No description available.

Marburg, Universität, Thesis (doctoral), 2002.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption of sixth and seventh graders (ages 11 to 13) and its effect on BMI. The variables that the researcher examined were the types and amounts of sugarsweetened beverages consumed, and gender in children attending a Region 10 middle school in Burlington, Connecticut. There were six hypotheses examined in this study. The sample consisted of 61 subjects attending Har-Bur Middle School in Burlington, CT. The current investigator modified the Block Kids Food Frequency Questionnaire (Appendix D) by adding additional questions to the original Block Kids FFQ regarding sugar-sweetened beverages that were not measured on the original FFQ. Results of the study did not show statistically significant differences for any of the hypotheses regarding sugar-sweetened beverages and BMI (p > .05). However, there were tendencies for sugarsweetened beverage consumption to decrease as preadolescents aged. Also for each additional ounce of fruit drinks consumed there were increases in BMI. Further research needs to be conducted to determine the full extent of the effects of sugar-sweetened beverages on BMI in preadolescents. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Bakgrunn: Økning i BMI og immigrasjon til Norge medfører nye utfordringer og det må settes fokus på å bekjempe ulikheter innen helse for mor og barn. I dag utgjør pakistanske immigranter en av de største minoritetsgruppene i Norge. Målet for denne studien er å undersøke forekomst av pregravid body mass index (BMI) og noen sosiodemografiske faktorers påvirkning på operative forløsninger (keisersnitt, vakuum, og tang) blant Norske og Pakistanske førstegangsfødende kvinner i Groruddalen, Norge. Metode: Populasjonsbasert kohort undersøkelse av 146 norske og 39 pakistanske kvinner som går til svangerskapskontroll på helsestasjoneri Groruddalen og deres fødsler ved Oslo universitetssykehusHF, Ullevål og Akershus universitetssykehus HF i Norge. Resultat: Pakistanske kvinner haddelavere pre-gravid BMI enn norske kvinner (22.1 og 24.6, p &lt;0.05). En lavere andel pakistanske kvinner hadde utdannelse&gt; 9år (79.5%) enn norske kvinner (96.6%, p&lt;0.05) og en lavere andel arbeidet utenfor hjemmet, 66.5 % kontra 95.2%, p&lt;0.05. I tillegg var pakistanske kvinneryngre (M=26.4, SD=4.0 år) sammenlignet med norske kvinner(M=29.7, SD=4.4 år, p&lt;0.05). Nyfødte barn av pakistanske kvinnerveide 339 gram mindre, med en gjennomsnittlig fødselsvekt på 3181 gram,i forhold til de norske nyfødte på 3520 gram (p &lt;0.05). Det varingen signifikant forskjell i operative forløsninger blant pakistanske kvinner med 31.6% og norske kvinnermed 27.9 %, p=0.805. Uavhengig av etnisitet hadde variabelen mors alder OR=1.106 (CI95:1.017 til 1.203) og svangerskapets lengde i dager OR= 0.951 (CI95:0.908 til 0.997) sammenheng med operative forløsninger i denne studien. Detnyfødte barnets vekt OR=1.001 (CI95:1.000 til 1.002) varmuligens et grensetilfelle. Konklusjon: Studien viser sosiodemografiske forskjeller mellom norske og pakistanske kvinner i Groruddalen, Norge. Pakistanske kvinner haddelavere BMI, lavere utdanningslengde, færrearbeidet utenfor hjemmet, de varyngre når de fødte sitt første barn og de fødtebarn med lavere vektenn norske kvinner. Det varikke forskjell i andel operative forløsninger mellom norske og pakistanske kvinner. Uavhengig av etnisitet haddekvinnenes alder og svangerskapets lengde påvirkning på operativ forløsning / Background: Elevated body mass index(BMI) and increased immigration pose challenges that demand a new focus on health inequalities for mothers and children. Currently, Pakistani immigrants are among the largest minority groups in Norway.This study aimed to determine the prevalence of pre-pregnancy BMI and the impact of different sociodemographic factors on operative (caesarean section, vacuum and forceps) deliveries among Norwegian and Pakistani nulliparous women in Groruddalen, Norway. Methods: This population-based cohort study included 146 Norwegian and 39 Pakistani women attending Child Health Clinics in Groruddalen and delivering at Oslo University Hospital and Ullevål and Akershus University Hospital, Norway. Results: Compared to Norwegian women, pre-pregnancy BMI was lower in Pakistani women (24.6 and 22.1, respectively; p &lt; .05). Further, education level was &gt; 9 years lower in Pakistani versus Norwegian women (79.5 % and 96.6 %, respectively; p &lt; .05) and fewer Pakistani women work outside the home (66.5 % and 95.2 %, respectively; p &lt; .05). Compared to Norwegian women (M = 29.7 years, SD = 4.4 years, p &lt;.05), Pakistani women were younger (M = 26.4 years, SD = 4.0 years) when they delivered their first child. Moreover, Pakistani infants weighed 339 g less (average birth-weight = 3181 g) compared to Norwegian infants (3520 g; p&lt; 0.05). We observed no significant difference in operative delivery among the Pakistaniversus Norwegian women (31.6 % and 27.9 %, respectively; p = 0.805). Regardless of ethnicity, variable maternal age (OR=1.106 [CI 95: 1.017 to 1.203]) and gestational age (OR=0.951 [CI 95: 0.908 to 0.997]) associated with operative delivery in this study.Newborn weight (OR=1.001 [CI 95: 1.000 to 1.002]) was considered borderline. Conclusion: This study revealedsociodemographic differences between Norwegian and Pakistani women undergoing operative delivery in Groruddalen, Norway. Compared to Norwegian women, Pakistani women had lower BMI and lower educational attainment. Fewer Pakistani women worked outside the home and they were younger when they delivered theirfirst child. Additionally, the birth weight of Pakistani babies delivered was lower than Norwegian newborns. We observed no difference in the proportion of operative deliveries between Norwegian and Pakistani women. Regardless of ethnicity, women’s chronological and gestational age affect operative delivery. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-64-5</p>

In light of alarming rises in the prevalence of obesity worldwide, tackling the obesity ‘epidemic’ is now a national health priority in many countries. Increasingly, population measures that provide accurate estimates of body fatness in children are required. Body mass index (BMI), or weight standardised for height, remains the most cost-effective and practical tool in this regard. However, there is evidence that the association between BMI and body fatness is variable in children from different ethnic backgrounds. The primary aim of this thesis was to investigate the appropriateness of BMI thresholds for defining overweight and obesity in female children and adolescents from five diverse ethnic groups. Secondary objectives were to examine the associations between weight control practices and perceptions, and to compare objectively-measured physical activity levels with participation in active transport (AT). In order to achieve the primary aim stated above, it was necessary to obtain valid and reliable measures of body fat percentage (%BF) in a large sample of children. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is well suited for this purpose, providing a portable and cost-effective means to estimate fat-free mass (and subsequently %BF). While equations exist for European, Maori, and Pacific Island children, findings from the preliminary study described in Chapter 2 demonstrate that there are no BIA equations appropriate for Chinese and Indian children. Given that these two groups are two of the fastest growing ethnicities in New Zealand, a new equation was developed that enables Asian girls to be included in future BIA research. The main study of this thesis involved a large-scale investigation of body composition in New Zealand’s five major ethnic groups (European, Maori, Pacific Island, East Asian, and South Asian). A total of 1,081 adolescent girls aged 11-16 years participated in the Girls’ Activity and Body Composition (ABC) Study. To extend the age range, data were combined with another study of 5-11-year-old New Zealand children (595 girls), coined the Body-Size and Steps in Children (BASIC) Study. Both studies measured BMI from height and weight, %BF from bio impedance measurements, and physical activity using sealed multiday memory pedometers over five consecutive days. A questionnaire was also administered to the adolescent-aged girls to gather data related to weight perceptions and practices. Initial analyses of the main dataset demonstrated that existing BMI definitions of overweight were relatively insensitive for predicting excess %BF in South and East Asian girls. Conversely, low specificity was observed for Pacific Island and Maori children. These findings provided the rationale for the second set of analyses: the development of BMI cut-off points that correspond to an equivalent level of %BF across all ethnicities. The adjusted BMI curves for overweight and obesity ranged from an average of 3.3 and 3.8 kg.m-2 (respectively) lower than international standards in South Asian girls to 1.5 and 1.9 kg.m-2 higher in Pacific Island girls. Clearly, the proposed changes will have significant effect on our estimates of overweight and obesity in this population group. Subsequent investigation revealed that many adolescent girls misclassify their weight status. However, the number of girls trying to lose weight exceeded those who perceived themselves as being overweight, with the magnitude of the difference dependent on ethnicity. It was concluded that interventions and educational campaigns that assist girls in recognising a state of excess body fat are a priority for all ethnic groups to ensure that behavioural changes necessary to combat widespread overweight and obesity are adopted. Finally, it was observed that the physical activity levels of the participants were significantly lower on weekends (9,528  4,407) than on weekdays (12,597  3,630). Furthermore, a consistent decline in daily step counts was observed with age: after adjustment for ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES), girls in school years 9-10 achieved 2,469 (weekday) and 4,011 (weekend) fewer steps than girls in years 1-2. Daily step counts also varied by ethnicity, with Maori girls the most active and South Asian girls the least active. Overall, girls who used AT to and from school averaged 1,052 more weekday steps than those who did not use AT. These data suggest that adolescent-aged girls and girls of Asian descent are priority groups for future physical activity interventions, and that the promotion of AT in girls appears to be worthwhile.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2007. / "August, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-52). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006. / "A dissertation in psychology." Advisor: Christopher Keith Haddock. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Oct. 31, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-66). Online version of the print edition.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.