Bibliography: leaves 187-197. / Botswana has been considered as one of the few post-independence development successes in Africa. The country's recent status is attributable to the growth of the minerals sector, with diamonds and copper/nickel matte forming the basis of exports and government development revenues. Mining has not only been responsible for boosting export earnings, but has also stimulated most recent urbanisation, resulting in the some of the highest urban growth rates in sub-Saharan Africa. The problem of urban in-migration has been compounded by a bias in development expenditure, with the towns receiving a disproportionately large share of scarce resources. All new towns since independence have been established as service centres for the mines, with limited wider development occurring. Resultant vulnerability and instability in the urban sphere has been reflected in the case of Selebi-Phikwe, where a decline in the copper/nickel industry has threatened the future integrity of the town. That mining has not contributed towards development which is sustainable over the long terms calls into question, the resilience of Botswana's progress. A political-economic analysis of the development history of Botswana indicates a continuity between colonial neglect and the migrant labour system, and the current problems of dependence on the mining sector and external employment opportunities. The reasons for the dearth in diversified productive activity in mining towns in Botswana are related to an externally orientated development policy, with dependence on the world mineral markets. As the mining industry is based on the extraction of finite, non-renewable resources and is susceptible to fluctuations in mineral pricing, towns exclusively based on mining are latently unstable and have similarly finite lives. The problem is compounded by the lack of a local entrepreneurial class capable of stimulating the 'modern' sector which is related to the historical lack of an urban elite in the country. Given that there has been minimal associated development of productive opportunities outside of the primary sector in Selebi-Phikwe, the Government has instituted a crisis management strategy to deal with the situation. Proposals to diversify the economic base of Selebi-Phikwe are focused on attracting foreign investment, as a means of stimulating local, export-orientated industrialisation. As the incentives for locating in the town are primarily based on cheap, malleable, labour supplies, transnational investment is likely to be of a highly mobile nature and is unlikely to sustain employment and development in Selebi-Phikwe Certain conclusions are drawn from the experience of Selebi-Phikwe: Firstly, the problem of continuity in Selebi-Phikwe has historical roots indicating that short term panaceas are unlikely and that structural solutions are needed. Secondly, the town's fate holds important implications for the maintenance and support of the wider urban system in Botswana. Thirdly, expectations of indefinite economic prosperity have been generated in part, by continual Government emphasis on urban infrastructural development, something which is potentially problematic given the potential for urban discontinuity. A more rational evaluation of the urban sector in Botswana is required. With the precarious foundations of urbanisation in Botswana borne in mind, surplus revenues generated by mining should be channelled into rural employment creation rather than urban areas. An approach which treats the urban question in its entirety is required. There is thus a real need for a national development programme which integrates population and environmental policy with rural and urban sector planning, and which bases future development on the criteria of equity and sustainability.

Public Administration / (M. A.( Public Administration))

The aim of the study was to investigate the diet diversity, food access and coping strategies applied by single mothers with young children in the Northern Okavango region of Botswana. A qualitative and quantitative survey was chosen as the research design for this study. The study site was Gumare village in rural Ngamiland and the sample included only single female headed households. The questionnaires used were contextualized to reflect the culture, food patterns and specific foods commonly consumed in Botswana. Three questionnaires were used: 1. A socio- demographic questionnaire to document household size, age, marital status, income and water sources and the indigenous and wild foods that were gathered 2. The international standardized Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) questionnaire to identify the variety of foods from fourteen food groups consumed by households over the previous 24 hours 3. The international standardized Coping Strategies Index (CSI) to determine the coping strategy behaviours of members of the household when faced with food shortages The socio demographic results of the study showed that female headed households had an average 7.4 members. They were seriously affected by poverty, as 58% of the households had registered under the Botswana Social Welfare programme as destitute. Therefore qualifies to be assisted through provision of food baskets and cash vouchers. The overall results obtained from the household dietary diversity questionnaire showed a diet diversity score of 2.0. This is an extremely low diet diversity value, which indicate a high level of vulnerability to food insecurity and inadequate food access. The foods which were mainly consumed by households were from the cereal food group, reflecting the global situation among the poor who rely on starch- based diets. The intake from dairy products (10%), meats (28%) and Vitamin A rich vegetables (16%) was limited. Given the limited food variety resulting in severe restriction to food access, coping strategies to address food shortages were employed. These included; relying on less preferred and less expensive food (100%), gathering wild food, hunting or harvesting immature crops (68%), limiting portion sizes (96%), reducing the number of meals eaten in the day (76%), depending on government food baskets (58%) and reducing overall food intake when the government food basket was not adequate (50%). It can be concluded that, given the restricted food access and a severely limited diversity in consumed food, extended government welfare assistance is crucial. The findings of this study could be used to guide the Botswana government when formulating new approaches and interventions to address food access and ultimately food security in households in this poverty- stricken area. / Agriculture, Animal Health & Human Ecology / M.A. (Human Ecology)

The purpose of this study secondary schools and industries in Botswana support the inculcation and development of entrepreneurial attributes. Concurrently, it investigated consonance between the attributes fostered in senior secondary schools and those required by Botswana's manufacturing industries. Hence, it investigated images, perceptions and attitudes among students and teachers in senior secondary schools and industrialists towards entrepreneurial skills and attributes. It also investigated levels of social acceptance for entrepreneurial attributes, teaching/learning approaches in schools, classroom and industrial dynamism and the utility potential of entrepreneurial skills and attributes as perceived by students, teachers and industrialists. The research design used was the investigative descriptive survey targeting students and teachers in senior secondary schools and industrialists in Botswana's manufacturing sector. A questionnaire was used for collecting data. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and correlation using the SPSS computer package. The research findings indicated a correlation in the students' and teachers' perceptions of an entrepreneur relating an entrepreneur with psychological traits and an enterprise. The findings also indicated that teachers are more disposed towards entrepreneurial attributes than students and industrialists who are more disposed towards traditional conformist academic attributes. All the respondents indicated a dislike for autonomy and risk taking. The reward and progression systems seemed to favour the inculcation of traditional conformist attributes. The study also revealed that industrialists in Botswana prefer conformist and selfmanagement skills to entrepreneurial skills and attributes. Individual entrepreneurial attributes seemed to have a minimal influence on industrial dynamism. Entrepreneurial and incubator occupations were ranked least by teachers and students in the hierarchy of occupations. On implementation procedures, teachers preferred teaching methods and materials which enhance the acquisition of entrepreneurial attributes while students, preferred those enhancing traditional conformist attributes. There is a disjunction between the skills and attributes inculcated in schools and those required in the manufacturing industries. A hi-perceptual composite entrepreneurial curriculum focusing on entrepreneurial psychological skills and attributes and enterprise as a physical phenomenon was recommended. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / Petroleum fuels energy supply and its availability is an essential precondition for socio-economic development in any economy. Energy is required in meeting the basic human needs such as food, shelter, health, education and for economic activities such as transport, agriculture and mining. Botswana’s energy consumption is dominated by petroleum fuels. The country has no known petroleum reserves and it has to import all its petroleum requirements in refined form, from the neighbouring South Africa. The study focuses on the challenges of security of supply of petroleum products in Botswana. What is at stake is to identify alternative supply sources and routes of petroleum products to Botswana, thus reducing the risk of wholly dependence on South Africa for the supply. A major goal is to develop alternative sources and routes from neighbouring countries. This can be achieved by the Botswana Government taking advantage of regional cooperation with neighbouring countries. The study explores other approaches to reduce the high dependence on South Africa. One of the possible solutions is for Botswana Government to establish a state owned oil company which could play a catalytic role in the implementation of many of the steps considered in this study. This company could, for example, be charged with crude oil exploration in Botswana and with steps to assist locally owned Botswana companies to establish themselves in the marketing and distribution of petroleum. Much will, however, depend on the resources that can be mobilised by the Botswana Government for such a State Oil Company. The study is based on secondary data obtained mainly from the Division of Energy in the Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources. Feasibility studies conducted by consultants engaged by the Ministry played an important role in the literature underlying this report.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the world globalises there is need for economic integration. These integration processes can be both regional and global Africa as one of the world's continents is not immune to these integrations; regions within the continent have formed trade blocs which enhance economic development for individual member states of such blocs. Even though these countries are not equal in terms of economic development the ultimate goal is to have sustainable economic development and be able to compete in the global world. Botswana is one country with such aspirations and dreams. This paper addresses the role of Botswana in the global economy; highlighting its opportunities and challenges. Botswana has been a success story in Africa, with its GOP per capita increasing from less than US$2 000 in 1975 to around USSIO 000 in 2005, recording economic growth rates of over seven per cent. The country's economy has been heavily reliant on mining. tourism. manufacturing and agriculture. Diamonds are by far the most important source of income for Botswana, accounting for more than 70 per cent of total export earnings. The satisfactory performance of the financial sector impacts on overall development and the diversification of the economy. In its efforts to integrate and strengthen bilateral relations with bigger market economies, Botswana is a signatory to a number of trade agreements such as World Trade Organisation (WTO), Cotonou, Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) and Southern African Customs Union (SA CU). As a member of the WTO, the inclusion of China into the organisation implies that Chinese products are now highly competitive when compared to Botswana products due to lower production costs enjoyed by Chinese finns. Chinese finns also enjoy competitive advantage in US markets where Botswana exports some of its textile products under AGOA. However, the country has enjoyed productive relationships with the European countries since its colonial period and through the Cotonou agreement, which was signed between the European Community and the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Botswana is also a signatory to regional blocs such as the SADC through which it has agreed on a number of economic issues such as trade, gender, water resources, peace and security, democracy and good governance. Through the SADe, member states such as Botswana are able to lobby for support or form partnerships with developed nations such as Sweden. By being a member of SACU, Botswana can export to a large market and complement its smaller domestic market. As players in the global economy, countries are exposed to many challenges and opportunities. There are opportunities for attracting more investment into the country due to its excellent economic performance. Investment can be attracted in financial and manufacturing sectors through encouraging private-public partnerships. This paper discusses some of the growth sectors in the economy and how they can be enhanced to contribute to sustainable development. It is also worth mentioning that Botswana faces challenges such as HIV/AIDS and unemployment. By being landlocked, the country is relatively expensive for investors to manufacture locally and export to foreign countries, which dampens the attraction of foreign direct investment. Some of these challenges and opportunities experienced by Botswana can serve as lessons for other African countries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die globaliseringsproses wereIdwyd vorder is daar ook 'n proses van toenemende ekonomiese integrasie, wereldwyd en op 'n streeksbasis. Afrika neem ook deel aan die proses. In die verskillende streke van die kontinent is handelsblokke besig om te ontplooi. AI is hierdie lande nog ver agter in die internasionale mededingingsproses strewe hulle daarna om op 'n volhoubare manier internasionaal mee te ding. Botswana het beslis die mikpunt. Hierdie studie spreek Botswana se rol in die wyer streeks- en internasionale ekonomie aan. Die land word algemeen beskou as 'n ontwikkelingsukses, met 'n BBP per capita toename van US$2 000 in 1975 tot US$I0 000 in 2005, en 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse groeikoers van meer as sewe persent. Die landsekonomie is sterk afhanklik van die mynbousektor, landbou, toerisme en fabriekswese, met diamante tot 70 persent van uitvoere. As deel van die proses om nouer in te skakel by die groter markte het Botswana by 'n reeks ooreenkomste aangesluit, naamlik die Wereld Handelsorganisasie, die Cotonou-ooreenkoms, die SADC, AGOA en SACU. Terwyl die aansluiting by hierdie ooreenkomste Botswana se uitvoermarkte uitgebrei het, het Sjina se aansluiting by die WTO vir Botswana se nywerhede groter mededinging veroorsaak. Aan die ander kant het die lidmaatskap van Botswana by die SADC en Sacu vir die land baie geleenthede geopen om meer effektief te pleit en te onderhandel vir ekonomiese, sosiale en ander ontwikkelingsvoordele, veral waar Botswana se eie bevolking en markte so klein is. Om 'n beeld te kry van die uitwerking van die stappe van Botswana word in die studie ook gekyk na ontwikkelingstendense in spesifieke sektore asook na pogings om buitelandse kapitaal na die land te trek. Terselfdertyd moet besef word dat Botswana vanwee sy hoe HIV/Vigs koers tans en in die toekoms te kampe het met 'n reeks heel spesiale struikelblokke wat die ontwikkelingsproses beinvloed.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an effort to reduce its dependency on mining, (since independence at 1966) the successive governments of Botswana (GoB) have continued to foster national development by diversifying the country’s economy, with agribusiness development strategies at the forefront of discussions. Over decades, a significant number of policies on agri-support have been developed towards this mission. Nevertheless, the performance of the sector continues to decline considerably. Despite its potential to promote and develop small-scale farmers, literature on agri-support programmes has indicated that without scrutiny and continuous evaluation of the programmes in place, the strategy can be another way of which governments lose money. This study examines the Botswana Young Farmers Fund programme that finances aspiring young farmers to start up or expand their agri projects. More particularly, the study investigates how this model in the context of young farmers, impacts and contribute to the development of the agricultural sector in Botswana. The study identified challenges and opportunities of the YFF programme. The major challenge which is also applicable to the general sector, identified by the case study suggests that the agricultural environment in Botswana is fragile, therefore seeks relevant agribusiness development strategies that are tailor-made for specific challenges faced by the sector.

Thesis (M.M. (Public Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2013. / A new Vocational Educational Policy, Botswana Technical Education Programme policy (BTEP) has been launched by the Department of Vocational Education and Training to enable the learners to acquire the necessary learning experiences and attributes towards effective preparation for the world of work. The nature of the programme is such that facilitation approaches should be learner-centred. The Quality Assurance policies are aimed to support the implementation of the BTEP. However, they were factors which hindered the effective implementation of BTEP in the Technical Colleges. Consequently, the Colleges implemented the policy partially while there was non-implementation in certain programmes at some Colleges and as a result BTEP failed to increase access in the Technical Colleges as initially intended. This was the research problem of the study. The aim of the study was to explore factors that constrained the implementation of BTEP. The related literature was consulted to determine the changes that could be made to enhance policy implementation. Subsequently, document analysis and semi-structured interviews were used to determine the current BTEP delivery practices of lecturers at four Technical Colleges in Botswana, namely, Maun Technical College, Selebi Phikwe Technical College, Francistown College of Vocational Education and Training and Palapye Technical College. Thereafter, the requirements of the policy and the current practices of the lecturers were compared to determine the factors that had hindered the implementation of BTEP. Though the research identified a number of perceived policy successes, perceived policy failures were also identified as follows: Lack of capacity to implement the policy in the Technical Colleges, lack of support for policy implementation from DTVET, lack of commitment to the policy, diverse interpretation of the policy and lastly negative attitude towards the policy was also identified as a constraining factor. Regarding these perceived constraints it was firstly recommended that DTVET should ensure that there are officers who are held accountable for the progress of the implementation of BTEP at DTVET level. Secondly DTVET should develop strategies to guide and support lecturers to implement BTEP effectively. Furthermore DTVET should ensure that messages are communicated to all stakeholders and that feedback about BTEP is clear and consistent. DTVET should also encourage the Colleges to adopt the policy, mitigate resistance and manage the implementation of BTEP. Lastly DTVET should simplify strategies for implementing the BTEP policy and avoid complex initiatives. This study may provide a solution to the problem of BTEP implementation in the Technical Colleges in Botswana. I write this in particular to advice and encourage, the Department of Vocational Education and Training, Programme Design and Development Unit, Quality Assurance Unit, College Management teams and lecturers to make use of the issues raised in this study to help them improve BTEP implementation in the Technical Colleges.

This study examines agricultural education in Botswana among students and teachers. Since independence in 1966 to the present time, agricultural production has declined from about 40 percent to about 3 percent. Harsh climatic conditions and a general ignorance about agriculture contribute to the restricted perception of agriculture and careers in this field. Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with agricultural teachers who had resigned and former graduates in four secondary schools and three postsecondary educational institutions (Botswana College of Agriculture, University of Botswana, and Tonota College of Education). Negative, positive and mixed images emerged that revealed some similar and some contradictory perceptions of agriculture education. The attrition of teachers also attracted attention because of their working conditions and their images of agricultural teaching. However, the phenomenon of teacher attrition is not unique to agriculture. Students and teachers had conflicting images concerning curriculum instruction. Teachers identified the inadequacy of practicals because students are unable to apply the theoretical knowledge they have acquired to satisfy the various skills required in their new jobs. On the other hand, students perceived practicals as misdirected intensive labour. Non-agricultural tertiary students demonstrated that they do not have a full understanding of the potential career opportunities that agriculture can provide. They often thought that agriculture was confined to ploughing and food production. Nevertheless, both agricultural students and non-agricultural students agreed that agriculture could be a good career that they might consider later in their lives. Participants in the study suggested strategies to enhance the poor perception of agriculture education in educational institutions in Botswana. One strategy was for curriculum reform, such that agriculture teaching should reinforce practicals that are relevant to students’ needs. Practical instruction should not be used as intensive manual labour but should be used to target specific skills that are needed in industry. Agriculture teaching should start at primary school so that pupils can develop a positive image towards agriculture education at a young age, at the age of seven students could be involved in simple experiments conducted in laboratories, then at eleven years students can start practicals in the garden, making sure not to overwork the pupils. Through career guidance and counselling, agricultural teachers should broaden the limited perception that agriculture is simply food production and expand the field to its scientific and commercial careers, such as food processing and marketing. Even though the Ministry of Agriculture provides some incentives to farmers, they misappropriate the schemes. Access to loans has to be provided for students who have completed their studies and cannot find jobs so that they can also join the field of production. Even though women are dominated by men in both agriculture and in education and food production in Botswana, this trend is changing; there are more female enrolments in agricultural educational institutions than males. The government is trying to create an equitable distribution of resources for women as well. The position of women in Botswana is better than what literature has revealed in sub Saharan Africa.

Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Karen Guttieri, Donald Abenheim, J. Holmes Armstead. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.