Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed in five groups with eight rats per group. Each group varied in dietary composition for fiber type and carbohydrate source. Groups one and two received oat fiber and either sucrose or corn starch as the carbohydrate source. Groups three and four received corn bran as the fiber source and either sucrose or corn starch as the carbohydrate source. Group five (considered the control group), received Purina standard rat chow. Analysis of variance showed only significant differences for food intake, and the control group had a significantly higher food intake. Weight gain, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels showed no significant differences.

Lam, Cheuk Kai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-173). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to Cholesterol and Its Related Diseases --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemistry of cholesterol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Physiological importance of cholesterol --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pathological effects of cholesterol --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Mechanism of atherosclerosis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cholesterol Homeostasis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Liver as the main organ for cholesterol metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Regulatory sites of cholesterol metabolism --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Regulation of cholesterol absorption by acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) as a transcription factor for 3 -hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Roles ofLDLR --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Rate limiting role of HMGR in cholesterol de novo synthesis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Roles of liver-X-receptor-a (LXR-a) in cholesterol catabolism --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.2.6 --- Roles of CYP7A1 in catabolism of cholesterol into bile acids --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.2.7 --- Roles of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) in maintaining cholesterol distribution in blood --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- EFFECT OF OCTADECAENOIC ACIDS ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IN HAMSTERS / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on blood cholesterol --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Differential effects of 18-C PUFAs on lowering blood cholesterol in vivo --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Structures, metabolism and conjugation of octadecaenoic acids (ODA)" --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- Experiment 1 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials and methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Experimental fatty acids --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.1 --- Isolation of LN from flaxseed --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.2 --- Isolation of CLN from tung seed --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Diets --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Plasma lipid measurements --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Plasma CETP activity measurement --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1.6 --- "Measurement of liver SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR and CYP7A1 protein abundance by Western blotting" --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1.7 --- "Measurement of hepatic SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, LXR, CYP7A1, CETP, SR-B1 and LCAT mRNA by real time PCR" --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1.7.1 --- Extraction of mRNA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1.1.2 --- Complementary DNA synthesis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1.7.3 --- Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) anaylsis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1.8 --- Determination of cholesterol in liver --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.1.9 --- Determination of fecal neutral and acidic sterols --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1.9.1 --- Determination of fecal neutral sterols --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.9.2 --- Determination of fecal acidic sterols --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.1.10 --- Statistics --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Growth and food intake --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Organ weights --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- "Effects of ODA on serum TC, TG and HDL-C" --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Effect of ODA on liver cholesterol --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Effect of ODA on fecal neutral sterol output --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Effect of ODA on fecal acidic sterol output --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.7 --- Effect of ODA on cholesterol balance in hamsters --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.8 --- Effect of ODA on plasma CETP activity --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.9 --- Correlation between blood TC and liver cholesterol --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.10 --- Correlation between blood HDL-C and liver cholesterol --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.11 --- Correlation between blood nHDL/HDL ratio and liver cholesterol --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.2.12 --- Effect ofODA on liver SREBP-2 immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.13 --- Effect of ODA on liver LDLR immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.14 --- Effect of ODA on liver HMGR immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.15 --- Effect of ODA on liver LXR immunoreactive mass --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.2.16 --- Effect of ODA on liver CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass --- p.63 / Chapter 2.2.2.17 --- Effects ofODA on hepatic CETP mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2.18 --- Effects of ODA on hepatic LDLR mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2.19 --- Effects of ODA on hepatic LXR mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.2.20 --- Effects of ODA on hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experiment 2 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Experimental diets --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Animals --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity measurement --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.1.3.1 --- Preparation of intestinal microsome --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3.1.3.2 --- ACAT activity assay --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Results --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Growth and food intake --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Organ weights --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- "Effect of ODA on serum TC, TG and HDL-C" --- p.73 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Effect of ODA feeding on fecal neutral sterol content --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Effect of ODA feeding on fecal acidic sterol content --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.2.6 --- Effect of ODA feeding on intestinal acyl coenzyme A: acyl cholesterol transferase (ACAT) activity --- p.77 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.81 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- EFFECT OF OCTADECAENOIC ACIDS ON CHOLESTEROL-REGULATING GENES IN HepG2 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- HepG2 as a model of cholesterol regulation --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cholesterol regulating genes in cultured cells --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Objectives --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Measurement of SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR and CYP7A1 protein abundance by Western blotting" --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Measurement of cellular SREBP-2, LDLR, HMGR, LXR, CYP7A1 and CETP mRNA by real time PCR" --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistics --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 SREBP-2 immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 HMGR immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 LDLR immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 LXR immunoreactive mass --- p.95 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of ODA on HepG2 CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 SREBP-2 mRNA expression --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 SREBP-2 mRNA expression --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 LDLR mRNA expression --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 LXR mRNA expression --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.10 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 CYP7A1 mRNA expression --- p.106 / Chapter 3.3.11 --- Effect of ODA supplementation on HepG2 CETP mRNA expression --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- EFFECT OF APPLE POLYPHENOLS ON BLOOD CHOLESTEROL IN HAMSTERS / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Apple is a commonly consumed fruit worldwide --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Potential health effects of apples --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Abundance of polyphenols in apple --- p.115 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Fuji variety of apple --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Objectives --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Isolation of AP --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Characterization of AP extract --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of AP on CETP activity in vitro --- p.118 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of AP on blood cholesterol in hamsters --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Animals --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Diets --- p.120 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Plasma lipids measurement --- p.121 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Plasma CETP activity measurement and immunoreactive mass by Western blotting --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.4.5 --- "Measurement of liver SREBP-2, LDL-R, HMG-R and CYP7A1 protein abundance by Western blotting" --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2.4.6 --- Statistics --- p.124 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Polyphenol content in AP --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of AP on CETP activity in vitro --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Growth and food intake --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Organ weights --- p.128 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of AP supplementation on the plasma lipid profile of hamsters --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of AP feeding on plasma CETP activity of the hamsters --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- Effect of AP on plasma CETP immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.8 --- Effect of AP on liver SREBP-2 immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.9 --- Effect of AP on liver LDLR immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.10 --- Effect of AP on liver HMGR immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.11 --- Effect of AP on liver CYP7A1 immunoreactive mass --- p.134 / Chapter 4.3.12 --- Effect of AP on liver cholesterol level --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.142 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.145 / REFERENCES --- p.148

Thesis (M.Sc. (Medical Sciences)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Microalbuminuria (MA) is considered to be a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cross sectional studies have indicated that microalbuminuria is also associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and low grade inflammation. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of microalbuminuria with serum lipids [Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol (LDL-C), Lipoprotein a (Lp (a)] and inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6)] in a rural black population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site and quantitative methods were used. The present study is part of a study titled “Prevention, control and integrated management of chronic diseases in a rural area, South Africa” conducted in the Department of Medical Sciences, University of Limpopo. In the above study blood samples were collected from 816 people aged 15 years and above. For the present study participants with HIV, macroalbuminuria, creatinine ≥170 μmol/land diabetes mellitus were excluded from the 816 people. Six hundred and two (602) participants fitted the inclusion criteria of the present study. Of the 602 participants 255 were men and 377 were women. From these participants, creatinine and albumin concentrations were measured in a morning spot urine sample and the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using OMRON M5-I. Serum lipids (TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C) and glucose were determined using ILAB 300 plus. Lp (a) and hs-CRP were determined using IMMAGE 800 Immunochemistry System. Insulin and IL-6 were determined using ACCESS 2 Chemistry System. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0. Statistical tests used included Student T-test, ANCOVA, ANOVA, linear regression and logistic regression. Results: The levels of serum lipids and inflammatory markers in this study were similar in participants with and without microalbuminuria. In a linear regression model TG was the only lipid vi | P a g e parameter found to be associated with microalbuminuria (p = 0.018). Inflammatory markers were not associated with microalbuminuria. In a logistic regression model CRP and HDL-C showed negative association with microalbuminuria in men while in women no association was found. However men with a high CRP and a high TG were found to be more likely to have microalbuminuria (p = 0.007). Conclusion: A linear positive association was observed between microalbuminuria and TG in men and in women. The OR of having microalbuminuria was lower in participants with a high CRP, low HDL-C or in women with a high glucose. Women with a low HDL-C had higher OR of having MA and men with a high CRP and a high TG were found to be more likely to have microalbuminuria.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemical Pathology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Objectives The present study investigated how the serum lipids responded to a high-fat meal in black South African subjects with different APOE genotypes, a population that until recently was reported to be consuming a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Methods Sixty students (males and females) of the University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus were successfully genotyped using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and grouped into four APOE genotype groups; ε2, ε2/ε4, ε3 and ε4. Only thirty-three subjects volunteered to participate in the oral fat-tolerance test (OFTT), but two were excluded for having abnormal total cholesterol (6.05 mmol/l) and LDL cholesterol (3.12 mmol/l) so only 31 subjects were left. The numbers per group were ε2=5, ε2/ε4=8, ε3=9 and ε4=9. After an overnight fast blood was drawn for measurements of baseline serum parameters. Subjects were administered a high fat meal 30 minutes after the baseline blood sample was drawn. Blood was drawn at intervals of 20, 40, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes for measurements of postprandial serum parameter levels. Serum parameters measured were triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and insulin. Results Mean levels of serum lipids at baseline in mmol/l were as follows; group 1[TG=0.69(0.55-0.81), TCHOL=3.10±0.29, HDL-C=1.12±0.32, LDLC= 1.67±0.28]; group 2 [TG=0.61(0.53-1.00), TCHOL=2.98±0.53, HDLC= 1.20±0.37, LDL-C=1.43±0.37]; group 3 [TG=0.67(0.28-0.86), TCHOL=2.96±0.54, HDL-C=1.22±0.30, LDL-C=1.46±0.47]; group 4 [TG=0.76(0.51-1.16), TCHOL=3.27±0.51, HDL-C=1.12±0.17, LDLC= 1.79±0.47]. There was no significant difference in the mean levels of baseline triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ix high density lipoprotein cholesterol between the APOE groups hence no significant difference in the response to a fatty meal. Conclusions There was no significant change in serum lipid concentrations after a fatty meal in individuals with different APOE genotypes in a population that consume a traditional diet of low fat and high carbohydrates. Due to the small sample size, the results should be interpreted with caution. A larger study is recommended to ascertain the role of APOE genotypes on serum lipid response to a fatty meal in Black South African population.

The relationships of serum cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking with certain chronic diseases were investigated in a prospective study among more than 9,000 middle-aged adults in urban Shanghai. At baseline, the mean serum cholesterol was 4.2 mmol/l, 14 per cent of the participants had definite hypertension, and 61 per cent of males and 7 per cent of females were regular smokers. During 8-13 years of follow-up, 620 deaths were recorded. 231 (37%) of the deaths were ascribed to cardiovascular disease, including 44 (7%) from CHD and 152 (25%) from stroke. Cancer caused 274 deaths (44%), of which 66 deaths (11%) were from lung cancer, 63 (10%) from stomach cancer and 54 deaths (9%) from liver cancer. Other causes accounted for 115 deaths (19%), 29 (5%) of which were from chronic liver disease, and 31 (5%) from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study, there was a strong positive and apparently independent relationship of serum cholesterol level to CHD death (z=3.47, 2P<0.001). Within the range of usual serum cholesterol studied (about 3.8-4.7 mmol/l), there was no evidence of any apparent "threshold". After appropriate adjustment for the "regression dilution" bias, a 4% difference in usual cholesterol was associated with a 21% (95% confidence interval 9-35%) difference in the risk of CHD death. There was no significant relationship of serum cholesterol with total stroke mortality, or with total cancer mortality. The 79 deaths due to liver cancer or other chronic liver diseases were inversely related to cholesterol concentration at baseline. This inverse association appears to be secondary to prolonged hepatitis B virus infection, which accounts for most of the deaths from liver disease in China and which chronically lowers blood cholesterol. There was a strong positive relationship between blood pressure and risk of death from stroke and CHD. Within the range of usual blood pressure studied (SBP: 117-161 mmHg; DBP:75-101 mmHg), there was no evidence of any apparent threshold. After appropriate adjustment for the "regression dilution" bias, a 10 mmHg difference in usual SBP was associated with a 67% (95% Cl 52-83%) difference in the risk of stroke deaths, and with a 44% (95% confidence interval 21- 73%) difference in the risk of CHD death; a 7 mmHg difference in usual DBP was associated with a 124% (95% Cl 96-155%) difference in the risk of stroke deaths, and with a 58% (95% Cl 22-105%) difference in the risk of CHD deaths. Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with deaths from any disease. There was a strong positive relationship between cigarette smoking and risk of all cancer deaths, and specifically cancer of the lung and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. The relative risk of lung cancer for a current smoker was 3.5 (95% Cl 1.8-7.0; 2P<0.001), and among the male population 63% of lung cancers were directly attributed to the smoking. The relative risk of upper aero-digestive cancer death for regular smokers was 3.4 (95% Cl 1.1-10.5; 2P<0.05). The risk of chronic obstructive lung disease was also significantly related to smoking, with a relative risk in a smoker of 2.2 (95% Cl 1.1-4.4; 2P<0.05). In the present population, smokers had a 60% excess risk of deaths from total stroke compared with nonsmokers (z=2.40, 2P<0.05).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_cg_me_arafcf.pdf: 1008854 bytes, checksum: 28a1c2125034fb28814f133b659e1b14 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ingestão regular do suco de laranja de polpa vermelha sobre alguns fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares em indivíduos adultos residentes nos municípios de Araraquara (SP) e Matão (SP). A variedade das laranjas de polpa vermelha é também conhecida como laranja sanguínea de Mombuca, e sua coloração é devida à presença de carotenóides, especialmente beta-caroteno e licopeno. Participaram deste estudo 19 homens e 16 mulheres que receberam 750 mL/dia de suco de laranja vermelha pasteurizado durante 8 semanas. As variáveis antropométricas utilizadas foram: peso, altura, dobras cutâneas do tríceps, bíceps, subescapular e suprailíaca e circunferência da cintura. Para a avaliação bioquímica foram realizadas dosagens de colesterol total, colesterol de HDL, apolipoproteínas A1 e B, proteína C reativa, homocisteína, triglicérides e glicemia. Para a avaliação hemodinâmica foram verificadas a pressão arterial sistólica e a diastólica, e para a avaliação dietética foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas antes e após o consumo de suco de laranja vermelha. Os resultados mostraram que o colesterol total foi reduzido em 9% entre os participantes que consumiram o suco de laranja vermelha, o colesterol de LDL em 11%, a apolipoproteína B em 5% e a proteína C reativa em 49%. A pressão arterial sistólica foi reduzida em 4% entre os participantes eutróficos e a pressão diastólica foi reduzida em 4% entre os participantes com excesso de peso. Não houve diminuição significativa das variáveis antropométricas. O consumo do suco de laranja vermelha aumentou em 907% a ingestão de vitamina C e 145% a ingestão de folato das mulheres, e 1130% de vitamina C e 123% de folato dos homens. A ingestão regular de suco de laranja vermelha apresentou... / This study had as objective investigates the regular ingestion of the red orange juice over risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease in adults residents in the cities of Araraquara (SP) and Matão (SP). The variety of red pulp orange is also known as Mombuca blood orange, and its color is due to the carotenoids, especially from beta-carotene and lycopene. The study included 19 men and 16 women, which received 750 mL/d of pasteurized red orange juice during 8 weeks. It was evaluated in all subjects: weigh, height, skin folds (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac), waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Biochemical parameters were accomplished for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1 and B, C reactive protein, homocysteine, triglycerides and glucose. For hemodynamic assessment were observed systolic and diastolic blood pressure and dietary evaluation was estimated using 24h food record. All evaluations were accomplished before and after consumption of red orange juice. The results showed that the consumers of red orange juice decreased total cholesterol by 9%, LDLcholesterol by 11%, apo B by 5% and the C reactive protein by 49%. Systolic blood pressure was reduced 4% among eutrophic participants and the diastolic blood pressure reduced 4% among the pre-obese participants. There was no significant reduction on anthropometric variables. Consumption of red orange juice increased 10 folds the intake of vitamin C and double the intake of folate for all volunteers. Regular consumption of red orange juice has shown hypolipidemic and hypotensive properties, while both juices, from the red and yellow oranges, have shown antiinflammatory effects

Orientador: Thais Borges César / Banca: Magali C. Monteiro da Silva / Banca: Lívia Gussoni Basile / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ingestão regular do suco de laranja de polpa vermelha sobre alguns fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares em indivíduos adultos residentes nos municípios de Araraquara (SP) e Matão (SP). A variedade das laranjas de polpa vermelha é também conhecida como laranja sanguínea de Mombuca, e sua coloração é devida à presença de carotenóides, especialmente beta-caroteno e licopeno. Participaram deste estudo 19 homens e 16 mulheres que receberam 750 mL/dia de suco de laranja vermelha pasteurizado durante 8 semanas. As variáveis antropométricas utilizadas foram: peso, altura, dobras cutâneas do tríceps, bíceps, subescapular e suprailíaca e circunferência da cintura. Para a avaliação bioquímica foram realizadas dosagens de colesterol total, colesterol de HDL, apolipoproteínas A1 e B, proteína C reativa, homocisteína, triglicérides e glicemia. Para a avaliação hemodinâmica foram verificadas a pressão arterial sistólica e a diastólica, e para a avaliação dietética foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas antes e após o consumo de suco de laranja vermelha. Os resultados mostraram que o colesterol total foi reduzido em 9% entre os participantes que consumiram o suco de laranja vermelha, o colesterol de LDL em 11%, a apolipoproteína B em 5% e a proteína C reativa em 49%. A pressão arterial sistólica foi reduzida em 4% entre os participantes eutróficos e a pressão diastólica foi reduzida em 4% entre os participantes com excesso de peso. Não houve diminuição significativa das variáveis antropométricas. O consumo do suco de laranja vermelha aumentou em 907% a ingestão de vitamina C e 145% a ingestão de folato das mulheres, e 1130% de vitamina C e 123% de folato dos homens. A ingestão regular de suco de laranja vermelha apresentou... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study had as objective investigates the regular ingestion of the red orange juice over risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease in adults residents in the cities of Araraquara (SP) and Matão (SP). The variety of red pulp orange is also known as Mombuca blood orange, and its color is due to the carotenoids, especially from beta-carotene and lycopene. The study included 19 men and 16 women, which received 750 mL/d of pasteurized red orange juice during 8 weeks. It was evaluated in all subjects: weigh, height, skin folds (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac), waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Biochemical parameters were accomplished for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A1 and B, C reactive protein, homocysteine, triglycerides and glucose. For hemodynamic assessment were observed systolic and diastolic blood pressure and dietary evaluation was estimated using 24h food record. All evaluations were accomplished before and after consumption of red orange juice. The results showed that the consumers of red orange juice decreased total cholesterol by 9%, LDLcholesterol by 11%, apo B by 5% and the C reactive protein by 49%. Systolic blood pressure was reduced 4% among eutrophic participants and the diastolic blood pressure reduced 4% among the pre-obese participants. There was no significant reduction on anthropometric variables. Consumption of red orange juice increased 10 folds the intake of vitamin C and double the intake of folate for all volunteers. Regular consumption of red orange juice has shown hypolipidemic and hypotensive properties, while both juices, from the red and yellow oranges, have shown antiinflammatory effects / Mestre

Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries and is defined as a form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty lesions called atheromatous plaques form on the intima of arteries. The formation of these plaques begins early, within the first two decades of life, and may be started by damage to the endothelial cells and intima of the artery walls (Guyton, 1981). A number of factors may cause the initial damage, including physical abrasion of the endothelium, abnormal substances in the blood or pulsating arterial pressure on the vessel wall (Guyton, 1981). There is a growing body of epidemiologic, genetic, experimental, and clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a cause and effect relationship between high blood levels of cholesterol and the development of atherosclerosis in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of exercise and diet in predicting the total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio in college age males and females. Variables controlled for included age, gender, smoking, medication use, contraceptive use, hormone use and intense physical activity.

One hundred and seventy male and female volunteers employed at Hubbell Lighting Inc., Christiansburg, Virginia were studied to determine the effectiveness of two alternative educational strategies for lowering elevated blood cholesterol by modifying the diet. Initially three hundred and twenty-eight employees were weighed and tested for elevated total blood cholesterol via a finger-stick procedure using a Reflotron. Two hundred of these employees had elevated total blood cholesterol readings (2: 200 mg/dl) and were invited to participate in the study. The one hundred and seventy employees who consented to participate were divided into plant and office populations and then each of these two subpopulations was then randomized by sex into one of three experimental groups: individuals receiving worksite classes, those who received information on diet and blood cholesterol mailed to their homes, or a control group. Prior to the baseline blood cholesterol test, subjects completed and returned a pre-test questionnaire used to obtain demographic data and assess baseline knowledge, dietary practices and health-relevant attitudes such as self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility to heart disease, and perceived social support. Subjects also completed a three-day food record on the first and eighth week of the study as well as a post-test questionnaire identical to the pre-test questionnaire prior to the second blood cholesterol test which was performed during the tenth week of the study. No significant differences were observed over the experimental period in body weight. knowledge, dietary practices, and health relevant attitudes. Significant differences were observed for the dependent measure of change in blood cholesterol with a group and education level effect identified between subjects receiving worksite classes vs. the control group (p = .0284**) and subjects with only a grade school level education vs. all other education levels (p = .0021 **). Overall. subjects reduced total blood cholesterol levels by 18 mg/dl or 9% with the mean reduction for white and blue-collar groups receiving worksite classes (23 mg/dl or 11% and 19 mg/dl or 9%) significantly greater than the mean reduction for the control groups (13 mg/dl or 6% and 14 mg/dl or 7%). Subjects with only a grade school education reduced their cholesterol levels more than subjects at all other educational levels. The mean reduction in blood cholesterol for subjects receiving information mailed to the home about diet and blood cholesterol was less than the mean reduction for subjects in groups receiving the worksite classes. However. ANOV A revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between these two groups. Since, the mailed home approach is less costly for the employer, these findings suggest that while the two educational interventions may be similar in terms of effectiveness, the mailed home approach is more cost-effective. / Master of Science

Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC and HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C ratio were compared in 30 adult male recreational swimmers and 21 sedentary controls. Percentage of body fat, number of cigarettes smoked daily, and daily alcohol consumption were assessed for both groups. Maximum workout heartrate, weekly swim duration and weekly swim distance of the swimmers were also measured. Maximum workout heartrate (mean ± S. D. ) was 140 ± 24 beats per minute . Mean weekly swim duration was 142 ± 84 minutes, and mean weekly swim distance was 5317 ± 3217 yards. Swimmers and controls were nonsignificantly different in age, number of cigarettes smoked daily, and percent body fat. In this sample, the swimmers consumed significantly higher levels of alcohol than the non-swimmers. TC and HDL-C concentrations of swimmers were not significantly different than controls, (204 vs 199 mg/dl, and 48 vs 47 mg/dl, respectively). TC/HDL-C ratio of swimmers was 4.69, while that of controls was 4.65. This study showed that adult male recreational swimmers who train at low intensity do not differ significantly in total and HDL-C or TC/HDL-C ratio from male sedentary controls. / M.S.