No description available.

Aquaculture is growing rapidly worldwide and is projected to become the major source of fish used for human consumption. A major factor that limits aquaculture reaching its full potential is an adequate supply of the raw materials necessary for formulated fish feeds. The dependence of modern aquaculture on fishmeal obtained from wild fisheries is not environmentally sustainable and replacements for fishmeal must be found. Some animal by-products are viable replacements for fishmeal, and can provide sufficent nutrition for high growth rates, but little is known about the potential of animal by-products to adversely affect fish health. The objectives of these experiments were to determine if animal by-products used in fish feeds impair immune response or alter bone physiology in cultured juvenile rainbow trout. Four animal by-product containing diets (poultry meat meal (PMM)/ PMM plus feathermeal / PMM plus bloodmeal) and two reference diets (fishmeal or soya) were evaluated to determine their effect on innate immune response, the ability of fish to cope with normal husbandry stressors, and bone physiology. PMM was then selected due to its favourable amino acid profile and high digestibility and assessed to determine if the high levels of fishmeal replacement that may be required in the future, impact the health of rainbow trout. Due to the lack of reliable indicators of bone quality and quantity in salmonids the effects of exercise and phosphorus deficiency in rainbow trout were also examined. Relative to the fishmeal control diet, fish fed diets with PMM [(PMM) 50% crude protein, by substitution], PMM plus two percent blood meal, or PMM plus five percent feather meal, did not have an impaired innate immunity (lysozyme, alternative complement, phagocytosis, intracellular respiratory burst, differential counts of peripheral blood leukocytes) or changes in bone physiology as assessed by dynamic bone histomorphometry. Higher levels of PMM (0-70% digestible protein, by substitution) caused a reduction in apparent net mineral retention of phosphorus and calcium (P<0.001), a lower vertebral bone mineral content (P<0.001) and reduced vertebral mechanical properties (compressive extension (P=0.04), Young’s Modulus (P=0.03)), but fish growth was not affected. Exercise influenced bone modelling, with exercised animals having a reduced bone area and trabecular thickness (P=0.01), increased autocentrum width (P=0.04), and higher bone mineral content (P= 0.02); however, bone mechanical properties were unaffected. Induction of genes (receptor activator nuclear factor kappa beta and osteoprotogenerin), involved in the resorption of mineralised tissue, was not observed in fish fed phosphorus deficient diets although scales were evidenced to be an important source of labile minerals. Overall our results indicate that low level replacement of fish meal by poultry meat meal, and blends of poultry meat meal with blood or feathermeal do not affect fish innate immune response, bone physiology, or growth however the greatly elevated levels of poultry meat meal that may be required in future salmonid aquafeeds could increase the risk of spinal malformations. Thus the category 3 animal by products tested are valuable fishmeal replacements for aquaculture based on the endpoints measured in this study.

"June 2003" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 408-457)

"June 2003" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 408-457) / [26], 457 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, 2003

abstract: Extremely thick cranial vaults have been noted as a diagnostic characteristic of Homo erectus since the first fossil of the species was identified, but potential mechanisms underlying this seemingly unique trait have not been rigorously investigated. Cranial vault thickness (CVT) is not a monolithic trait, and the responsiveness of its layers to environmental stimuli is unknown. Identifying factors that affect CVT would be exceedingly valuable in teasing apart potential contributors to thick vaults in the Pleistocene. Four hypotheses were tested using CT scans of skulls of more than 1100 human and non-human primates. Data on total frontal, parietal, and occipital bone thickness and bone composition were collected to test the hypotheses: H1. CVT is an allometric consequence of brain or body size. H2. Thick cranial vaults are a response to long, low cranial vault shape. H3. High masticatory stress causes localized thickening of cranial vaults. H4. Activity-mediated systemic hormone levels affect CVT. Traditional comparative methods were used to identify features that covary with CVT across primates to establish behavior patterns that might correlate with thick cranial vaults. Secondly, novel experimental manipulation of a model organism, Mus musculus, was used to evaluate the relative plasticity of CVT. Finally, measures of CVT in fossil hominins were described and discussed in light of the extant comparative and experimental results. This dissertation reveals previously unknown variation among extant primates and humans and illustrates that Homo erectus is not entirely unique among primates in its CVT. The research suggests that it is very difficult to make a mouse grow a thick head, although it can be genetically programmed to have one. The project also identifies a possible hominin synapomorphy: high diploë ratios compared to non-human primates. It also found that extant humans differ from non-human primates in overall pattern of which cranial vault bones are thickest. What this project was unable to do was definitively provide an explanation for why and how Homo erectus grew thick skulls. Caution is required when using CVT as a diagnostic trait for Homo erectus, as the results presented here underscore the complexity inherent in its evolution and development. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2012

Le Strontium 90 (90Sr) est un radionucléide d’origine anthropogénique, relâché en grandes quantités dans l’environnement à la suite d’essais nucléaires aériens ou d’accidents d’installations nucléaires. Le 90Sr persiste à long terme dans l’environnement, ce qui conduit à la contamination chronique par ingestion de populations des territoires contaminés. L’induction de tumeurs osseuses liées à la fixation du 90Sr a été largement décrite. Par contre, l’occurrence d’effets non cancéreux est beaucoup moins connue. Nous avons utilisé un modèle murin avec une contamination chronique par ingestion d’eau contenant 20 kBq/l de 90Sr. Une étude de biocinétique a confirmé l’accumulation de 90Sr dans les os, avec un taux d’accumulation plus rapide durant la croissance osseuse. Cette accumulation est plus élevée dans les os des femelles que chez les males. Les doses absorbées au corps entier varient de 0.33 ± 0.06 mGy (naissance) à 10.6 ± 0.1 mGy (20 semaines). La dose au squelette peut aller jusqu’à 55 mGy. L’ingestion de 90Sr induit une modification de l’expression des gènes impliqués induisant à un déséquilibre favorisant la résorption osseuse, mais sans répercussion sur la morphologie de l’os. Aucun effet majeur n’a été observé pour le système hématopoïétique. Par contre, des modifications mineures du système immunitaire ont été observées. Afin d’évaluer la fonctionnalité du système immunitaire, un test de vaccination avec les antigènes TT et KLH a été utilisé. Les résultats montrent chez les animaux contaminés une diminution significative de la production d’immunoglobulines spécifiques, une modification de la balance Th1/Th2 dans la rate et une différenciation lymphoïde B perturbée. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre certaines des conséquences non cancéreuses de l’exposition chronique à faible dose à des radionucléides à demi-vie longue pouvant être rejetés accidentellement. / Strontium 90 (90Sr) is a radionuclide of anthropogenic origin released in large quantities in the environment as a result of nuclear atmospheric tests or accidents at nuclear facilities. 90Sr persists on a long-term basis in the environment, leading to chronic contamination by ingestion of populations living on contaminated territories. The induction of bone tumours associated with the fixation of 90Sr has been widely described. However, the occurrence of non-cancer effects is much less known. We used a mouse model with chronic contamination by ingestion of water containing 20 kBq/l of 90Sr. A biokinetic study confirmed the accumulation of 90Sr in the bones, with an increased rate of accumulation during bone growth. This accumulation was higher in the bones of females than in males. The whole-body absorbed doses ranged from 0.33 ± 0.06 mGy (birth) to 10.6 ± 0.1 mGy (20 weeks). The absorbed dose for the skeleton was up to 55 mGy. Ingestion of 90Sr induced a change in the expression of genes inducing an imbalance in favour of bone resorption, but without effect on bone morphology. No significant effect was observed for the hematopoietic system. On the other hand, minor modifications were observed for the immune system. To evaluate the functionality of the immune system, a vaccination test with TT and KLH antigens was used. Results showed in contaminated animals a significant decrease in the production of specific immunoglobulins, changes in the Th1/Th2 balance in the spleen and a disrupted B lymphocyte differentiation. These results improve the understanding of some of the non-cancerous consequences of chronic exposure at low dose of radionuclides with a long half-life, which can be accidentally released.

Strontium 90 (90Sr) is a radionuclide of anthropogenic origin released in large quantities in the environment as a result of nuclear atmospheric tests or accidents at nuclear facilities. 90Sr persists on a long-term basis in the environment, leading to chronic contamination by ingestion of populations living on contaminated territories. The induction of bone tumours associated with the fixation of 90Sr has been widely described. However, the occurrence of non-cancer effects is much less known. We used a mouse model with chronic contamination by ingestion of water containing 20 kBq/l of 90Sr. A biokinetic study confirmed the accumulation of 90Sr in the bones, with an increased rate of accumulation during bone growth. This accumulation was higher in the bones of females than in males. The whole-body absorbed doses ranged from 0.33 ± 0.06 mGy (birth) to 10.6 ± 0.1 mGy (20 weeks). The absorbed dose for the skeleton was up to 55 mGy. Ingestion of 90Sr induced a change in the expression of genes inducing an imbalance in favour of bone resorption, but without effect on bone morphology. No significant effect was observed for the hematopoietic system. On the other hand, minor modifications were observed for the immune system. To evaluate the functionality of the immune system, a vaccination test with TT and KLH antigens was used. Results showed in contaminated animals a significant decrease in the production of specific immunoglobulins, changes in the Th1/Th2 balance in the spleen and a disrupted B lymphocyte differentiation. These results improve the understanding of some of the non-cancerous consequences of chronic exposure at low dose of radionuclides with a long half-life, which can be accidentally released.

A la suite des catastrophes nucléaires d’importantes quantités de radionucléides ont été rejetés dans l’environnement. Le Strontium 90 (90Sr) fait partie de ces rejets. Du fait de sa demi-vie de 29 ans, c’est un polluant persistant qui conduit à la contamination des populations vivant autour des territoires contaminés via l’ingestion chronique de faibles quantités de ce radionucléide. Les études épidémiologiques ont mis en évidence des effets au niveau du système immunitaire, du système hématopoïétique et de la physiologie osseuse chez l’homme. Le 90Sr qui s’incorpore principalement dans l’os pourrait contribuer à l’apparition de ces effets. Le but de ce travail a été de comprendre quels sont les mécanismes d’action du 90Sr qui permettent d’expliquer de tels effets. Un premier modèle in vitro utilisant une lignée de cellules stromales murines (MS5) contaminées par le milieu de culture à 1 ou 10 kBq.ml-1 a été utilisé. Il a permis de montrer que le 90Sr était capable d’induire des cassures double-brin de l’ADN dès 30 minutes d’exposition avec une induction de la senescence et une altération de la fonction de support aux progéniteurs hématopoïétiques. Dans le deuxième modèle in vivo d’effet dose, des souris Balb/c ont été contaminées durant 24 semaines à des concentrations de 90Sr de 4, 20 et 100 kBq.l-1 dans l’eau de boisson. Cette expérience a permis d’observer une augmentation des marqueurs de la résorption osseuse en fonction de la contamination au 90Sr ainsi et une augmentation de l’expression génique des enzymes impliquées dans la défense antioxydante. Une augmentation de p21, marqueur de la senescence et une diminution d’IL-6 ont également été observées. Les implications de ces résultats sur la physiologie osseuse, le système immunitaire et hématopoïétiques sont discutées. Globalement, l’ensemble de ce travail complète les données déjà existantes sur le 90Sr et permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’action du 90Sr sur les cellules stromales médullaires qui sont au centre de la régulation immuno-hématopoïétique. / Abstract : After nuclear disasters, large amounts of radionuclides were released into the environment. Strontium 90 (90Sr) is part of these wastes. Because of its half-life of 29 years, it is a persistent pollutant which leads to the contamination of surrounding populations through the chronic ingestion of low quantities of this radioelement. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated some effects on immune system, hematopoietic system and bone physiology in humans. 90Sr accumulates mostly in bones and could contribute to the appearance of such effects. The aim of this work is to understand the action mechanisms which could explain the previous observations. In the first in vitro model, a murine stromal cell line (MS5) contaminated through the culture medium with 1 or 10 kBq.ml-1 of 90Sr was used. Thank to this model, an increased number of DNA double-strand breaks in cells after 30 minutes of exposure, a senescence induction and a modification in the support of hematopoietic progenitors were observed. In the second model, Balb/c mice were contaminated during 24 weeks through drinking water containing 90Sr at 4, 20 and 100 kBq.l-1. Both an increase in genic expression of bone resorption markers and in antioxydative enzymes were observed. An increase in p21 expression, marker of senescence, and a decrease in IL-6 were also seen. The implications of these results on bone physiology, immune and hematopoietic systems are discussed. As a whole, all this work completed the preexistent data about 90Sr and contributes to a better understanding of the action mechanisms of 90Sr on marrow stromal cells which have a pivotal function in the regulation of the immune and hematopoietic system.

No description available.