The Pennian (~ 245 Ma) Jwaneng kimberlite, situated in southern Botswana, comprises three steep-sided pipes that coalesce approximately 100m below the present day surface to fonn a 54ha body. These pipes have been labelled the South, Centre and North Lobes. The kimberlites intruded a thick sequence of Proterozoic shales, dolomites and sandstones and a thin veneer of consolidated to poorly consolidated mudstones and siltstones of the Karoo Supergroup. Although the shapes of these pipes are comparable to other southern African pipes, they are filled predominantly with crater facies volcaniclastic kimberlite. No tuffisitic kimberlite breccia, the characteristic rock type of the diatremes of other southern African pipes, has yet been identified. The Jwaneng kimberlite thus represents an exception to the standard model for southern African kimberlites, implying that different processes need to be invoked to explain its fonnation. The present study involves a detailed volcanological and sedimentological analysis of the volcaniclastic fill of the Jwaneng South Lobe. Two principal and distinct lithofacies have been identified: the quartz-free RVK facies and the quartz-bearing QRVK facies. Both facies include fine to coarse grained, predominantly massive and subordinate chaotically bedded deposits. The volcaniclastic rocks have been classified as resedimented volcaniclastic kimberlite (RVK) , since their deposition is ascribed to mechanisms dominated by mass flow processes. Based on certain characteristics and differences between the two principal facies, and their spatial distribution within the pipe, they are interpreted as being the products of at least two separate eruption episodes. Certain characteristics (e.g. }hape, granularity~ of the juvenile· magma clasts III the volcaniclastic kimberlite suggest complete crystallisation and devolatilisation of the magma at depth prior to explosive fragmentation. A scenario in which this might have occurred, and which led to catastrophic explosive eruption and pipe excavation is proposed. Explosive eruption and associated tuff cone formation is followed by resedimentation of the material back into the pipe by mass flow processes. Mass flow processes are dominated by debris flow, with lesser grain flow, hyperconcentrated flow and subaqueous mud flow and suspension settling of muddy kimberlitic sediments. Geochemical analyses of the latter indicate a high degree of contamination and weathering, and mixing between pristine kimberlite and silicic shale/mud compositions. Failure and collapse of parts of the underlying pipe walls yielded megablocks of poorly consolidated Permian Karoo mudstone in the peripheral zone of the pipe. This source of the megablocks is supported by their bulk chemical composition. Minor phreatic/phreatomagmatic eruptions are suggested by the presence of rare accretionary and armoured lapilli within both the QRVK and RVK facies. Subsidence of the volcaniclastic pipe fill, inferred mainly from the oversteepened dips of the bedded QRVK and RVK facies, may be related to gravity-induced compaction, late-stage phreatomagmatic eruptions or eruption ofthe adjacent Centre Lobe.

M.Cur. (Nursing Education) / Performance appraisal is a continuous process for identifying, evaluating and developing the work performance of nurse educators so that the goals and objectives of the college are more effectively achieved, while at the same time benefiting individual nurse educators in terms of reward and recognition of performance, professional development and career guidance. Performance appraisal entails structured formal interaction between an appraiser and appraisee, which usually takes the form of a periodic interview (annual or semiannual), in which the work performance of the appraisee is examined and discussed with a view to identifying weaknesses and strengths as well as opportunities for improvement and skills development. The challenge faced by the nurse educators is the lack of knowledge in execution of the performance appraisal. The purpose of the study is to describe guidelines to improve the performance appraisal system of nurse educators at all eight nursing colleges in Botswana. The research design is qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. Purposive sampling was used in this study to recruit nurse educators to participate in individual semistructured interviews. A qualitative open coding data analysis method was used. The researcher ensured the trustworthiness of the study by using Lincoln and Guba’s model of trustworthiness, which is based on four strategies: credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability. Inadequate knowledge among the nurse educators regarding performance appraisal emerged as the only main theme from the semi-structured interviews. Two subthemes that emerged from this theme were: inadequate knowledge of the appraisers and appraisees regarding the performance appraisal process and inadequate knowledge of the appraisers regarding mentoring and coaching of appraisees during the performance appraisal period. The theme and the sub-themes are conceptualised within the existing relevant literature, and guidelines to improve the performance appraisal system at the eight iv nursing colleges in Botswana are then described. Recommendations are made with regard to nursing education, nursing practice and nursing research. It is recommended that the nurse educators be trained in performance appraisal with emphasis on the performance appraisal process and the application of coaching and mentoring strategies throughout the performance appraisal period.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Agric) Extension)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The premise of the thesis is that attention to the processes that produce the green state opens up avenues for analysing African states from the perspective of the green state. This study engages the theory of the green state within the African context to understand the complex processes that enabled the greening of the state in Botswana. I draw on the example of wildlife conservation policies and practices in post-independence Botswana to argue that the greening of the state entails processes by which the state interacts with non-state actors to enact environmental reforms over a long period of time. Such interaction maybe initiated by the state or by non-state actors who are determined to pursue an environmental agenda or to implement environmental strategies through organs of the state. To account for the processes that enable the greening of Botswana, the study employed an interpretive approach that is dependent on qualitative data. The study primarily draws from archival research and key informant interviews with academics, environmental consultants, representatives of civil society, relevant government departments and ministries, the private sector in Botswana's tourism, and an interview with former President Ian Khama. To understand the greening processes, the thesis analysed the qualitative data between 1966 and 2018. These historical periods cover the presidency of Seretse Khama (1966 – 1980), Ketumile Masire (1980 – 1998), Festus Mogae (1998 – 2008) and Ian Khama (2008 – 2018). The four key findings of the study are that, first, the collaboration between authorities in Botswana and international agencies and actors enabled the greening of Botswana. These agencies and actors, financed environmental related programmes, facilitated the development of green institutions, and influenced the country's conservation policies. Second, the study demonstrates that political leadership is instrumental in the greening of Botswana. The four presidencies paid attention to environmental protection though there were variations in each presidency. The presidency of Ian Khama stands out as an important period in greening of the state as he strengthened the greening process by realigning the wildlife economy with political power. Third, the study found that the greening process necessitates the internal restructuring of the state through the establishment of green institutions, which serve to realign state activities with the green agenda. Fourth and lastly, the study reveals that the greening of the state in Botswana is accompanied by negative state-citizen relations in the wildlife sector. These relations played out through the marginalization of the local people in the ecotourism enterprise within the context of community-based natural resource management initiative.

This study documents the metal working technology employed at two major Iron Age archaeological sites in southern Africa. The research involved the description and analysis of two large metal working assemblages with a total of 2922 metal artefacts, fragments of ore, and slag, from the sites of Divuyu (6th 8th century AD) and Nqoma (7th - 10th century AD, with a later 17th - 19th century AD occupation) in the Tsodilo Hills, northwestern Botswana. This is the first systematic description and metallographic analysis of a large collection of Early Iron Age metal artefacts from southern Africa. The artefacts were small, mainly delicate items of copper and iron jewellery, and tools possibly used in their manufacture. They were classified, described, and sampled selectively for metallographic, petrographic, and chemical analysis. Seventy artefacts were studied in detail, from which the fabrication technology employed at these sites was reconstructed. During the Early Iron Age forging, and probably also smelting, of iron took place at both sites. The smelting products were inhomogeneous iron and steel, with typical fayalitic slag, characteristic of indigenous bloomery iron production. The forging was done in an oxidising hearth and the technique used was poor, with no deliberate control over carbon content, the mechanical properties of the steel, or heat treatment other than annealing. Fabrication involved hammering square wire and flat sheets, which were cut into strips for beads, clips, chains, and fibre-cored wound ornaments. Numerous finger rings were made from crude round iron wire. Copper was worked in the same way, generally leaving the metal in its annealed state. Significant chemical variation in the copper artefacts and iron slag inclusions indicated that diverse ore sources were involved. There were stylistic similarities between individual artefacts from the Tsodilo Hills and Early Iron Age material from the Upemba Depression in Zaire, as well as with a copper chain from Broederstroom in the Transvaal. Comparison of the fabrication technology with Later Iron Age material suggested that local indigenous iron and copper working technology has changed little since its introduction in southern Africa.

The impact of farmer training in Botswana in terms of its influence on farmers’ production efficiency is not well known. The objectives of this study have been to investigate the factors that determine the adoption and non-adoption of agricultural technologies, establish how farmers contribute to the training program, and determine the impact of the knowledge gained from the training program. A structured questionnaire was administered to 223 respondents, from these respondents 153 farmers attended training, twenty-one respondents were never trained, thirty-three were frontline extension agents, nine support staff, five instructors and two managers. The respondents were from five districts of Kgatleng, Kweneng south, and Kweneng north, Kweneng west, and Southeast. The study revealed that intervening variables are the determinants of behaviour change, and the effect of the independent variables is manifested in them. It was established that age, education and farm size seems to have an influence on adoption of technologies. While gender, farming experience, land ownership, and membership to farmer organization did not influence adoption of technologies. The results indicated that most of the farmers were not involved in identifying the courses they attended, as indicated by 65 percent of the respondents. This was confirmed by 80 percent of respondents who indicated that extension agents suggested the courses. The findings of the study show that most of the respondents agreed that knowledge gained from training is very useful. This was reported by 45 percent of respondents who indicated moderate impact on their production due to training, 46 percent indicated that they used the knowledge often, while 36 percent of respondents never used the knowledge since training. The most important factor revealed by the study contributing to non-adoption of technologies is lack of resources. This is related to need, perception and participation of farmers in identifying the courses they attend. During follow-ups made by extension staff on trained farmers, the results show that the status of acquired knowledge is usually negative; this was stated by 64% of the respondents, as such indicating that there was no implementation. This affirms the fact that 36 percent of respondents never used the knowledge, while 36 percent did not realize any impact at all on their production efficiency due to training. The study concluded that for training to be effective, extension has to address the needs and perception of trainees. This will address lack of resources, which contribute to non-adoption of technologies. Compatibility of acquired knowledge to the situation of respondents is another factor to be considered in training. It is concluded that the needs of respondents determine adoption behaviour, which finally influences production efficiency. Based on the findings of this study, factors identified to influence adoption and non-adoption of technologies and issues raised, it is recommended that more research should be done to address implementation of acquired knowledge and how to measure the impact of training. / Dissertation (MSc (Agricultural Extension))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MSc / unrestricted

This study will show the relevance of competition policy and law is not only stopping anti-competitive practices but also its role in complimenting government reforms and policies in Uganda. The research will contribute to the development of the relevant competition law legislation for Uganda. The motivation of the study is derived from the competition challenges facing Uganda today, a country that has liberalised and privatised its economy but has no competition policy and law.

PhD - Geography / Due to increasing rapid environmental change, coupled with changes in social, economic and political conditions, vulnerability assessments have become increasingly important for understanding society’s capacity to deal with such changes. The aim of this research is to examine vulnerability of rural societies as well as the configuration of forces that shape their ability to cope and adapt to climate variability. The study compares two rural societies living in different climatic regions in Botswana. These are, the southwestern part, which has the driest climate and the northern part, which has the wettest climate.

This dissertation focusses upon battered women in Gaborone and its environs. It aims to perspective. examine physical battering from a socio-legal In an attempt to link the social and the legal, the women' s theoretical with the 'symbolic' them. and actual responses are analysed together and practical legal remedies available to by using new revolutionary feminism as a methodological and analytical tool, the researcher was able both to: relate to the women as a woman, and - ' create with the women a means of communication which was less hierarchic than it would otherwise have been. The legal and sociological responses are examined against the backdrop of a brief socio-political history of the country. The central themes focussed upon here are the law, role of chiefs, and the role and status of women in both the pre- and post-independence phases. This Chapter also serves to locate the major themes of the dissertation, marriage, family and the law, within a broader socio-political context. A brief excursus focusses on selected Zimbabwean legislation which directly relates to women. Even though the legislation is not specifically for combating battering, its potential use for such purpose becomes clear. Zimbabwe provides an example of a contemporary African country actively involved with putting to paper its government's ·commitment to the liberation of women and the establishment of equality of men and women in all spheres of Zimbabwean society. '1 The recommendations are divided into preferred and interim measures. The preferred measures operable within the researcher's preferred society are aimed at: the elimination of traditional structures which result in oppression and exploitation; the elimination of ideological relations which create and reinforce oppressive social relations at both personal and I global political economic levels; and being a society in which the laws both reflect and effect the principles of equality and legality. The interim measures operate within the present society and serve as precursors to the preferred remedies. The experiences of the women and the limited use of the law both 'formed the basis for these recommendations. It is this researcher's submission that battering cannot be addressed adequately in legal terms alone. Seen as a means of social control of women, battering has to be dealt with at both the social and legal levels for any effective measures to be taken.

This thesis explores variations and shifts in gender roles in housing delivery and the construction. Although presently excluded from construction activities, women have in the past constituted substantial proportions of builders in many countries worldwide. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, for example, women have traditionally been responsible for building house. However, recent studies and reports indicate that women in Botswana and other countries in the region are grossly underrepresented in construction activities. The few women currently employed in the construction industry work mostly as labourers. Boserup and other scholars have attributed the gendered division of labour to economic development, technological changes, patriarchy, capitalism colonialism or modernisation Based on qualitative and quantitative studies undertaken in the township of Lobatse, Botswana, and adopting a pluralistic and holistic approach, I however posit that gender roles and relations are outcomes of negotiation and normalisation processes through which men and women (as individuals or in groups) use their power and positions in society to access and control resources and services. The outcomes and negotiation processes are themselves conditioned by a web of interacting and intersecting historical, social, economic, political and environmental factors. I further argue that in the context of Botswana, traditional gender roles were shaped by prevailing patriarchal ideologies and institutions, the country's fragile environment, subsistence modes of production, and frequent intertribal wars that characterised the region. However, men's takeover of housing and construction activities that emerged during the colonial period was due to the intersection of Western influences, men's temporary migrations to South Africa, commoditisation of labour and the introduction of the market economy. Women's exclusion from the construction industry has since been entrenched through the atrophication of women's traditional building skills caused by widespread preferences for exogenous building materials and Western style houses. Due to lack of non-traditional building skills, women have been forced to work as labourers in the waged construction industry or as unpaid managers, supervisors and caterers in self-help housing. Robbed of their ability to build houses, women have been obliged to negotiate new gender relationships and strategies for accessing and owning houses. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.