Primates have important ecological roles as seed dispersers and seed predators in tropical forests. Orangutans are large-bodied frugivores that consume a high diversity of plant species, however, relatively little is known about their ecological roles. Ecological interactions are critical processes for ecosystem dynamics, structures, and functions. This dissertation investigated Bornean orangutans’ (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) ecological roles by studying orangutan patterns of frugivory, seed dispersal, and seed predation, dispersed seed spatial patterns, and seed fate outcomes. This research was conducted at the Cabang Panti Research Station in Gunung Palung National Park, Borneo, Indonesia. Chapter 2 analyzes orangutan seed dispersal behavior using the seed dispersal effectiveness framework to identify which fruits orangutans are most effectively dispersing. Orangutans predated seeds more frequently than they spat or swallowed seeds. Additionally, the fruits preferred most by orangutans were highly predated. Despite the prevalence of seed predation, orangutans also frequently dispersed seeds, 71.8% of fecal samples contained seeds with a mean of 28 seeds (>2mm) per fecal sample. Chapter 3 models orangutan seed dispersal distances to understand how far orangutans are dispersing seeds across the landscape and if seeds are dispersed across habitat types. This study found orangutans dispersed seeds, on average, 400-650m. There were occasional long distance seed dispersal events, and the maximum dispersal distance was 2.2km. Both male and female orangutans dispersed seeds long distances (>1km). Unflanged male orangutans dispersed seeds the longest mean distances of the age-sex classes with the farthest mean maximum distances at the 80-hour gut retention time. In Chapter 4, the fate of seeds dispersed by orangutans is investigated along with the variation underlying the fate of dispersed seeds. Camera traps and seed tracking studies revealed the orangutan primary seed shadow was heavily reshaped post-dispersal. By 6-months post dispersal, most orangutan dispersed seeds (86-87%) had been removed, mostly by seed predators, and almost all of the remaining seeds (11-14%) had died. This dissertation reveals orangutans are involved in important ecological interactions. Orangutans disperse and predate high quantities of seeds from many plant genera, and the loss of the orangutan would likely negatively affect their natural ecosystems. / 2026-10-31T00:00:00Z

No / Using a critical political economy approach and the concept of labour precarity, the international dive tourism industry in Sabah, Malaysia and its workers’ vulnerabilities are interrogated. Fieldwork data highlights dive tourism’s socio-economic impacts and the precarity of labour within the international tourism sector and also critiques it as a development strategy for a peripheral region. The paper challenges the optimistic views of labour precarity found in the existing political economy literature. Rather than identifying labour empowerment, evidence demonstrates significant worker vulnerability, uncertainty, and contingency – especially among ethnic minorities – resulting from Malaysia’s state-led rentier economy. / British Countil PMI2 (R18)

Aggression between ants from different colonies or species is ubiquitous. Exceptions to this rule exist in the form of supercolonies (within a species) and interspecific associations (between species). Probably the most intimate interspecific association is the parabiosis, where two ant species live together in a common nest. They keep their brood separate but jointly use trails and often share food resources. Parabioses are restricted to few species pairings and occur in South American and Southeast Asian rainforests. While the South American parabioses have been studied, albeit poorly, almost nothing is known about their Southeast Asian counterparts. My PhD project focuses on Southeast Asian parabioses between the myrmicine Crematogaster modiglianii Emery 1900 and the considerably larger formicine Camponotus rufifemur Emery 1900. The two species frequently nest together in hollow trees in the tropical lowland rainforest of Borneo. The basic question of my PhD project is why these two species live together. I investigated both proximate and ultimate aspects of this question. For comparative purposes, I included studies on a trail-sharing association in the same habitat. On the proximate level, I investigated which mechanisms facilitate tolerance towards hetero-spe¬ci¬fic nestmates. Ants generally discriminate nestmates from non-nestmates via cuticular hydro¬carbons that function as colony recognition cues. I studied the specificity of nestmate recognition within and between the two parabiotic species. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), I analyzed the cuticular substances in both ant species to find potential differences to non-parabiotic species, and to estimate the substance overlap among the two species. A high substance overlap would e.g. suggest that interspecific tolerance is caused by chemical mimicry. Finally, bioassays were conducted to evaluate the function of different cuticular compounds. Interspecific tolerance in the two parabiotic species was species-specific but not colony-specific. Ca. rufifemur tolerated all Cr. modiglianii individuals, even those from foreign colonies, but strongly attacked workers of other Crematogaster species. Cr. modiglianii, in turn, tolerated Ca. rufifemur workers of certain foreign colonies but attacked those of others. Chemical analyses revealed two sympatric, chemically distinct Ca. rufifemur varieties (‘red’ and ‘black’) with almost no hydrocarbon overlap. Cr. modiglianii only tolerated foreign Ca. rufifemur workers if they belonged to the same chemical variety as their own Ca. rufifemur partner. It also attacked other, non-parabiotic Camponotus species. Thus, reciprocal interspecific tolerance was restricted to the species Cr. modiglianii and Ca. rufifemur. Ca. rufifemur frequently tolerated conspecific non-nestmates of the same chemical variety. Minor workers were more often tolerated than majors, possibly because they possess two to three times lower hydrocarbon quantities per body surface than majors. In contrast, Cr. modiglianii nearly always attacked conspecific non-nestmates. Both species possessed hydrocarbons with considerably higher chain lengths than congeneric, non-parabiotic ant species. Long-chain hydrocarbons are less volatile than shorter ones and thus harder to perceive. They may thus considerably facilitate interspecific tolerance. Moreover, up to 98% of the cuticular hydrocarbons in Ca. rufifemur were methylbranched alkenes, which are highly unusual among insect cuticular hydrocarbons. Cr. modiglianii and Ca. rufifemur had almost no hydrocarbons in common, refuting chemical mimicry as a possible cause of interspecific tolerance. The only hydrocarbons common to both species were two methylbranched alkenes, which constituted 89% of the ‘red’ Ca. rufifemur hydrocarbon profile and also occurred in those Cr. modiglianii colonies that lived together with this Ca. rufifemur variety. Cr. modiglianii presumably acquired these two compounds from its red Ca. rufifemur partner. Cr. modiglianii was significantly less aggressive towards foreign Cr. modiglianii workers that were associated with the same Ca. rufifemur variety than to those associated with the respective other one. Hence, this species seemed to use recognition cues acquired from its parabiotic partner. Apart from hydrocarbons, both species possessed a set of hitherto unknown substances on their cuticle. The quantitative composition of the unknown compounds varied between parabiotic nests but was similar among the two species of a nest. They are probably produced in the Dufour glanf of Cr. modiglianii and transferred to their Ca. rufifemur partner. Possible transfer mechanisms include interspecific trophallaxis and ‘mounting behaviour’, where Cr. modiglianii climbed onto Ca. rufifemur workers without being displaced. Although the composition of the unknown compounds greatly varied between nests, they did not function as nestmate recognition cues since both species used hydrocarbons for nestmate recognition. However, the unknown compounds significantly reduced aggression in Ca. rufifemur. The ultimate, i.e. ecological and evolutionary aspects of my PhD research deal with potential costs and benefits that Cr. modiglianii and Ca. rufifemur may derive from the parabiotic association, their interactions with other species, and population genetic analyses. Additional studies on a trail-sharing association between three other ant species deal with two possible mechanisms that may cause or facilitate trail-sharing. Whether parabioses are parasitic, commensalistic, or mutualistic, is largely unknown and depends on the costs and benefits each party derives from the association. I therefore investigated food competition (as one of the most probable costs), differentiation of foraging niches (which can reduce competition), and several potential benefits of the parabiotic way of life. Besides, I studied interactions between the ant species and the hemiepiphyte Poikilospermum cordifolium. The foraging niches of the two species differed regarding foraging range, daily activity pattern, and food preferences. None of the two species aggressively displaced its partner species from baits. Thus, interference competition for food seemed to be low or absent. For both ant species, a number of benefits from the parabiotic lifestyle seem possible. They include interspecific trail-following, joint nest defence, provision of nest space by the partner species, food exchange via trophallaxis, and mutual brood care. If an ant species follows another species’ pheromone trails, it can reach food resources found by the other species. As shown by artificial extract trails, Ca. rufifemur workers indeed followed trails of Cr. modiglianii but not vice versa. Thus, Ca. rufifemur benefited from Cr. modiglianii’s knowledge on food sources (informational parasitism). In turn, Cr. modiglianii seemed to profit from nest defence by Ca. rufifemur. Ca. rufifemur majors are substantially larger than Cr. modiglianii workers. Although Cr. modiglianii often effectively defended the nest as well, it seemed likely that this species derived a benefit from its partner’s defensive abilities. In neotropical parabioses (ant-gardens), mutualistic epiphytes play an important role in providing nest space. The neotropical Camponotus benefits its Crematogaster partner by planting epiphyte seeds, for which Crematogaster is too small. Similarly, the Bornean parabioses often were inhabited by the hemiepiphyte Poikilospermum cordifolium (Barg.-Petr.) Merr (Cecropiaceae). P. cordifolium seedlings, saplings and sometimes larger indivi¬duals abundantly grew at the entrances of parabiotic nests. However, P. cordifolium provides no additional nest space and, apart from nutritive elaiosomes, perianths, and extrafloral nectar probably plays a less important role for the ants than the neotropical epiphytes. In conclusion, the parabiosis is probably beneficial to both species. The main benefits seem to be nest defence (for Cr. modiglianii) and interspecific trail-following (for Ca. rufifemur). However, Ca. rufifemur seems to be more dependent on its partner than vice versa. For both parabiotic species, I analyzed mitochondrial DNA of ants from different regions in Borneo. My data suggest that there are four genetically and chemically distinct, but closely related varieties of Camponotus rufifemur. In contrast, Crematogaster modiglianii showed high genetic differentiation between distant populations but was not differentiated into genetic or chemical varieties. This argues against variety-specific cocladogenesis between Cr. modiglianii and Ca. rufifemur, although a less specific coevolution of the two species is highly likely. In Bornean rainforests, trail-sharing associations of Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) ypsilon Emery 1887 and Camponotus (Colobopsis) saundersi Emery 1889 are common and often include further species such as Dolichoderus cuspidatus Smith 1857. I investigated a trail-sharing association between these three species and studied two mechanisms that may cause or facilitate these associations: interspecific trail-following, i.e. workers following another species’ pheromone trail, and differential inter¬specific aggression. In trail-following assays, D. cuspidatus regularly followed extract trails of the other two species, thus probably parasitizing on their information on food sources. In contrast, only few P. ypsilon and Ca. saundersi workers followed hetero¬speci¬fic extract trails. Hence, the association between P. ypsilon and Ca. saundersi cannot be ex¬plained by foragers following heterospecific trails. In this case, trail-sharing may originate from few scout ants that do follow heterospecific pheromone trails and then lay their own trails. Interspecific aggression among P. ypsilon, Ca. saundersi and D. cuspidatus was strongly asymmetric, Ca. saundersi being submissive to the other two species. All three species discriminated between heterospecific workers from the same and a distant trail-sharing site. Thus, it seems likely that the species of a given trail-sharing site habituate to one another. Differential tolerance by dominant ant species may be mediated by selective habituation towards submissive species, and thereby influence the assembly of trail-sharing associations. / Aggression zwischen Ameisen verschiedener Kolonien oder Arten ist allgegenwärtig. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bilden Superkolonien (innerhalb einer Art) sowie inter-spezifische Assoziationen (zwischen Arten). Wohl die engste dieser Assoziationen ist die Parabiose, bei der zwei Ameisenarten in einem gemeinsamen Nest leben. Sie halten ihre Brut getrennt, nutzen jedoch gemeinsam Pfade und oftmals auch Nahrungsressourcen. Parabiosen sind auf Assoziationen einiger weniger Artkombinationen beschränkt und kommen nur in südamerikanischen und südostasiatischen Regenwäldern vor. Während jedoch die südamerikanischen Parabiosen bereits untersucht wurden – wenn auch spärlich –, ist fast nichts über ihre südostasiatischen Pendants bekannt. Der Schwerpunkt meiner Doktorarbeit liegt auf südostasiatischen Parabiosen zwischen der myrmicinen Ameise Crematogaster modiglianii Emery 1900 und der deutlich größeren Formicine Camponotus rufifemur Emery 1900. Die beiden Arten nisten häufig gemeinsam in hohlen Bäumen im tropischen Tieflandregenwald Borneos. Die grundlegende Frage meiner Doktorarbeit ist, warum diese beiden Arten zusammenleben. Ich untersuchte sowohl proximate als auch ultimate Aspekte dieser Frage. Zu Vergleichszwecken führte ich Studien über eine trail sharing-Assoziation im selben Lebensraum durch. Auf proximater Ebene untersuchte ich, welche Mechanismen die Toleranz heterospezifischer Nestgenossinnen fördern. Im allgemeinen können Ameisen Nestgenossinnen von fremden Artgenossen mit Hilfe kutikulärer Kohlenwasserstoffen unterscheiden, die als Kolonie-Erkennungssignale dienen. Ich untersuchte Kolonieerkennung innerhalb und zwischen den beiden parabiotischen Arten. Mittels Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS) analysierte ich daneben die kutikulären Substanzen beider Ameisenarten, um etwaige Unterschiede zu verwandten, nichtparabiotischen Arten zu finden, und um abzuschätzen, wie stark die Substanzen beider Arten sich überschneiden. Eine starke Überschneidung würde z.B. dafür sprechen, daß inter¬spezifische Toleranz durch chemische Mimikry verursacht wird. Außerdem untersuchte ich anhand von Biotests die Funktion zweier verschiedener kutikulärer Substanzklassen. Die interspezifische Toleranz zwischen den beiden parabiotischen Arten war artspezifisch, aber nicht koloniespezifisch. Ca. rufifemur tolerierte alle Cr. modiglianii-Arbeiterinnen, auch von fremden Kolonien, attackierte aber Arbeiterinnen anderer Crematogaster-Arten. Cr. modiglianii dagegen duldete Ca. rufifemur-Arbeiterinnen von bestimmten fremden Kolonien, attackierte jedoch diejenigen bestimmter anderer Kolonien. Wie chemische Analysen ergaben, kommt Ca. rufifemur in zwei sympatrischen, chemisch verschiedenen Morphen (‚rote’ und ‚schwarze’ Morphe) vor, die praktisch keine Kohlenwasserstoffe gemeinsam haben. Cr. modiglianii duldete nur diejenigen Ca. rufifemur-Arbeiterinnen, die zur gleichen Morphe gehörten wie ihr eigener Partner. Cr. modiglianii attackierte auch weitere, nichtparabiotische Camponotus-Arten. Gegenseitige interspezifische Toleranz war also auf die Arten Cr. modiglianii und Ca. rufifemur beschränkt. Ca. rufifemur duldete häufig koloniefremde Artgenossen derselben Morphe. Die kleineren Arbeiterinnenkasten wurden eher geduldet als große Arbeiterinnen (Soldaten), möglicher¬weise weil sie 2-3-fach kleinere Kohlenwasserstoffmengen pro Körperoberfläche besitzen als letztere. Im Gegensatz dazu attackierte Cr. modiglianii fast stets koloniefremde Artgenossen. Die Kohlenwasserstoffe beider Arten waren deutlich langkettiger als bei nichtparabiotischen Arten der gleichen Gattungen. Langkettige Kohlenwasserstoffe sind aufgrund ihrer geringeren Flüchtigkeit schwerer wahrzunehmen als kürzerkettige und fördern deshalb vermutlich interspezifische Toleranz. Auffällig war weiterhin, daß die kutikulären Kohlenwasserstoffe bei Ca. rufifemur zu bis zu 98% aus Methylalkenen bestanden, die als kutikuläre Substanzen bei Insekten höchst ungewöhnlich sind. Cr. modiglianii und Ca. rufifemur besaßen fast keine gemeinsamen Kohlenwasserstoffe, es lag also keine chemische Mimikry vor. Die einzigen gemeinsamen Kohlenwasserstoffe in größeren Mengen waren zwei Methylalkene, die bei der roten Ca. rufifemur-Morphe ca. 89% des Kohlenwasserstoffprofils ausmachten und auch bei den Cr. modiglianii-Kolonien vorkam, die mit dieser Morphe zusammenlebten. Vermutlich übernahmen diese Cr. modiglianii-Kolonien die beiden Substanzen von ihren roten Ca. rufifemur-Partnern. Cr. modiglianii-Arbeiterinnen waren signifikant weniger aggressiv gegenüber fremden Artgenossinnen, wenn diese mit derselben Ca. rufifemur-Morphe assoziiert waren wie sie selbst. Diese Art schien demnach die Kohlenwasserstoffe, die sie von ihrem Parabiosepartner übernommen hatte, als Erkennungssignale zu nutzen. Neben den Kohlenwasserstoffen kam auf der Kutikula beider Ameisenarten eine Reihe bisher unbekannter Stoffe vor. Die quantita¬tive Zusammen¬setzung dieser Substanzen variierte zwischen parabiotischen Nestern, ähnelte sich aber jeweils zwischen den beiden Arten eines Nests. Sie werden wahrscheinlich in der Dufourdrüse von Cr. modiglianii produziert und auf den Ca. rufifemur-Partner übertragen werden. Als mögliche Übertragungsmechanismen kommen interspezifische Trophallaxis sowie ‚Besteigeverhalten’ in Betracht, bei dem Cr. modiglianii auf Ca. rufifemur-Arbeiterinnen klettert, ohne von diesen vertrieben zu werden. Obwohl die Zusammensetzung der unbekannten Substanzen stark zwischen parabiotischen Nestern variierte, dienten sie – im Gegensatz zu den Kohlenwasserstoffen – nicht der Kolonieerkennung. Sie reduzierten jedoch signifikant die Aggressivität von Ca. rufifemur. Die ultimaten, also ökologischen und evolutionären Aspekte meiner Doktorarbeit beschäftigen sich mit potentiellen Kosten und Nutzen, die Cr. modiglianii und Ca. rufifemur aus ihrer parabiotischen Lebensweise ziehen könnten, mit ihren Interaktionen zu weiteren Arten sowie populationsgenetischen Analysen. Meine Untersuchungen zu einer trail sharing-Assoziation zwischen drei anderen Ameisenarten beschäftigen sich mit zwei Mechanismen, die trail sharing verursachen oder fördern könnten. Ob Parabiosen parasitisch, kommensalistisch oder mutualistisch sind, ist weitgehend unbekannt und hängt von den Kosten und Nutzen ab, die beiden Partnern durch die Parabiose entstehen. Ich untersuchte deshalb Nahrungskonkurrenz (als eine der wahrscheinlichsten Kosten), Nischendifferenzierung in bezug auf die Nahrungssuche (was die Konkurrenz verringern könnte), sowie mehrere etwaige Nutzen aus der parabiotischen Lebensweise. Darüber hinaus untersuchte ich Interaktionen zwischen den Ameisen und dem Hemiepiphyten Poikilospermum cordifolium. Die Nischen der beiden Arten in bezug auf Fouragierdistanz vom Nest, tageszeitliche Aktivitätsspanne und Nahrungspräferenzen. Keine der beiden Arten vertrieb die Partnerart gewaltsam von Ködern, so daß keine direkte Konkurrenz erkennbar war. Für beide Ameisenarten sind eine Reihe von Vorteilen aus der parabiotischen Lebensweise denkbar. Darunter fallen interspezifisches Spurfolgeverhalten, gemeinsame Nestverteidigung, Bereitstellung von Nistraum durch die Partnerart, Nahrungsaustausch mittels Trophallaxis und gegenseitige Brutfürsorge. Wenn eine Ameisenart der Pheromonspur einer anderen Art folgt, erreicht sie Nahrungsressourcen, die die andere Art gefunden hat. Wie durch künstliche Pheromonspuren gezeigt wurde, folgte Ca. rufifemur tatsächlich Spuren von Cr. modiglianii, jedoch nicht umgekehrt. Ca. rufifemur profitierte damit vom Wissen ihrer Partnerart über Nahrungsressourcen (informationaler Parasitismus). Cr. modiglianii wiederum schien von der Nestverteidigung durch Ca. rufifemur zu profitieren. Ca. rufifemur-Soldaten sind deutlich größer als Cr. modiglianii-Arbeiterinnen. Obwohl Cr. modiglianii oft ebenfalls effektiv das Nest verteidigte, erscheint es wahrscheinlich, daß diese Art einen Nutzen aus der Nestverteidigung durch Ca. rufifemur zieht. In neotropische Parabiosen (Ameisengärten) spielen mutualistische Epiphyten durch die Bereitstellung von Nistraum eine große Rolle. Die neotropische Camponotus-Art nützt ihrem Crematogaster-Partner, indem sie Epiphytensamen pflanzt, wozu Crematogaster zu klein ist. Die Parabiosen Borneos waren ebenfall oft von dem Hemiepiphyten Poikilospermum cordifolium (Barg.-Petr.) Merr (Cecropiaceae) besiedelt. Keimlinge und größere Individuen von P. cordifolium wuchsen häufig an parabiotischen Nesteingängen. P. cordifolium bietet jedoch keinen Nistraum und ist daher, abgesehen von der Bereitstellung nahrhafter Elaiosomen, Perianthe und extrafloralem Nektar, für die Ameisen von geringerer Bedeutung als die Epiphyten der Neotropen. Als Fazit erscheint die Parabiose für beide Ameisenarten vorteilhaft. Die wichtigsten Vorteile sind Nestverteidigung (für Cr. modiglianii) und interspezifisches Spurfolgen (für Ca. rufifemur). Allerdings scheint Ca. rufifemur stärker von seinem Partner abzuhängig zu sein als umgekehrt. Von beiden parabiotischen Arten analysierte ich mitochondriale DNA aus verschiedenen Regionen Borneos. Nach meinen Ergebnissen existieren vermutlich vier genetisch und chemisch verschiedene, aber nah miteinander verwandte Camponotus rufifemur-Morphen. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte Crematogaster modiglianii hohe genetische Differenzierung zwischen entfernten Populationen, aber keine weitere Differenzierung in genetische oder chemische Morphen. Dieses Ergebnis spricht gegen eine morphen-spezifische Cocladogenese zwischen Cr. modiglianii und Ca. rufifemur, obwohl eine weniger spezifische Coevolution der beiden Arten sehr wahrscheinlich ist. In den Regenwäldern Borneos sind trail sharing-Assoziationen zwischen Polyrhachis (Polyrhachis) ypsilon Emery 1887 und Camponotus (Colobopsis) saundersi Emery 1889 weit verbreitet und schließen oft weitere Arten wie Dolichoderus cuspidatus Smith 1857 ein. Ich untersuchte eine trail sharing-Assoziation zwischen diesen drei Arten und erforschte zwei Mechanismen, die eine solche Assoziation eventuell fördern könnten: interspezifisches Spur-folgeverhalten und differentielle interspezifische Aggression. In Spurfolge¬versuchen folgte D. cuspidatus regelmäßig künstlichen Extraktpfaden der anderen beiden Arten. Auf diese Weise parasitierte D. cuspidatus wahrscheinlich auf deren Informationen über Nahrungsressourcen. Im Gegensatz dazu folgten nur wenige Arbeiterinnen von P. ypsilon und Ca. saundersi heterospezifischen Extraktpfaden. Die Assoziation zwischen P. ypsilon und Ca. saundersi kann folglich nicht dadurch erklärt werden, daß fouragierende Arbeiterinnen heterospezifischen Pheromonspuren folgen. In diesem Fall könnte trail sharing möglicherweise darauf beruhen, daß einige wenige scouts heterospezifischen Spuren folgen und anschließend ihre eigene Spur legen. Die interspezifische Aggression zwischen P. ypsilon, Ca. saundersi und D. cuspidatus war stark asymmetrisch, denn Ca. saundersi war gegenüber den anderen beiden Arten stark submissiv. Alle drei Arten unterschieden heterospezifische Arbeiterinnen von ihrem eigenen und einem fremden Standort. Es erscheint daher wahrscheinlich, daß die Arten eines trail sharing-Standorts sich aneinander gewöhnen. Differentielle Toleranz durch dominante Ameisenarten könnte zustande kommen, indem sich diese selektiv an bestimmte submissive Arten gewöhnen, sie dulden und auf diese Weise die Zusammensetzung von trail sharing-Assoziationen beeinflussen.

Much conservation work focuses on individual species, partly because of the perception that wildlife species are effective symbols for raising funds and drawing awareness to environmental causes. However, for species-based studies to aid conservation efforts, the biological and ecological needs of species need to be addressed in a way that informs decisions and provides concrete recommendations for land managers. This thesis addresses the forest cover needs of Ciconia stormi, a rare and understudied bird species that inhabits the islands of Borneo and Sumatra and parts of peninsular Malaysia. Levels of forest canopy cover associated with areas inhabited by Ciconia stormi are identified at multiple spatial resolutions using a 500m MODIS soft classification product, 30m Landsat data, and hemispherical photographs. Important threshold values of 75 percent tree cover was identified at the regional scale, and 85 percent at foraging sites. There has been severe forest disturbance in regions inhabited by Ciconia stormi between 1993 and 2004, indicating the species may be somewhat tolerant to disturbance. Areas having been logged at least 20 years before present average over 85 percent canopy cover and have few large gaps, indicating that these forests may be suitable habitat for the species.

No description available.

Proefschrift--Universiteit Leiden, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [427]-432).

For decades, Borneo's once extensive and pristine forests have been increasingly exposed to a suite of anthropogenic disturbance and deforestation processes as a result of selective and illegal logging, hunting, droughts, fires and the conversion to plantations, chiefly oil palm. Such disturbance is likely impacting the Sunda clouded leopard, Neofelis diardi, and other threatened, sympatric Bornean felids, yet few studies have attempted to address these issues. In this thesis, I used data from intensive camera trap surveys throughout Sabah, Malaysian Borneo and high-resolution GPS data from tagged Sunda clouded leopards to examine the influence of forest disturbance on the abundance, distribution, movements and population connectivity of Sunda clouded leopards and other sympatric felids on Borneo, and to provide some of the first data regarding the ecological interactions and patterns of coexistence among this felid assemblage. I showed that Sunda clouded leopard movement was facilitated by forest cover with high canopy closure, and highly resisted by oil palm plantations with low canopy closure. Models of population connectivity across Sabah identified a number of isolated populations of these felids, which may be particularly threatened with extinction. Analysis of camera trap detection data revealed that the Bornean felids exhibit evidence of resource segregation along the temporal, spatial and prey niche axes, and showed that Sunda clouded leopards, bay cats, Catopuma badia, and marbled cats, Pardofelis marmorata exhibited broad scale avoidance of disturbed habitats but varied in their selection of optimal foraging habitat at fine scales. Conversely, leopard cats, Prionailurus bengalensis, were associated with forest disturbance and likely benefit from such changes. I developed some of the first estimates of population density for Sunda clouded leopards and the first such data for marbled cats. The results are discussed in the context of the conservation of these felids on Borneo.

Atmospheric aerosols affect climate directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly by affecting the albedo and lifetime of clouds through their role as cloud condensation nuclei. Aerosol sources, and the processes that govern their evolution in the atmosphere are not well understood, making the aerosol effects a significant source of uncertainty in future climate predictions. The tropics experience a large solar flux meaning that any radiative forcing in this region is particularly important. Despite this, there is a paucity of data from the tropics, with the majority of previous studies performed in the northern mid-latitudes. The few in-situ studies of aerosol composition that have been performed are all in the continental settings of Amazonia or Africa. Until now the 'maritime continent' region of South East Asia has remained unstudied. Presented here are Aerosol Mass Spectrometer composition measurements from the Oxidant and Particulate Processes Above a South East Asian Rainforest project, performed from ground and airborne measurement platforms in and around the rainforest of Borneo, South-East Asia. Unlike the previous tropical studies, this allows for the characterisation of a region of mixed terrestrial and marine biogenic emissions. The region is also undergoing rapid land use change, with forest being converted for agriculture, particularly the cultivation of oil palms. This study also allows for the characterisation of a region that is beginning to undergo land use change, providing insight into emissions from different land use types, and providing a benchmark to measure the effects of land use change against in the future.Total sub-micron aerosol loadings were found to be lower than studies in the northern mid-latitudes, similar to previous tropical studies. However, aerosol composition was different to that observed in Amazonia, with much greater sulphate loadings in Borneo. A regional background of sulphate and highly oxidised organic aerosol was identified, with organic aerosol that is less oxidised originating inland. Aerosol confined to a shallow marine boundary layer upwind of Borneo is lofted higher into the troposphere as it advects across the island, with regional aerosol being removed and biogenic terrestrial aerosol added. The lofting of this aerosol is expected to extend its atmospheric lifetime and change its role in the Earth's radiative budget. A novel organic aerosol signal was identified which correlated with gas phase isoprene oxidation products, strongly suggesting that it was significant of isoprene SOA. Aerosol associated with this signal made up a substantial fraction of the organic aerosol loading. This opens up the opportunity for future studies to make isoprene SOA measurements using the Aerosol Mass Spectrometer in other studies. A substantial amount of the organic aerosol in Borneo was attributed to isoprene oxidation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19769号 / 農博第2165号 / 新制||農||1040(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N4985(農学部図書室) / 32805 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 神﨑 護 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

University of Technology, Sydney. Institute of International Studies. / Within Borneo, the indigenous Iban pua kumbu cloth, historically associated with headhunting, is steeped in spirituality and mythology. The cloth, the female counterpart of headhunting, was known as women’s war (Linggi, 1999). The process of mordanting yarns in preparation for tying and dyeing was seen as a way of managing the spiritual realm (Heppell, Melak, & Usen, 2006). It required of the ‘women warriors’ psychological courage equivalent to the men when decapitating enemies. Headhunting is no longer a relevant cultural practice. However, the cloth that incited headhunting continues to be invested with significance in the modern world, albeit in the absence of its association with headhunting. This thesis uses the pua kumbu as a lens through which to explore the changing dynamics of social and economic life with regard to men’s and women’s roles in society, issues of identity and nationalism, people’s relationship to their environment and the changing meanings and roles of the textiles themselves with global market forces. By addressing these issues I aim to capture the fluid expressions of new social dynamics using a pua kumbu in a very different way from previous studies. Using the scholarship grounded in art and material culture studies, and with particular reference to theories of ‘articulation’ (Clifford, 2001), ‘circulation’ (Graburn & Glass, 2004) and ‘art and agency’ (Gell, 1998; MacClancy, 1997a), I analyse how the Dayak Iban use the pua kumbu textile to renegotiate their periphery position within the nation of Malaysia (and within the bumiputera indigenous group) and to access more enabling social and economic opportunities. I also draw on the theoretical framework of ‘friction’ and ‘contact zones’ as outlined by Tsing (2005), Karp (2006) and Clifford (1997) to contextualize my discussion of the of the exhibition and representation of pua kumbu in museums. Each of these theoretical frameworks is applied to my data to situate and illustrate my arguments. Whereas in the past, it was the culture that required the object be made, now the object is made to do cultural work. The cloth, instead of revealing hidden symbols and meanings in its motifs, is now made to carry the culture, having itself become a symbol or marker for Iban people. Using an exploration of material culture to understand the complex, dynamic and flowing nature of the relationship between objects and the identities of the producers and consumer is the key contribution of this thesis.