about the filmic discourse and promoting discussion and the socio-historical reading of black people´s contribution to Brazilian culture. The results of the research allowed observing how productive the work with different sources by a problematizing way is to the learning process, establishing a relationship between present and past. So, the students were able to identify permanence of racist theories built yesterday, nowadays. They established relationships between social exclusion of slaves and the causes of poverty in Brazil; and they were able to identify, in general, the archetypes by which black people are placed in the national cinema, also identifying an appreciation of the representation of black people and their culture in the movie Beetle.

Canada's continued forgetfulness concerning slavery here, and the nation-state's attempts to record only Canada's role as a place of sanctuary for escaping African-Americans, is part of the story of absenting blackness from its history. Rinaldo Walcott The fact that people of African descent have had a presence in Canada for over four hundred years is not well known within the Canadian mainstream. The fact that slavery existed as an institution in Canada is another fact that is not well known. Within the Canadian mainstream writing of African-Canadian history, Blacks most often appear in historical narratives around the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries, as American fugitives or refugees—either as escaping slaves or British Loyalists. Through the representative writing of the "the Black refugee," Canada is often constructed as a "Promised Land," a sanctuary or safe haven for Blacks, a place of refuge and redemption that does not speak to the complex history of slavery that existed well before the American exodus. Many Black Canadian writers and scholars argue that there is a price to be paid for this kind of representation. First, the absence of people of African descent in Canadian historical narratives, prior to the coming o f the American refugees, ignores the long presence of Blacks in Canada and the contributions that Blacks have made in the development of Canada. Second, in focusing on the American Loyalists and refugee slaves, Canadian writers and historians often construct Black Canadians as a homogenous, genderless group, ignoring the diversity within Canada's Black population and, in particular, the concerns of Black women. Finally, the mainstream representation of Canada as a 'safe haven' proves problematic for any critical discussion of racism in contemporary Canadian society, for notions of "Canada the good" and "America the evil" that arose from those crossings North still penetrate the Canadian mainstream today. This autobiocritical exploration examines the representation of the haven and offers alternative readings to contemporary mainstream writings of African-Canadian history. In part one, I track the appearance of Black Canadians, over the past fifty years, from 1949 to 2001, in a survey of mainstream and scholarly texts. Using the results of this survey, which does not see the appearance of Blacks in Canada until 1977, I examine how mainstream texts might use the works of Black writers to offer more critical and complex histories of Black Canadians and, in particular, Black women. In part two, I take up an analysis of George Elliott Clarke's Beatrice Chancy. Seen as a counter-narrative to mainstream writings of African-Canadian history, Clarke's work, which takes up the subject of slavery in early-nineteenth century Nova Scotia, presents an/Other kind of Loyalist story, one with a Black woman at its centre. In this discussion I examine how Clarke's poetic work subverts the national narrative, as he speaks to the diversity within blackness and the complexities in defining racial identities. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate