The morphological diversity of the external and internal surfaces of the petrosal bone, which contains the structures of the inner ear, across a broad range of therian mammals is documented, and patterns of variation across taxa are identified. One pattern of variation is the result of ontogenetic changes in the ear region, as described for the external surface morphology of a sample of isolated petrosal bones referred to Proboscidea from Pleistocene deposits in central Texas. The morphology of the aquaeductus Fallopii for passage of the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve supports an ontogenetic explanation for some variation within the proboscidean sample, and a sequence of ossification surrounding the aquaeductus Fallopii is hypothesized. Further ontogenetic patterns are investigated using digital endocasts of the bony labyrinth (preserved on the internal surfaces of the petrosal) constructed from CT data across a growth series of the opossum Monodelphis domestica. Strong correlation between skull length and age is found, but from 27 days after birth onward, there is no correlation with age among most dimensions of the inner ear. Adult dimensions of several of the inner ear structures are achieved before the inner ear is functional in M. domestica. Morphological variation within the inner ear of several eutherian mammals from the Cretaceous of Asia, including zhelestids from the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan, is described. The variation within the fossil sample is compared to that observed within extant species of placental mammals, and it is determined that the amount of variation within the Bissekty zhelestid population is within the range of that measured for extant species. Additional evolutionary and physiological patterns preserved within the walls of the bony labyrinth are identified through a high level anatomical comparison of the inner ear cavities across Placentalia as a whole. In particular, features of the inner ear support monophyly of Cetacea, Carnivora, Primatomorpha, and caviomorph Rodentia. The volumetric percentage of the vestibular apparatus (vestibule plus semicircular canals) of aquatic mammals is smaller than that calculated for terrestrial relatives of comparable body size. Thus, aspects of the bony labyrinth are both phylogenetically and physiologically informative. / text

L'étude des caractères basicrâniens et endocraniens chez les vertébrés fossiles et actuels connait un regain d'intérêt depuis quelques années. Ces caractères bénéficient en effet d'une bonne réputation en tant que marqueurs phylogénétiques, ainsi que d'un biais taphonomique favorable à leur fossilisation. C'est pourquoi dans ce volume, la région auditive et l'oreille interne (Partie I) et l'endocrâne (Partie II) de mammifères fossiles appartenant au clade des Afrotheria ont été scannés par (micro)tomographie à rayon-X, décrits, étudiés et comparés à ceux des espèces actuelles. Il s'agit plus précisément des Afrotheria fossiles que sont les Bibymalagasia (Chapitre 1), le Macroscelididae Chambius (Chapitre 2), de nombreux Hyracoidea du Paléogène (Chapitre 3) ainsi que des Tethytheria basaux tels que le proboscidien Numidotherium, l'embrithopode Arsinoitherium et le sirénien Prorastomus (Chapitre 4). Cette étude met en lumière l'intéressant signal phylogénétique fournit par les caractères de la région auditive et de l'endocrâne, capable de soutenir certains clades moléculaires (e.g. Afroinsectivora, ‘Panelephantulus'). Elle montre aussi comment, sous certaines pressions de sélection, ces caractères peuvent converger de façon remarquable (e.g. chez les téthythères). Cette étude apporte aussi des éléments qui appuient l'hypothèse d'une origine Africaine des Afrotheria, ainsi que celle faisant de l'ancêtre commun des afrothères un mammifère plutôt ‘ongulé' que ‘insectivore'. Ces inférences fondées sur l'observation des représentants fossiles les plus anciens de ce groupe sont importants pour notre compréhension de l'origine et de la diversification des afrothères et des mammifères placentaires en général. / The study of basicranial and endocranial characters in vertebrate paleontology has recently known a regain of interest. Indeed, these characters are renowed for their phylogenetic stability and are usually easily preserved in the fossil record. Here, the auditory region (Part I) and endocranium (Part II) of some fossil representatives of the mammalian order Afrotheria have been scanned using X-ray (micro)tomography, described and compared to their modern day's counterparts. These fossil afrotheres are the Bibymalagasia (Chapter 1), the stem sengi Chambius (Chapter 2), numerous Hyracoidea (Chapter 3) and stem Tethytheria such as the proboscideans Numidotherium, the embrithopod Arsinoitherium and the sirenian Prorastomus (Chapter 4). This study highlights the strong phylogenetic signal carried by the characters of the auditory region and endocast, which could even support some molecular clades (e.g. Afroinsectivora, ‘Panelephantulus'). It also shows that convergences can occur under certain selective pressure (e.g. in Tethytheria). Finally this study brings new clues that support the hypothesis of an African origin of Afrotheria as well as that of an ‘ungulate-like' instead of ‘insectivore-like' ancestor. These inferences based on the observation of the oldest and basal-most fossil representatives of this group are crucial to understand the origin, evolution and diversification of afrotherian and placental mammals across the Cenozoic.