A contínua mudança na qualidade da carga de alimentação das unidades de destilação atmosférica introduz incertezas na operação do processo de refino. A caracterização precisa do petróleo bruto, cuja composição varia devido à sua natureza intrínseca e às condições de transporte e armazenamento nas refinarias, poderia auxiliar na redução destas incertezas. O processo clássico de caracterização, baseado nas curvas de destilação TBP (True Boiling Point, Ponto de Ebulição Verdadeiro), ainda não permite detectar essas mudanças de modo mais dinâmico, o que reduz a precisão da simulação do processo e, portanto, uma menor confiabilidade nas condições de operação determinadas a partir dela. No Brasil, petróleo pesado é produzido de forma predominante, que é misturado freqüentemente com petróleo leve importado antes do refino. Como conseqüência, nas refinarias brasileiras as características do petróleo mudam em média, a cada três dias, sendo esta taxa de variação incompatível com a determinação das curvas de destilação TBP. A análise SimDis (Simulated Distillation, Destilação Simulada) é atualmente a técnica de laboratório alternativa para aproximar as curvas de destilação. Porém, ainda apresenta algumas características que a tornam tão limitantes quanto a análise TBP. A espectroscopia NIR (Near InfraRed, Infravermelho Próximo), tem se consagrado como uma técnica analítica rápida e viável em inúmeras aplicações industriais na determinação de diversos parâmetros qualitativos. Neste trabalho, metodologias inovadoras de caracterização são desenvolvidas visando reproduzir com maior dinamismo o processo de refino. A reprodução das curvas de destilação das cargas ao processo de destilação atmosférica da Refinaria de Capuava (RECAP ? Petrobras S.A.) através do seu espectro NIR tem sido o ponto de partida no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Métodos de calibração multivariada e redes neurais foram utilizados na construção de algoritmos computacionais que permitem a previsão dos perfis de destilação do petróleo processado, os quais foram utilizados na simulação do processo para avaliar o impacto da aplicação desta metodologia. A boa qualidade da reprodução das propriedades físico-químicas do petróleo através do NIR foi comprovada, uma vez que os modelos construídos foram condicionados às características da matéria analisada. Quanto à reprodução do cenário real do processo através da simulação, os resultados obtidos são promissores, mostrando que a caracterização da carga é útil para reproduzir mudanças no processamento. Porém, alguns aspectos precisam ainda ser aprofundados visando o melhor desempenho das metodologias. Contudo, os resultados desta pesquisa reforçam a relevância do papel da espectroscopia NIR, juntamente com técnicas clássicas de laboratório utilizadas, numa nova concepção de caracterização, que tem na rapidez e confiabilidade os seus principais aliados e pode ser aplicada na simulação de um processo visando uma melhor qualidade de operação. / The continuous variation in the quality of the feed petroleum to atmospheric distillation unities brings uncertainty to the operation of the refining process. The characterization of the crude oil, whose composition varies due to its intrinsic nature and the transport conditions and storage in refineries, could be useful in reducing the uncertainty. The classic process of characterization, based on TBP distillation curves (True Boiling Point), still does not permit to detect these changes in a more dynamic manner, which reduces the precision of the process simulation and, consequently, less confidence in the operation conditions determined from it. In Brazil, heavy petroleum is produced predominantly, which is typically blended with light imported petroleum before refining. As a consequence, in Brazilian refineries the characteristics of the petroleum change, on the average, about every three days. This rate of the petroleum change is incompatible with the determination of TBP curves. Nowadays, SimDis analysis (Simulated Distillation) is an alternative laboratory technique able to approximate the distillation curves. However, it still presents some limiting characteristics like those of TBP analysis. In the last decades, the NIR spectroscopy (Near InfraRed) has showed to be a both fast and feasible analytical technique for innumerous industrial applications in the determination of various qualitative parameters. In the present work, an innovative characterization methodology is developed aiming to reproduce more dynamically the refining process. The reproduction of distillation curves of the feed to the atmospheric distillation process of the Refinery of Capuava (RECAP ? Petrobras S.A.) from its NIR spectral determination has been the initial point for the development. Multivariate calibration methods and neural networks have been used in the construction of computational algorithms that allow the prediction of distillation profiles of the petroleum processed. These profiles were applied in process simulation in order to evaluate the impact of the application of this methodology. The good quality of the physicochemical properties of petroleum reproduction using NIR was confirmed, it is due to the fact that constructed models were conditioned to the characteristics of the samples analyzed. With respect to the reproduction of the real process behavior through simulation, the results obtained are promising, which show that the feed characterization is useful in order to reproduce process variations. However, some aspects need to be analyzed deeply in order to improve the performance of the methodologies. Finally, the results of this research strengthen the role of NIR spectroscopy together with classic laboratory techniques used in a new characterization concept, whose major advantages are the rapidity and the trustworthiness of its predictions, that can be applied in order to improve the quality of the simulation of a process.

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is routinely used to analyze polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water. A common SPME-GC/MS approach quantifies target analytes using isotopically labeled standards (IISs); one IIS is needed for each target analyte. This approach is challenging, even prohibitive since IISs are often expensive; moreover, they are generally not available for each analyte of interest. This study developed a novel SPME-GC/MS approach for the quantification of PAHs in water. The new method, which employs only a small number of IISs, uses relative response factor (RRF) (i.e., analyte corresponding to IIS) to quantify PAHs in water. Possible matrix dependency of RRFs values was examined using water that was modified concerning different physical-chemical characteristics (i.e., ionic strength, pH, suspended solids, humic acid, and biological organic carbon represented by hemoglobin). The results revealed that RRFs are not noticeably affected by changing ionic strength and pH; the other three parameters did affect the RRFs. However, the results also showed that the effect is minimal when the solution is dilute (i.e., low concentrations of suspended solids, humic acid or hemoglobin). Relatively stable RRFs for dilute water solutions indicates that this approach can be used for routine quantification of water that does not contain prohibitive amounts of suspended solids, humic acid, and biological organic matter. The developed method was employed to quantify trace levels of PAHs in three different types of water, namely river water, well water, and bottled water. PAH levels in every kind of water were less than 100 ng/L level (i.e., 0.1 ppb). Analyses of spiked water samples containing 2 ng PAHs revealed correlations between calculated RRFs and the physical-chemical properties of the PAHs investigated (i.e., vapor pressure, boiling point, octanol/water partition coefficient, octanol/air partition coefficient, GC retention time). This implies that RRFs for PAHs not examined in this study can be predicted. Overall, the results presented herein constitute a meaningful contribution to the development of SPME-GC/MS methods for quantitative analysis of PAHs and other chemicals in dilute aqueous solutions. Moreover, the development of methods that alleviate the need for IISs corresponding to each target analyte.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcilioPR_TESE.pdf: 2753388 bytes, checksum: 58b3cf541e2ed39d0ec5675d37151b31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Petroleum evaluation is analyze it using different methodologies, following international standards to know their chemical and physicochemical properties, contaminant levels, composition and especially their ability to generate derivatives. Many of these analyzes consuming a lot of time, large amount of samples , supplies and need an organized transportation logistics, schedule and professionals involved. Looking for alternatives that optimize the evaluation and enable the use of new technologies, seven samples of different centrifuged Brazilian oils previously characterized by Petrobras were analyzed by thermogravimetry in 25-900? C range using heating rates of 05, 10 and 20?C per minute. With experimental data obtained, characterizations correlations were performed and provided: generation of true boiling point curves (TBP) simulated; comparing fractions generated with appropriate cut standard in temperature ranges; an approach to obtain Watson characterization factor; and compare micro carbon residue formed. The results showed a good chance of reproducing simulated TBP curve from thermogravimetry taking into account the composition, density and other oil properties. Proposed correlations for experimental characterization factor and carbon residue followed Petrobras characterizations, showing that thermogravimetry can be used as a tool on oil evaluation, because your quick analysis, accuracy, and requires a minimum number of samples and consumables / A avalia??o de petr?leo consiste em analis?-lo por diferentes metodologias, seguindo normas internacionais para conhecer suas propriedades qu?micas, f?sico-qu?micas, teor de contaminantes, composi??o e principalmente sua capacidade em gerar derivados. Muitas dessas an?lises s?o demoradas, consomem uma grande quantidade de amostras, insumos e precisam de uma organizada log?stica de transporte, cronograma de realiza??o e profissionais envolvidos. Para buscar alternativas que otimizem essa avalia??o e permitam a utiliza??o de novas tecnologias, sete amostras de diferentes petr?leos brasileiros centrifugados e caracterizados previamente pela Petrobr?s foram analisadas por termogravim?trica numa faixa de temperatura de 25 a 900?C utilizando raz?es de aquecimento de 05, 10 e 20?C por minuto. Com os dados obtidos experimentalmente, foram realizadas correla??es com as caracteriza??es disponibilizadas que permitiram: a gera??o de curvas de pontos de ebuli??o verdadeiros (Curva PEV) simulada; a compara??o entre as fra??es geradas com as devidas faixas de temperaturas de corte padr?o; uma aproxima??o para obter o fator de caracteriza??o de Watson; e comparar os res?duos de carbono micro. Os resultados mostraram uma boa possibilidade de reproduzir uma curva PEV simulada a partir da termogravimetria levando em considera??o a composi??o, densidade e outras propriedades do petr?leo; as correla??es propostas experimentalmente para o fator de caracteriza??o e res?duo de carbono acompanharam as caracteriza??es informadas pela Petrobr?s, mostrando que a termogravimetria pode ser utilizada como ferramenta na avalia??o de petr?leos, apresentando rapidez na an?lise, precis?o, al?m de necessitar de uma quantidade m?nima de amostras e insumos

A contínua mudança na qualidade da carga de alimentação das unidades de destilação atmosférica introduz incertezas na operação do processo de refino. A caracterização precisa do petróleo bruto, cuja composição varia devido à sua natureza intrínseca e às condições de transporte e armazenamento nas refinarias, poderia auxiliar na redução destas incertezas. O processo clássico de caracterização, baseado nas curvas de destilação TBP (True Boiling Point, Ponto de Ebulição Verdadeiro), ainda não permite detectar essas mudanças de modo mais dinâmico, o que reduz a precisão da simulação do processo e, portanto, uma menor confiabilidade nas condições de operação determinadas a partir dela. No Brasil, petróleo pesado é produzido de forma predominante, que é misturado freqüentemente com petróleo leve importado antes do refino. Como conseqüência, nas refinarias brasileiras as características do petróleo mudam em média, a cada três dias, sendo esta taxa de variação incompatível com a determinação das curvas de destilação TBP. A análise SimDis (Simulated Distillation, Destilação Simulada) é atualmente a técnica de laboratório alternativa para aproximar as curvas de destilação. Porém, ainda apresenta algumas características que a tornam tão limitantes quanto a análise TBP. A espectroscopia NIR (Near InfraRed, Infravermelho Próximo), tem se consagrado como uma técnica analítica rápida e viável em inúmeras aplicações industriais na determinação de diversos parâmetros qualitativos. Neste trabalho, metodologias inovadoras de caracterização são desenvolvidas visando reproduzir com maior dinamismo o processo de refino. A reprodução das curvas de destilação das cargas ao processo de destilação atmosférica da Refinaria de Capuava (RECAP ? Petrobras S.A.) através do seu espectro NIR tem sido o ponto de partida no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Métodos de calibração multivariada e redes neurais foram utilizados na construção de algoritmos computacionais que permitem a previsão dos perfis de destilação do petróleo processado, os quais foram utilizados na simulação do processo para avaliar o impacto da aplicação desta metodologia. A boa qualidade da reprodução das propriedades físico-químicas do petróleo através do NIR foi comprovada, uma vez que os modelos construídos foram condicionados às características da matéria analisada. Quanto à reprodução do cenário real do processo através da simulação, os resultados obtidos são promissores, mostrando que a caracterização da carga é útil para reproduzir mudanças no processamento. Porém, alguns aspectos precisam ainda ser aprofundados visando o melhor desempenho das metodologias. Contudo, os resultados desta pesquisa reforçam a relevância do papel da espectroscopia NIR, juntamente com técnicas clássicas de laboratório utilizadas, numa nova concepção de caracterização, que tem na rapidez e confiabilidade os seus principais aliados e pode ser aplicada na simulação de um processo visando uma melhor qualidade de operação. / The continuous variation in the quality of the feed petroleum to atmospheric distillation unities brings uncertainty to the operation of the refining process. The characterization of the crude oil, whose composition varies due to its intrinsic nature and the transport conditions and storage in refineries, could be useful in reducing the uncertainty. The classic process of characterization, based on TBP distillation curves (True Boiling Point), still does not permit to detect these changes in a more dynamic manner, which reduces the precision of the process simulation and, consequently, less confidence in the operation conditions determined from it. In Brazil, heavy petroleum is produced predominantly, which is typically blended with light imported petroleum before refining. As a consequence, in Brazilian refineries the characteristics of the petroleum change, on the average, about every three days. This rate of the petroleum change is incompatible with the determination of TBP curves. Nowadays, SimDis analysis (Simulated Distillation) is an alternative laboratory technique able to approximate the distillation curves. However, it still presents some limiting characteristics like those of TBP analysis. In the last decades, the NIR spectroscopy (Near InfraRed) has showed to be a both fast and feasible analytical technique for innumerous industrial applications in the determination of various qualitative parameters. In the present work, an innovative characterization methodology is developed aiming to reproduce more dynamically the refining process. The reproduction of distillation curves of the feed to the atmospheric distillation process of the Refinery of Capuava (RECAP ? Petrobras S.A.) from its NIR spectral determination has been the initial point for the development. Multivariate calibration methods and neural networks have been used in the construction of computational algorithms that allow the prediction of distillation profiles of the petroleum processed. These profiles were applied in process simulation in order to evaluate the impact of the application of this methodology. The good quality of the physicochemical properties of petroleum reproduction using NIR was confirmed, it is due to the fact that constructed models were conditioned to the characteristics of the samples analyzed. With respect to the reproduction of the real process behavior through simulation, the results obtained are promising, which show that the feed characterization is useful in order to reproduce process variations. However, some aspects need to be analyzed deeply in order to improve the performance of the methodologies. Finally, the results of this research strengthen the role of NIR spectroscopy together with classic laboratory techniques used in a new characterization concept, whose major advantages are the rapidity and the trustworthiness of its predictions, that can be applied in order to improve the quality of the simulation of a process.

In this work, the solubility of butyl paraben in 7 pure solvents and in 5 different ethanol-water mixtures has been determined from 1 ˚C to 50 ˚C. The solubility of ethyl paraben and propyl paraben in various solvents has been determined at 10 ˚C. The molar solubility of butyl paraben in pure solvents and its thermodynamic properties, measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, have been used to estimate the activity of the pure solid phase, and solution activity coefficients. More than 5000 nucleation experiments of ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben in ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol and 70%, 90% ethanol aqueous solution have been performed. The induction time of each paraben has been determined at three different supersaturation levels in various solvents. The wide variation in induction time reveals the stochastic nature of nucleation. The solid-liquid interfacial energy, free energy of nucleation, nuclei critical radius and pre-exponential factor of parabens in these solvents have been determined according to the classical nucleation theory, and different methods of evaluation are compared. The interfacial energy of parabens in these solvents tends to increase with decreasing mole fraction solubility but the correlation is not very strong. The influence of solvent on nucleation of each paraben and nucleation behavior of parabens in each solvent is discussed. There is a trend in the data that the higher the boiling point of the solvent and the higher the melting point of the solute, the more difficult is the nucleation. This observation is paralleled by the fact that a metastable polymorph has a lower interfacial energy than the stable form, and that a solid compound with a higher melting point appears to have a higher solid-melt and solid-aqueous solution interfacial energy. It has been found that when a paraben is added to aqueous solutions with a certain proportion of ethanol, the solution separates into two immiscible liquid phases in equilibrium. The top layer is water-rich and the bottom layer is paraben-rich. The area in the ternary phase diagram of the liquid-liquid-phase separation region increases with increasing temperature. The area of the liquid-liquid-phase separation region decreases from butyl paraben, propyl paraben to ethyl paraben at the constant temperature. Cooling crystallization of solutions of different proportions of butyl paraben, water and ethanol have been carried out and recorded using the Focused Beam Reflectance Method, Particle Vision and Measurement, and in-situ Infrared Spectroscopy. The FBRM and IR curves and the PVM photos track the appearance of liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization. The results suggest that the liquid-liquid phase separation has a negative influence on the crystal size distribution. The work illustrates how Process Analytical Technology (PAT) can be used to increase the understanding of complex crystallizations. By cooling crystallization of butyl paraben under conditions of liquid-liquid-phase separation, crystals consisting of a porous layer in between two solid layers have been produced. The outer layers are transparent and compact while the middle layer is full of pores. The thickness of the porous layer can reach more than half of the whole crystal. These sandwich crystals contain only one polymorph as determined by Confocal Raman Microscopy and single crystal X-Ray Diffraction. However, the middle layer material melts at lower temperature than outer layer material. / <p>QC 20130515</p> / investigate nucleation and crystallization of drug-like organic molecules