Diazoxide, a non-diuretic benzothiadiazlne antihypertensive agent, is thought to act directly upon the vascular smooth muscle of the resistance vessels to exert its therapeutic effects in hypertension. Diazoxide may exert its antihypertensive action by antagonizing calcium in vascular smooth muscle. Wohl et al. (1967 and 1968) have suggested such an interaction based on experiments conducted with isolated rabbit aortae. The present experiments were designed to investigate the possible cellular locus of the postulated interaction of diazoxide with calcium using the isolated anterior mesenteric vein of the rabbit as a model of vascular smooth muscle. This vein is spontaneously motile and possesses characteristics similar to those observed for vessels of the microcirculation. Diazoxide at 10ˉ⁴ M inhibited spontaneous motility and its associated membrane electrical activity, and caused hyperpolarization in rabbit anterior mesenteric veins examined with a sucrose gap apparatus. Diazoxide also inhibited spontaneous electrical and contractile activity in guinea-pig taenia coli and in estrogen dominated rabbit uterus. In all these tissues, calcium is believed to play an important role in spontaneous electrical membrane activity. Diazoxide failed to affect contractility, rate of spontaneous contractions, or action potential configurations in isolated rabbit heart, even though the action potential in heart tissues possesses a definite calcium current component. Diazoxide reduced contractions induced in the mesenteric vein by electrical stimulation of the smooth muscle itself or by excitation of the nerve endings within the vein. Various drugs were chosen for their ability to contract the mesenteric vein in different ways. Noradrenaline contracts vascular smooth muscle even when the tissue Is depolarized with ouabain Diazoxide failed to inhibit noradrenaline contractions in the depolarized vein, but showed the characteristics of a competitive inhibitor of noradrenaline in normally polarized veins. Diazoxide was also capable of inhibiting contractions to serotonin and procaine, agents which require membrane polarization to initiate contraction. The inhibitory effect of diazoxide was not observed to be modified in solutions containing high concentrations of calcium. Diazoxide was tested upon the contractile responses to calcium In veins depolarized in K⁺ Ringer solution. Examination of the resultant dose response curves showed that diazoxide inhibited calcium contractions ln a reversible, non surmountable manner. Hydrochlorothiazide had no effect upon calcium induced contractions. Diazoxide antagonizes drug induced contractions only if a polarized membrane is present. Calcium Induced contractions in depolarizing solutions were inhibited in an apparently Insurmountable manner, while drug responses in polarizing solutions were inhibited by diazoxide in a surmountable manner. In addition, action potentials from rabbit heart were unchanged whereas, the apparently calcium spike mediated electrical activity of certain smooth muscles is inhibited. It is concluded that diazoxide affects the membrane of vascular smooth muscle to reduce excitability of the tissue to drugs or electrical stimuli. It is possible that cell membrane bound calcium could be the locus of action of diazoxide and that this agent modifies membrane calcium to cause increased membrane stability. / Medicine, Faculty of / Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of / Graduate

It has been deduced from indirect evidence that significant adjustments of vascular resistance take place in the venous network when blood flow changes in a organ. In the following experiments, we attempted to test the hypotheses that changes in postcapillary resistance in skeletal muscle may be due to changes in venous diameter, changes in the number of venules with blood flow, and/or changes in the apparent viscosity of blood in venules. The hypotheses were tested by observing the response of cat sartorius muscle venules (7-200 μm diameter) during arterial pressure reduction and muscle contraction. There was no observable change in venular diameter during any of the above perturbations. There was a significant decrease in the already low normalized velocity of blood in venules from a mean of 13 sec⁻¹ under control conditions to 5 sec⁻¹ during arterial pressure reduction to 20 mm Hg. At very low pressures, the number of venules with blood flow decreased. Combining our findings with Lipowsky's (1975) in vivo viscometry data, it was predicted that resistance in venules would increase 100% as a result of increases in blood viscosity when blood flow was reduced 60%. During post-contraction hyperemia the normalized velocity of blood in venules increased from 16 sec⁻¹ to 38 sec⁻¹ and the number of venules with blood flow increased a modest amount. Combining our observations with Lipowsky's data, we predict that venular resistance would fall 54% when blood flow increased 250% If shear rate changes cause substantial changes in blood viscosity in venules as suggested by the findings cited above, hydrostatic pressure in the small venules should tend to remain relatively constant as flow is altered. To determine whether this is the case, pressures of venules were measured using the servo-null technique during arterial pressure reduction. Pressures in the larger venules were a linear function of blood pressure and blood flow with an intercept not significantly different from the systemic venous pressure. Pressures in the smallest venules studied (24 μm), however, were somewhat insensitive to alterations in blood pressure (intercept of 10.4 mm Hg) and blood flow (intercept of 13.2 mm Hg). The stability of pressure in 40 venules supports the hypothesis that variable blood viscosity maintains the pressure drop in the venous network and the capillary hydrostatic pressure somewhat constant during changes in blood flow.

published_or_final_version / Physiology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Pharmacology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine

published_or_final_version / abstract / Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Pharmacology and Pharmacy / Master / Master of Philosophy

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