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O quelônio Phrynops geoffroanus aparece freqüentemente associado a cursos d\'água poluídos, sem que, no entanto, sejam conhecidos aspectos que descrevam sua atividade imune celular frente situações adversas (efeitos antrópicos). A citometria de fluxo permite mensurar características estruturais e imunológicas de células em suspensão submetidas a um fluxo contínuo, sendo capaz de analisar inúmeros tipos celulares. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida metodologia para estudar e avaliar a função celular de leucócitos sangüíneos do Phrynops geoffroanus através da fagocitose e burst oxidativo espontâneo e induzido utilizando a citometria de fluxo. Para definir a metodologia foram utilizadas 86 amostras sangüíneas de Phrynops geoffroanus encontrados em ambientes antrópicos do rio Piracicaba, ribeirão Piracicamirim e Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo como grupo de comparação. Estes resultados foram complementados pelo perfil hematológico. O processamento incluiu transporte e conservação das amostras em RPMI 1640 Gibco® para posterior utilização de Ficoll-PaqueTM PLUS como agente separador entre leucócitos e hemácias, utilizando-se centrifugações refrigeradas (18°C) com acelerações e desacelerações graduais. Amostras com porcentagens de viabilidade inferiores a 90 % não foram utilizadas na realização dos estímulos: Zymosan A (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Bio Particles®, Alexa Fluor® 594 conjugate para induzir fagocitose e miristato acetato de phorbol (PMA) e Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Zymosan) na indução do burst oxidativo. Condições ambientais, espécie específica e da metodologia da citometria de fluxo determinaram uma melhor resposta para realização da fagocitose em comparação com o burst oxidativo dos leucócitos aqui avaliados. / The freshwater turtle Phrynops geoffroanus is frequently associated with polluted waters; however, the aspects that describe the cellular immune activity against adverse situations (anthropogenic effects) are still unknown. Flow cytometry allows us to measure and analyze the characteristics of the suspended cells when submitted to a continuous flow; it is capable of analyzing a number of different types of cells. In this study, it designed a methodology in order to study and evaluate the cellular function of blood leucocytes, through phagocytosis and spontaneous or induced oxidative bursts, using flow cytometry. This methodology, was designed with 86 blood samples, collected from Phrynops geoffroanus in anthropogenic environments of the river Piracicaba and its tributary Piracicamirim and the Sao Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, as a comparison group, all in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. These results were complemented with the blood profile. The samples were stored in RPMI 1640 Gibco®, medium for transportation. Initially, it was used Ficoll-PaqueTM PLUS, as a separator of leucocytes and red blood cells. Later the samples were centrifuged at 18°C, with gradual break and speed. Samples with viability percentage under 90% were not used. The agents used for stimulation were Zymosan A (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Bio Particles®, Alexa Fluor® 594 conjugate to induce phagocytosis and phorbol miristate-acetate (PMA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Zymosan) to induce oxidative burst. Environmental, species-specific and cytometric methodology conditions determined a better response for the occurrence of phagocytosis in comparison with oxidative burst of the leucocytes analyzed.

O quelônio Phrynops geoffroanus aparece freqüentemente associado a cursos d\'água poluídos, sem que, no entanto, sejam conhecidos aspectos que descrevam sua atividade imune celular frente situações adversas (efeitos antrópicos). A citometria de fluxo permite mensurar características estruturais e imunológicas de células em suspensão submetidas a um fluxo contínuo, sendo capaz de analisar inúmeros tipos celulares. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida metodologia para estudar e avaliar a função celular de leucócitos sangüíneos do Phrynops geoffroanus através da fagocitose e burst oxidativo espontâneo e induzido utilizando a citometria de fluxo. Para definir a metodologia foram utilizadas 86 amostras sangüíneas de Phrynops geoffroanus encontrados em ambientes antrópicos do rio Piracicaba, ribeirão Piracicamirim e Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo como grupo de comparação. Estes resultados foram complementados pelo perfil hematológico. O processamento incluiu transporte e conservação das amostras em RPMI 1640 Gibco® para posterior utilização de Ficoll-PaqueTM PLUS como agente separador entre leucócitos e hemácias, utilizando-se centrifugações refrigeradas (18°C) com acelerações e desacelerações graduais. Amostras com porcentagens de viabilidade inferiores a 90 % não foram utilizadas na realização dos estímulos: Zymosan A (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Bio Particles®, Alexa Fluor® 594 conjugate para induzir fagocitose e miristato acetato de phorbol (PMA) e Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Zymosan) na indução do burst oxidativo. Condições ambientais, espécie específica e da metodologia da citometria de fluxo determinaram uma melhor resposta para realização da fagocitose em comparação com o burst oxidativo dos leucócitos aqui avaliados. / The freshwater turtle Phrynops geoffroanus is frequently associated with polluted waters; however, the aspects that describe the cellular immune activity against adverse situations (anthropogenic effects) are still unknown. Flow cytometry allows us to measure and analyze the characteristics of the suspended cells when submitted to a continuous flow; it is capable of analyzing a number of different types of cells. In this study, it designed a methodology in order to study and evaluate the cellular function of blood leucocytes, through phagocytosis and spontaneous or induced oxidative bursts, using flow cytometry. This methodology, was designed with 86 blood samples, collected from Phrynops geoffroanus in anthropogenic environments of the river Piracicaba and its tributary Piracicamirim and the Sao Paulo Zoological Park Foundation, as a comparison group, all in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. These results were complemented with the blood profile. The samples were stored in RPMI 1640 Gibco®, medium for transportation. Initially, it was used Ficoll-PaqueTM PLUS, as a separator of leucocytes and red blood cells. Later the samples were centrifuged at 18°C, with gradual break and speed. Samples with viability percentage under 90% were not used. The agents used for stimulation were Zymosan A (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Bio Particles®, Alexa Fluor® 594 conjugate to induce phagocytosis and phorbol miristate-acetate (PMA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Zymosan) to induce oxidative burst. Environmental, species-specific and cytometric methodology conditions determined a better response for the occurrence of phagocytosis in comparison with oxidative burst of the leucocytes analyzed.

Tous les patients de soins intensifs reçoivent des solutés cristalloïdes. Ils sont souvent dans un état inflammatoire sévère. Parmi ces solutés cristalloïdes, le Normal Salin (NS) a des concentrations élevées en chlorure et en sodium ce qui a été associé à divers effets immuno-activateurs. Nous visons à évaluer l’effet des différents solutés sur les cellules immunitaires de sujets sains et sur un modèle d’inflammation aiguë sur sang total. Dans cette étude de type chassé-croisé, 11 sujets sains ont été recrutés pour recevoir 1L de chaque soluté. Grâce aux prélèvements sanguins pris en pré et post-infusion, nous évaluons le phénotype des leucocytes par cytométrie en flux et les cytokines plasmatiques par multiplex. Les tests ex vivo sont faits en exposant du sang total aux solutés suite à une stimulation au LPS. Notre étude suggère une diminution de l’activation des neutrophiles par le LR et le PL par rapport au NS. On constate aussi une augmentation des monocytes totaux et classiques circulants suite au NS. Le NS augmente les concentrations de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire Interleukine (IL)-17A et diminue certains facteurs anti-inflammatoires comme IL-10 et basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) par rapport aux deux autres solutés. Ex vivo, l’ajout de NS augmente l'activation des monocytes par rapport au LPS seul par rapport au LR et au PL. Le PL diminue aussi l’activation précoce des lymphocytes T. Nos résultats suggèrent que le NS a un effet plus immunoactivateur que les 2 autres solutés. Une meilleure compréhension de ces effets pourrait mener à une utilisation personnalisée des cristalloïdes pour un retour plus efficace à l’homéostasie inflammatoire. / Intensive care unit patients' inflammatory status can switch from an early pro-inflammatory to a late anti-inflammatory phase, which favors infections. They can receive different crystalloids, either Normal Saline (NS), Ringer’s Lactate (RL) or Plasma-Lyte (PL). NS has high NaCl concentrations which has been associated with inflammatory effects on immune cells. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of these three different crystalloid fluids on immune cells in healthy subjects and on a whole blood model of acute inflammation. Using our comprehensive immunomonitoring platform, we assessed the immunological phenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and neutrophils in humans. 11 healthy subjects received a liter of NS, RL and PL in a randomized cross-over fashion. Blood samples were taken before and 6h later. PBMC and neutrophil phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry and cytokine concentrations were measured by a multiplex assay. Ex vivo assays were performed by exposing whole blood to the different crystalloids following a stimulation with LPS. Study of healthy subject’s PBMCs suggested that RL and PL reduced activation of neutrophils compared to NS. Total and classical monocytes were increased with NS compared to RL and PL. RL and PL also increase plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin (IL)-10 and pro-repair cytokine basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) compared to NS, while NS increased plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A. In whole blood assays, following LPS stimulation, NS increased monocytic activation compared to LR and PL. In T cells, PL decreased early activation. Conclusions: Our results suggest that crystalloids have different immune consequences with NS being more immune activating than RL and PL. A better understanding of their immune modulation could lead to personalization of their use according to the inflammatory status of patients to restore their immune homeostasis.