Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A study was conducted to evaluate in Brazilian conditions the nutritional and feeding strategies of InraPorc® model for gestating and lactating sows. To meet the requirements of the model, the work was done in four steps: establishment of animal profile, determination of nutritional requirements, and definition of feed and nutrition program and application of the model InraPorc in commercial farm. Eighty DanBred sows were used, selected in order of birth, weight and backfat thickness. The experimental design was a randomized block and treatments were assigned to diets and feeding program used by the Farm program and adjusted by InraPorc. The treatments consisted of 40 replications were divided into three groups: OP1 - 15; OP2 - 13 and OP> 3-12 sows. During pregnancy, between 26 and 85 days, feed intake was 5% higher in primiparous sows, 14% in OP2 sows and 13.5% in OP> 3 sows fed by the InraPorc nutritional program. Between 86 to 108 days, the nutritional adjustments was 8.3% higher in feed intake in primiparous sows, 6.2% in OP2 sows and 9.3% in OP> 3 sows. During the lactation, the nutritional adjustment increased the maternal gain an average of 5% in both groups. The uterine contents and litter weight at birth was higher (P<0.05) in OP2 sows fed by the InraPorc® nutritional program to relation sows fed with Farm program. The total number of piglets born and born alive was higher in OP2 sows fed with the feeding program by InraPorc. The average weight of piglets at birth was higher in groups fed with the feeding program by InraPorc (1.313 vs. 1.273 kg). Piglet weight at weaning was 14 and 9% higher in piglets of primiparous and OP2 sows fed with feeding program by InraPorc. The sows weaning weight was 6.4% higher in primiparous sows fed diets adjusted by InraPorc. In this study, the weight loss observed in the groups ranged from 2 to 4.9%, and we found the largest mobilization in OP ≥ 3 sows fed diets adjusted by InraPorc. The InraPorc identified nutritional deficiencies in primiparous sows during late gestation and proposed a nutritional adjustment to the category. The adjustment in primiparous nutrition in gestation increases the maternal gain and in lactation reduces the maternal catabolism of body reserves. In addition, nutritional support during pregnancy increases the piglet weight at birth and during lactation, weaning weights. / Um estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar em condições brasileiras as estratégias nutricionais e alimentares do modelo InraPorc® para porcas gestantes e lactantes. Para atender os requisitos do modelo, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas: estabelecimento do perfil animal, determinação das exigências nutricionais, definição do programa nutricional e alimentar e aplicação do modelo InraPorc em granja comercial. Foram utilizadas 80 porcas DanBred, selecionadas por ordem de parto, peso vivo e espessura de toucinho. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso constituídos de dois tratamentos - programa de dietas e alimentar utilizado pela Granja e programa de dietas e alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc®. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 40 repetições, distribuídos em três grupos de ordem de parto (OP): OP1 15; OP2 13 e OP≥3 12 porcas. Na gestação, entre os 26 e 85 dias, o consumo de ração foi 5% superior em primíparas, 14% em porcas OP2 e 13,5% em porcas OP≥3 alimentadas com programa ajustado pelo InraPorc comparado ao da Granja. Entre os 86 a 108 dias, o ajuste nutricional pelo modelo foi superior em 8,3% no consumo de ração em primíparas, 6,2% em porcas OP2 e 9,3% em porcas OP≥3. O ajuste nutricional durante a lactação aumentou o ganho materno em média de 5% no grupos estudados. O conteúdo uterino e o peso da leitegada ao nascer foi superior (P<0,05) em fêmeas OP2 alimentadas com programa nutricional ajustado. O consumo médio durante a lactação foi 3,6% superior em primíparas, 7,3% em porcas OP2 e 6,7% em porcas de OP ≥ 3 alimentadas com programa alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc em relação ao programa alimentar da granja. O número de leitões nascidos totais e de nascidos vivos foi superior em porcas OP2 alimentadas com programa alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc. O peso médio dos leitões ao nascer foi superior nos grupos alimentados com programa ajustado pelo InraPorc (1,313 vs. 1,273 kg). O peso ao desmame foi 14 e 9% superior em leitões de primíparas e porcas OP2 alimentadas com programa ajustado pelo InraPorc. O peso das porcas ao desmame foi 6,4% superior nas primíparas alimentadas com programa alimentar ajustado pelo InraPorc. Nesse estudo, a perda de peso verificada nos grupos estudados oscilou de 2 a 4,9%, sendo verificada a maior mobilização em porcas OP≥3 alimentadas com o programa InraPorc. O InraPorc identificou deficiências nutricionais em primíparas no terço final da gestação e propôs um ajuste nutricional para essa categoria. O ajuste nutricional em primíparas na gestação aumenta o ganho materno e na lactação reduz o catabolismo das reservas corporais. Além disso, o aporte nutricional na gestação aumenta o peso do leitão ao nascer e, durante a lactação o peso ao desmame.

The aim of the thesis was to document patterns in breeding and migration in Swedish Canada geese Branta canadensis, to explain these against the genetic and historical background of the population, and to test predictions of hypotheses pertaining to parental investment. The Canada goose population in Sweden was founded by the introduction of a few individuals in the 1930's. DNA fingerprint similarity between geese breeding in Sweden was on average at the same level as between inbred close relatives in other wild bird species. The genetic variability of the population appeared to be considerably reduced in comparison to that of Canada geese breeding in North America. Dispersal and migration patterns were studied using plastic neck-bands that could be identified at long distance. Most Canada goose females nested at the lake where they grew up. Males were more prone to disperse than females, although most of them still returned to breed close to their area of origin. Geese from three breeding areas in Sweden had different winter distributions, although wintering areas overlapped considerably. Individual geese tended to return to the same wintering area as they had used in previous years. The females' investment in the egg clutch was related to the migration distance from spring foraging areas to the nesting area, suggesting an energetic cost of migration for egg production. Within breeding seasons, clutch size decreased with later initiation of nesting, but only in years with early breeding. A probable reason for this decrease was that body reserves available for egg production were larger in early layers. In years with late breeding, clutch size did not decrease, most likely because late-nesting females could supplement their body reserves by foraging on fresh vegetation. Nest defence intensity was studied by recording the behaviour of the female geese when a human approached the nest. The results largely confirmed predictions for nest defence intensity extracted from parental investment theory. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

L'élevage de la chèvre « Baladi » au Liban souffre d'un problème de disponibilité alimentaire responsable des faibles performances établies de la race, du fait de sa dépendance majoritaire des zones de pâturage naturel et de la rareté des terrains fourragers ou de l'adoption du système intensif. Dans ce contexte agroclimatique particulier, cette étude se propose d'identifier la conduite optimale, à mi-chemin entre système extensif compromettant la production et la durabilité de l'élevage et système hors-sol qui ne saurait valoriser les aptitudes de la race et les parcours de la région. En effet, les conditions climatiques difficiles de la région d'étude impliquent l'insertion d'une dimension temporelle dans la conceptualisation de la conduite optimale, prenant en considération les fluctuations saisonnières non négligeables des ressources alimentaires naturelles. Comparée à la conduite extensive traditionnelle et à la complémentation largement moins adoptée, une conduite où les chèvres laitières seraient mises au pâturage durant les mois de printemps caractérisé par la prolifération des espèces végétales en vert et enfermées durant la sécheresse estivale paraît a priori adaptée aux conditions du milieu et aux objectifs zootechniques et socioéconomiques. Le cas échéant, le système intensif étant rarement prisé par les éleveurs de la région, l'efficacité des parcours à résidus agricoles ou fourragers aura également été évaluée afin de trouver un optimum zootechnique et économique. Par la suite, il a fallu mettre en place un outil d'évaluation des caractéristiques nutritives des parcours de la région d'étude, des quantités ingérées par les animaux lors du pâturage ou à l'auge et finalement de leur impact direct sur la production laitière et la satisfaction des besoins. L'évaluation des différentes conduites se reflétant dans un nombre de réponses en cours de lactation, un suivi d'analyse continu a été instauré permettant d'apprécier l'état corporel des animaux (poids, note d'état corporel, métabolites énergétiques), la production laitière (rendement, durée de lactation et composition du lait) et les performances reproductives (prolificité et croissance des chevreaux). Les capacités d'adaptation des animaux aux restrictions alimentaires dans les différentes conduites ont ainsi été testées. Ces expérimentations réalisées sur deux ans de suite ont montré que ces chèvres manifestent de réelles capacités adaptatives aux aléas alimentaires. En particulier, à chaque fois que l'alimentation le permet, l'énergie disponible est orientée préférentiellement vers la production laitière avec des rebonds relativement importants. Ces rebonds se produisent quel que soit le niveau de production laitière et pendant pratiquement toute la lactation. Parallèlement, on observe une reconstitution lente et régulière des réserves adipeuses qui s'accélère en fin de lactation à un moment où les femelles sont généralement mises à la reproduction, alors que les productions laitières baissent inexorablement. Cette thèse a donc abouti à l'acquisition de connaissances originales sur un modèle animal peu étudié caractérisé par des capacités adaptatives remarquables qui ne se manifestent pas de façon aussi marquée chez les chèvres sélectionnées des zones tempérées / Adaptives capacities of Baladi goats fed on semi-arid rangelands of Bekaa valley (Lebanon)ABSTRACTThe Lebanese Baladi goat dairy production sector suffers from a problem of food availability which is responsible of the animal's poor performances, due to its dependence towards natural rangelands and the scarcity of crop residues and forage pastures as well as of the adoption of intensive systems.In this particular agroclimatic context, this study aims to identify the optimal conduct for this goat, half-way between an extensive system where production and durability are compromised and an intense one where the aptitudes of the breed and the variety of the region's pastures are not valorized. In fact, the region's difficult climatic conditions require the insertion of a temporal dimension in the conceptualization of the optimal conduct, considering the important seasonal fluctuations of the natural feed resources. Compared to the traditional extensive conduct and to the much less adopted supplementation, a conduct where the goats were pasture driven during the spring characterized by the proliferation of green plants and kept indoors during the summer season seems a priori adapted to the local conditions and to the technical and economic objectives. However, the intensive system being rarely considered by the local farmers, the efficiency of agricultural pastures such as crop residues and forages would also have been tested in order to find an optimum between production and feasibility. Thus, an evaluation tool of the pastures' nutrition values, the quantities ingested by the animals during grazing and indoors and finally of their impact on the milk production and satisfaction of feed requirements was implemented. The evaluation of the different tested conducts were reflected on a number of physiological responses during lactation such as the animals' body reserves (body weight, body condition score, NEFA), milk production (quantities, duration and milk composition: milk fat and milk protein contents) and reproductive performances (kids' number, birth weights and growth). The animals' adaptive capacities to different food restrictions situations are hence here tested.These trials realized on two subsequent years showed that this breed demonstrates clear adaptive capacities facing feed fluctuations. A particular adaptation is the orientation of the available extra energy towards milk production with relatively important rebounds whenever allowed by refeeding. These rebounds occurred whatever the initial milk production level and during practically the whole lactation period. In parallel, we observed a slow and regular reconstitution of the body reserves which accelerates at the end of lactation, when the females are getting ready for reproduction, while the milk production suddenly breaks down. In consequent, this study has collaborated in acquiring new original information about an original animal breed characterized by special adaptive capacities which don't generally show in selected high production breeds.Kewords : Baladi goat, feeding conduct, pasture, indoors, adaptive capacities, feeding behaviour, body reserves, milk production, reproductive performances