Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Heritable disorders of phosphate handling are the most common cause of hypophosphatemic rickets in developed countries. Isolated renal phosphate wasting and subsequent low serum phosphate concentrations may result from a number of genetic disorders that include: autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), and autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR). Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), identified as the causative gene in ADHR, is produced in bone and plays a central role in kidney phosphate regulation. Increased serum concentrations of FGF23 lead to renal phosphate wasting through down regulation of renal sodium-phosphate co-transporters. However, the molecular mechanisms of FGF23 bioactivity in hormonal phosphate regulation are largely unknown. An experimental focus of this dissertation was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of FGF23-mediated phosphate regulation in the bone-kidney hormonal axis. To this end, the role of Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1), newly identified as the gene responsible for ARHR, was further defined by the identification of a novel large deletion as well as testing the molecular consequences of DMP1 mutations. FGF23 requires a signaling complex composed of Klotho and an FGFR for bioactivity, however, the location and composition of the signaling complex is unknown. Klotho localizes to the renal distal convoluted tubule, whereas the sodium phosphate co-transporters are expressed within the renal proximal tubules. The molecular mechanisms of FGF23 signaling were investigated by isolating a novel marker of FGF23 bioactivity using array technology, determining the location of initial FGF23 signaling in the kidney, and by identifying a novel mutation in a receptor upstream of FGF23 production. Taken together, these results increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of phosphate homeostasis in relation to FGF23 bioactivity, leading to the identification of potentially novel therapeutic targets. / indefinitely

[Truncated abstract] Bone remodeling is intricately regulated by osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. The elevation in osteoclast number and/or activity is a major hallmark of several common pathological bone disorders including post-menopausal osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, Paget's disease, and tumour-mediated osteolysis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is a key cytokine for osteoclast differentiation and activation. The association of RANKL to its cognate receptor, RANK, which is expressed on osteoclast precursors and mature osteoclasts, is essential for osteoclast formation and activation. The intimate interaction between RANKL and RANK triggers the activation of a cascade of signal transduction pathways including NF-κB, NFAT, MAPK and PI3 kinase. Although osteoclast signaling pathways have been intensively studied, the precise molecules and signaling events which underlie osteoclast differentiation and function remain unclear. In order to dissect the molecular mechanism(s) regulating osteoclast differentiation and activity, this thesis herein explores the key RANKL/RANK-mediated signaling pathways. Four truncation mutants within the TNF-like domain of RANKL [(aa160-302), (aa160-268), (aa239-318) and (aa246-318)] were generated to investigate their potential binding to RANK and the activation to RANK-signal transduction pathways. All were found to differentially impair osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption as compared to the wild-type RANKL. The impaired function of the truncation mutants of RANKL on osteoclast formation and function correlates with their reduced ability to activate crucial RANK signaling including NF-κB, IκBα, ERK and JNK. Further analysis revealed that the truncation mutants of RANKL exhibited differentially affinity to RANK as observed by in vitro pull-down assays. ... It is possible that Bryostatin 1 acts via upregulation of a fusion mechanism as the RANKL-induced OCLs are morphologically enlarged, exhibiting increased nuclei number expressing high level of DC-Stamp. Furthermore, Rottlerin was shown to inhibit NF-κB activity, whereas Bryostatin 1 showed the opposing effects. Both inhibitor and activator were also found to modulate other key osteoclastic signaling pathways including NFAT and total c-SRC. These findings implicate, for the first time, Protein Kinase C delta signaling pathways in the modulation of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and activity. Taken together, the studies presented in this thesis provide compelling molecular, biochemical and morphological evidence to suggest that: (1) RANKL mutants might potentially serve as peptide mimic to inhibit RANKL-induced signaling, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. (2) A cross talk mechanism between extracellular Ca2+ and RANKL exist to regulate on osteoclast survival. (3) TPA suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis predominantly during the early stage of osteoclast differentiation via modulation of NF-κB. (4) Selective inhibition of Protein Kinase C signaling pathways involved in osteoclastogenesis might be a potential treatment method for osteoclast-related bone diseases. (5) Protein Kinase C delta signaling pathways play a key role in regulating osteoclast formation and function.

Orientador: Denise Pontes Cavalcanti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Buck_CeciliaOliveiraBarbosa_D.pdf: 3074480 bytes, checksum: d8ed23fbbc34d4773afce0c5bb451361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Osteocondrodisplasias (OCD) ou displasias esqueléticas são um grupo heterogêneo de doenças genéticas que afetam o crescimento. e o desenvolvimento do esqueleto e possuem alta morbimortalidade associada. Apesar dos avanços recentes no diagnóstico pré-natal e no conhecimento das bases moleculares das OCD, o seu diagnóstico ainda se baseia em anamnese, exame físico e radiografias de esqueleto. A prevalência habitualmente referida de 2,0/10.000, baseada em poucos estudos com populações pequenas, é subestimada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a epidemiologia das OCD na América do Sul (AS) utilizando uma grande população de mais de 1,5 milhões de nascimentos. Os casos de OCD foram selecionados dos arquivos do ECLAMC (um programa colaborativo de base hospitalar, caso-controle, para vigilância de defeitos congênitos) por dois códigos específicos (75640-OCD e 75650-Osteogenesis Imperfecta). Todos os casos nascidos entre 2000-2007 foram revisados e os diagnósticos finais foram escalonados em quatro níveis de evidência diagnóstica (NED), sendo o NED1 (padrão-ouro) casos com boas radiografias ou estudo molecular confirmando o diagnóstico. No período do estudo, 132 hospitais em 9 paises sul-americanos observaram 1.544.496 nascimentos. Todos os 51.827 controles nascidos no mesmo período foram utilizados para comparação. Excluídos 44 casos, a prevalência geral foi de 3,2/10.000 (IC95% 2,9-3,5) (492 casos em 1.544.496 nascimentos) e 33,6 (25,3-42,3) nos natimortos. Casos letais foram 50% (natimortos e óbito neonatal precoce). O diagnóstico foi referido como pré-natal na maioria dos casos (359-73%). Os grupos de OCD mais frequentes, segundo a classificação internacional, foram: G-1 (FGFR3) - 31%; G-25 (OI) - 23,5%; G-9 (CCP) - 4,5%; G-2 (Colágeno 2) - 4%; G-18 (Bent bones) - 4%. As prevalências das OCD mais comuns foram: OI - 0,74 (0,61-0,89); D. Tanatofórica - 0,47 (0,36-0,59); Acondroplasia - 0,44 (0,33-0,56); D. Campomélica - 0,10 (0,05-0,16). A taxa de mutação/gameta/geração para Acondroplasia foi 1,74 (1,25-2,25) x 10-5. Idade paterna, paridade e consanguinidade foram maiores nos casos que nos controles (31,2 anos X 28,9 anos; 2,6 X 2,3; 5,4% X 1,0%; P < 0,001). Idade materna elevada nos casos em relação aos controles (26,4 anos X 25,4 anos, P < 0,001) não foi confirmada por regressão logística considerando idades paterna e materna e paridade como fatores de risco para OCD (OR=1,63 para idade paterna > 39 anos; 0,79 para idade materna > 34 anos e 1,3 para paridade > 1). Peso e idade gestacional foram menores nos casos que nos controles (2498,1 g X 3198,6 g, P < 0,001), permanecendo a diferença para o peso após estratificação apenas para gestações de 31-35, 36-40 e 41-44 semanas (P<0,001, P<0,001 e P<0,05, respectivamente). A prevalência geral de 3,2/10.000 encontrada parece mais verossímil, sustentada por uma população numerosa e heterogênea, com grande diversidade étnica em sua composição, onde interrupções da gestação não são permitidas. Este estudo também observou uma alta taxa de diagnóstico pré-natal das OCD na AS e confirmou: a elevada morbi-mortalidade associada às OCD, a idade paterna elevada (especialmente nos casos de herança dominante) e altas taxas de consangüinidade nos casos de OCD (especialmente os de herança recessiva) e na população controle da AS / Abstract: Osteochondrodysplasias (OCD) are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases that affect skeletal growth and development with a high infant morbid-mortality. Despite the great advances in prenatal diagnosis and knowledge of OCD molecular bases in the last twenty years, OCD diagnosis still relies upon anamnesis, clinical examination and skeletal X-rays. The currently accepted birth prevalence rate of OCD (2.0/10,000), based on few studies with small populations, is underestimated. This study aimed to assess OCD epidemiology in South America (SA) based on a large population of more than 1.5 million births. The OCD cases were ascertained from ECLAMC (a case-control, collaborative hospital-based program for birth defects surveillance) database through two specific codes (75640 for "generic" OCD and 75650 for Osteogenesis Imperfecta). All cases born from 2000 to 2007 were revised and final diagnoses ranked in four diagnostic evidence levels (DEL), being the DEL1 (gold-standard) those cases with good X-rays or DNA test supporting a certain diagnosis. During the 8-year period, 132 hospitals from nine South-American countries examined 1,544,496 births. For comparative analysis, all 51,827 controls born in the same period were used. After excluding 44 cases, overall OCD birth prevalence was 3.2 per 10,000 (95% CI 2.9-3.5) (492 cases per 1,544,496 births) and 33.6 (25.3-42.3) among stillbirths. Lethal cases (stillbirths plus early neonatal death) were 50%. Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis was referred in most cases (359 - 73%). The most frequent OCD groups, according to the international classification, were: G-1 (FGFR3) - 31%; G-25 (OI) - 23,5%; G-9 (SRP) - 4,5%; G-2 (Collagen 2) - 4% and G-18 (Bent bones) - 4%. The prevalence of the main OCD types were: OI - 0.74 (0.61-0.89); Thanatophoric D. - 0.47 (0.36-0.59); Achondroplasia - 0.44 (0.33-0.56); Campomelic D. - 0.10 (0.05-0.16). The mutation rate/gamete/generation for Achondroplasia was 1.74 (1.25-2.25) x 10-5. Paternal age, parity and consanguinity rate were significantly increased in cases compared to controls (31.2 years X 28.9 years; 2.6 X 2.3; 5.4% X 1.0%; P < 0.001). Increased maternal age in cases against controls' (26.4 years X 25.4 years, P < 0.001) was not confirmed by logistic regression including paternal age (OR=1.63 for paternal age > 39 years), parity (OR=1.3 for parity > 1) and maternal age (OR=0.79 for maternal age > 34 years) as risk factors for OCD. Birth weight and gestational age were lower in cases than in controls (2498.1 g X 3198.6 g, P < 0.001), and the difference for birth weight remained significant for gestational ages 31-35, 36-40 and 41-44 weeks after stratification (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The OCD overall birth prevalence rate of 3.2 per 10,000 found seems more verisimilar, supported by a large and heterogeneous population with great ethnic diversity and without pregnancy terminations. This study also indicates a high rate of prenatal OCD diagnosis in SA and confirms: the high OCD-associated infant morbid-mortality, the increased paternal age (especially for cases with autosomal dominant inheritance) and the high parental consanguinity rates in both OCD cases (especially those with autosomal recessive inheritance) and in SA control population / Doutorado / Genetica Medica / Doutor em Ciências Médicas