Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Regina Alves Carrara.pdf: 458113 bytes, checksum: a31a6ee86f7669d5e22aff839e80acc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The clinical diagnosis of a borderline case is a relatively new concept. It was not yet defined or known at the time Freud was working on his famous 1895 Project, creating the Metapsychology. In this dissertation, we analyze briefly the model of the psychic apparatus proposed by Freud in the Project, and demonstrate that it already included the conceptual bases that can be used to explain the psychic workings of those nowadays called borderline cases. The model developed in the Project, does not correctly describe the neurological apparatus known to modern science. However, it certainly served Freud well as a basis for many of his conclusions and developments leading to the creation of Psychoanalysis / O diagnóstico clínico de um paciente-limite é um conceito relativamente novo, ainda não conhecido ou definido na época em que Freud trabalhava no seu famoso Projeto, em 1895, criando a Metapsicologia. Nesta dissertação, analisa-se resumidamente o modelo do aparelho psíquico proposto por Freud no Projeto, e demonstra-se que o mesmo já incluía as bases conceituais que podem servir para a explicação do funcionamento psíquico daqueles que hoje são chamados de paciente-limite. O modelo desenvolvido no Projeto, apesar de não descrever com precisão o aparelho neuronal modernamente conhecido, certamente serviu a Freud como base para muitas de suas conclusões e desenvolvimentos posteriores na criação da Psicanálise

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of the variation in genitive and dative government. The subject of analysis are the following thirteen prepositions: (an)statt, innerhalb, längs, mangels, mittels, trotz, während, wegen, zugunsten/zu Gunsten; binnen, dank, laut, zufolge. The aim of the thesis is to capture the use of the mentioned prepositions as detailed as possible. The focus is on the question and the attempt to determine in which cases within the variation in prepositional case government in the written language one or the other case is preferred and whether certain tendencies or systematics common to all thirteen prepositions can be followed. The prepositions are analysed by means of nine selected sources (both dictionaries and grammar books) and German reference corpus.

According to the dominant approach in the theory of vagueness, the nature of the vagueness of an expression ‘F’ consists in its presenting borderline cases in an appropriately ordered series: objects which are neither definitely F nor definitely not F (where the notion of definiteness can be semantic, ontic, epistemic, psychological or primitive). In view of the various problems faced by theories of vagueness adopting the dominant approach, the thesis proposes to reconsider the naive theory of vagueness, according to which the nature of the vagueness of an expression consists in its not drawing boundaries between any neighbouring objects in an appropriately ordered series. It is argued that expressions and concepts which do present this feature play an essential role in our cognitive and practical life, allowing us to conceptualize—in a way which would otherwise be impossible—the typically coarse-grained distinctions we encounter in reality. Despite its strong initial plausibility and ability to explain many phenomena of vagueness, the naive theory is widely rejected because thought to be shown inconsistent by the sorites paradox. In reply, it is first argued that accounts of vagueness based on the dominant approach are themselves subject to higher-order sorites paradoxes. The paradox is then solved on behalf of the naive theory by rejecting the unrestricted transitivity of the consequence relation on a vague language; a family of logics apt for reasoning with vague expressions is proposed and studied (using models with partially ordered values). The characteristic philosophical and logical consequences of this novel solution are developed and defended in detail. In particular, it is shown how the analysis of what happens in the attempt of surveying a sorites series and deciding each case allows the naive theory to recover a "thin" notion of a borderline case.

In this thesis, I argue that the treatment/enhancement distinction that is central to the ethical debate concerning germline genome editing and CRISPR is too vague to be ethically and normatively guiding. The problem of vagueness is twofold, being both a semantic and epistemic issue. This vagueness creates borderline cases, cases that cannot be properly defined as either treatment or enhancement, I call this The Borderline Cases Argument. These borderline cases enable a slippery slope towards eugenic practices, radical enhancement and dangerous applications of CRISPR. The distinction therefore fails to be action guiding as it cannot distinguish treatment from enhancement as well as failing to correspond to what is genuinely morally problematic with germline genome editing and not, I call this The Argument of Missing the Point. In using the treatment/enhancement distinction we therefore risk losing control over how CRISPR is used and for what purposes.