How do we learn to establish associations between arbitrary visual cues (like a red light) and movements (like braking the car)? We investigated the neural correlates of visuomotor association learning in the mid-lateral cerebellum. Although cerebellum has been considered to be a motor control center involved in monitoring and correcting the motor error through supervised learning, in this thesis, we show that its role can also be extended to non-motor learning. Specifically, when primates learned to associate arbitrary visual cues with well-learned stereotypic movements, the simple spikes of the mid-lateral cerebellar Purkinje cells reported the monkey’s most recent decision’s outcome during learning. The magnitude of this reinforcement error signal changed with learning, finally disappearing when the association had been overlearned. We modeled this change in neural activity through a drift diffusion-reinforcement learning based model. The concurrent complex spikes, contrary to traditional theories, did not play the role of teaching signal, but encoded the probability of error as a function of the state of learning. They also encoded features that indicate the beginning of a trial. Inactivating the mid-lateral cerebellum significantly affected the monkey’s learning performance while it did not affect motor performance. This is because the mid-lateral cerebellum is in a loop with other cognitive processing centers of the brain including the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Finally, we verified that the features we identified in primate experiments can also be extended to humans, by studying the visuomotor association learning in humans through functional magnetic resonance imaging. In summary, through electrophysiological and causal experiments in monkeys, imaging in humans, computational models and an anatomical framework, we delineate mechanisms through which the cerebellum can be involved in reinforcement learning and specifically, learning new visuomotor associations.

Resting State functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-fMRI) has revealed brain-wide correlation patterns throughout the human brain, interpreted as Functional Connectivity. Dynamic Functional Connectivity (DFC) has recently expanded on this technique via sliding window correlation analysis, revealing moment-to-moment changes in functional connectivity across an imaging session. However, the meaning of these transitions in terms of neural activity and behavior are not well understood.In this work, I utilized Dynamic Functional Connectivity analytical techniques in conjunction with Wide Field Optical Mapping (WFOM) in the awake, freely behaving mouse. I hypothesized that neural and hemodynamic activity observed with WFOM would exhibit similar transitions between functional connectivity states as reported by fMRI DFC studies. I also explored whether changes in functional connectivity would correspond to changes in behavior. Simultaneous neural and hemodynamic activity was collected using WFOM from five freely behaving head-fixed Thy1-jRGECO1a mice. Behavioral metrics of movement, whisking and pupillometry were acquired simultaneously. Raw neuroimaging data were dimensionally reduced to representative time courses across the dorsal surface of the cortex for each subject utilizing a semi-supervised clustering technique. Functional Connectivity analysis revealed rich spatiotemporal structures within neural and hemodynamic activity, which were consistent across imaging sessions and subjects. I observed broad changes in Functional Connectivity metrics during rest, locomotion, and transitional epochs between the two by directly comparing windows captured during these epochs. It was also observed that Functional Connectivity metrics immediately following locomotion offset could be distinguished from periods of sustained rest. Similar to human fMRI studies, a distinct increase in bilateral connectivity of anterior lateral prefrontal cortex was observed, which became significantly less synchronized with posterior brain regions during sustained periods of rest. I next used an unsupervised clustering technique on the same data to test if these properties could be observed in an indirect manner. This approach has been previously used in numerous human fMRI studies, and contextualized this work to human fMRI studies. A sliding window was used to calculate moment-to-moment Functional Connectivity maps across each imaging session. These dynamic correlation maps were clustered into multiple states, which could then be used to calculate the most representative state for any given epoch. Unsupervised clustering revealed strikingly similar dynamic states to our previous observations. These dynamic states also exhibited independent distributions of behavioral activity both in neural and hemodynamic models, leading us to conclude that there is not only a meaningful link between Functional Connectivity in neural and hemodynamic activity, but that behavioral shifts largely drive these changes. My findings provide strong evidence that Dynamic Functional Connectivity has neural origins, and hemodynamic responses are able to depict correlation patterns that tracks rapid changes in behavior and internal brain states such as the level of arousal or alertness. Future studies are necessary to further investigate this speculation, but this offers an excellent framework to better understand the rich, dynamic properties of brain activity.

We make sense of the present by comparing it to the past. Our capacity for memory makes this comparison possible, characterizing each experience by how much it conforms to or diverges from what we already know. Some events — like commuting to work or cooking your favorite meal — follow a predictable and well-defined structure, whereas others contradict or elude expectations. In this dissertation, I present a series of experiments that explore how the two ends of this continuum, predictability and novelty, affect how we learn from and remember our experiences. Chapter 1 begins by demonstrating that the execution of a predictable and well-learned sequence of actions during learning scaffolds memory for the temporal structure of concurrent events. In Chapter 2, I use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the neural basis of this “scaffolding” effect. I find that the brain maintains representations of predictable sequence knowledge during encoding, and that the strength of these representations helps to stabilize activity in the hippocampus and visual cortices and to promote temporal order memory. Finally, Chapter 3 turns to focus on how novelty embedded in our day-to-day lives impacts memory for real-world autobiographical events. Using an intensive longitudinal “daily diary” design, this last study reveals that engaging in new or atypical experiences bolsters memory not only for the novel events in question, but also for non-novel events that occur nearby in time. Taken together, these findings shed light on how episodic memory can benefit from both novelty and familiar structure, illustrating how what we remember is shaped by the expectations we carry with us.

Η ηπατική εγκεφαλοπάθεια είναι ένα νευροψυχιατρικό κλινικό σύνδρομο που αναπτύσσεται σε ασθενείς με σοβαρή ηπατική ανεπάρκεια. Οι κλινικές εκδηλώσεις που χαρακτηρίζουν το σύνδρομο ποικίλουν από ελαφρές διαταραχές της ψυχικής κατάστασης μέχρι κώμα, ενώ σε ιστολογικό επίπεδο οι αλλοιώσεις του ΚΝΣ είναι μη ειδικές. Πολλοί μηχανισμοί ενέχονται στην παθογένεια της νόσου, όπως εναπόθεση στο εξωκυττάριο υγρό τοξικών προιόντων που δεν μεταβολίζονται στο ήπαρ, αλλαγές στον αιματοεγκεφαλικό φραγμό, ανώμαλη ισορροπία νευρομεταβιβαστών, διαταραχές μεταβολισμού και ηλεκτρικής ισορροπίας στα νευρωνικά κύτταρα του εγκεφάλου. Σύμφωνα με την τελευταία ταξινόμηση της ηπατικής εγκεφαλοπάθειας (ΗΕ) (Παγκόσμιο Συνέδριο Γαστρεντερολογίας, Βιέννη 1998) προσδιορίσθηκε η κλινική οντότητα της ελάχιστης ή υποκλινικής ηπατικής εγκεφαλοπάθειας σαν υποκατηγορία της ΗΕ σχετιζόμενης με κίρρωση και πυλαία υπέρταση. Η Υποκλινική Ηπατική Εγκεφαλοπάθεια (ΥΗΕ) είναι ο όρος που χρησιμοποιείται για να περιγράψει λεπτές διαταραχές της εγκεφαλικής λειτουργίας και μεταβολές φυσιολογικών παραμέτρων στους κιρρωτικούς ασθενείς που δεν έχουν κλινικές ενδείξεις ηπατικής εγκεφαλοπάθειας. Σε κλινικό επίπεδο παρατηρούνται μια σειρά από διαταραχές σε βιολογικές παραμέτρους όπως ο ύπνος, και περιορισμός σε πολλές φυσικές δραστηριότητες και συμπεριφορές της καθημερινής ζωής. Ενώ η διάγνωση της ΗΕ λόγω της κλινικής της αναγνώρισης δεν παρουσιάζει προβλήματα, η διάγνωση της ΥΗΕ είναι προβληματική, καθώς στις διάφορες σειρές μελετών που μέχρι σήμερα έχουν γίνει το “gold standard” διάγνωσης της νόσου δεν έχει καθορισθεί. Για τον σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιούνται ψυχομετρικές δοκιμασίες, ερωτηματολόγια καταγραφής συμπεριφοράς και χρονότυπου, μελέτη ιστορικού ύπνου, ηλεκτροφυσιολογικές μέθοδοι(ΗΕΓ) και νεώτερες νευροαπεικονιστικές τεχνικές (MRI εγκεφάλου). Ανώμαλοι κιρκαδιανοί ρυθμοί σε πολλές βιολογικές παραμέτρους έχουν περιγραφεί σε ασθενείς με κίρρωση ήπατος. Η παρουσία του βιολογικού ρολογιού, του υπερχιασματικού πυρήνα του υποθαλάμου (SCN) με τις προσαγωγές και απαγωγές συνδέσεις του επιτρέπει τον συγχρονισμό των ρυθμών των βιολογικών παραμέτρων με τα εξωτερικά ερεθίσματα που αναπτύσσονται στον 24ωρο κύκλο ημέρας/νύχτας. Οι σύγχρονες απόψεις περιλαμβάνουν δύο βασικές ερμηνείες για τις διαταραχές της κιρκαδιανής λειτουργίας που παρατηρούνται στην χρόνια ηπατική νόσο. Πρώτον, οι ανωμαλίες στους κιρκαδιανούς ρυθμούς ξεκινούν από τις επιδράσεις στον SCN των νευροτοξινών που δεν μεταβολίζονται επί ηπατικής ανεπάρκειας και τις προσαγωγές/απαγωγές συνδέσεις του. Δεύτερον, ο ανώμαλος ηπατικός μεταβολισμός της μελατονίνης και η διαφορετικού βαθμού επίδρασή της στον SCN οδηγεί σε μετάθεση φάσεων, αποσυγχρονισμό ρυθμών και τελικά μεταβολή στην απόδοση του βιολογικού ρολογιού. Φαίνεται ότι και οι δύο ερμηνείες, οι οποίες συνδυάζουν τις επιδράσεις της ηπατοκυτταρικής δυσλειτουργίας και της πυλαιοσυστηματικής αναστόμωσης, είναι υπεύθυνες για τις κιρκαδιανές δυσλειτουργίες στην ηπατική νόσο. Σκοπός της μελέτης είναι, αφού μελετήσει κιρρωτικούς ασθενείς ώστε να τους χαρακτηρίσει ότι πάσχουν από ελάχιστη ηπατική εγκεφαλοπάθεια, να καταγράψει όποιες διαταραχές βιολογικών παραμέτρων όπως ο ύπνος και μεταβολές της καθημερινής συμπεριφοράς, καθώς και το ενδοκρινολογικό τους profile με μελέτη υποφυσιακών ορμονών και της μελατονίνης. Οι ανωτέρω μέθοδοι εν συνεχεία συσχετίσθηκαν με νευροφυσιολογικές μεθόδους(ΗΕΓ) και νευροαπεικονιστικές τεχνικές (MRI εγκεφάλου) στην προσπάθεια προσέγγισης πληρέστερα της διάγνωσης της ΥΗΕ, και αναζήτησης δεικτών πρωιμότερης διάγνωσης της νόσου. Μελετήθηκε ομάδα κιρρωτικών ασθενών χωρίς κλινικά ευρήματα εγκεφαλοπάθειας, με παράλληλη χρησιμοποίηση ομάδας ελέγχου παθολογικών μη ηπατοπαθών ασθενών ίδιας ηλικίας και κοινωνικού profile. Όλοι οι ασθενείς υπεβλήθησαν σε πλήρη κλινική νευρολογική εξέταση, εργαστηριακό βιοχημικό έλεγχο, ψυχομετρικές δοκιμασίες(NCT-A,DST), μελέτη ιστορικού ύπνου και ερωτηματολόγια ανάλυσης χαρακτηριστικών χρονότυπου (BNSQ, Horne) και καθημερινής συμπεριφοράς (SIP), μετρήσεις και ανάλυση κιρκαδιανού ρυθμού υποφυσιακών ορμονών και μελατονίνης, καθώς και ΗΕΓ και MRI εγκεφάλου. Τα αποτελέσματα των ψυχομετρικών δοκιμασιών ήταν παθολογικά σε όλους τους κιρρωτικούς και αφορούσαν διαταραχές λεπτών νοητικών λειτουργιών, κινητική αντίδραση και εγρήγορση. Ιδιαίτερο εύρημα ανεδείχθη από την μελέτη οι διαταραχές του ύπνου στους χωρίς εγκεφαλοπάθεια κιρρωτικούς που περιελάμβαναν μειωμένη διάρκεια νυχτερινού ύπνου, παρατεταμένο χρόνο κατάκλισης πριν την έλευσή του και αυξημένο αριθμό νυχτερινών αφυπνίσεων.Παράλληλα όμως ανεδείχθη από τα ερωτηματολόγια και την μελέτη SIP, ένας χρονότυπος καλύτερης συμπεριφοράς που περιγράφεται ως «Περισσότερο Πρωινός Τύπος» για τους κιρρωτικούς, που συμπίπτει με αυτόν της ομάδας ελέγχου παθολογικών μη ηπατοπαθών ασθενών, αλλά και γενικότερα είναι αποδεκτός από τα καθιερωμένα κοινωνικά status. Το ιστορικό του ύπνου κρίνεται ως απαραίτητο εργαλείο συμπλήρωσης κατά την λήψη του ιατρικού ιστορικού, ενώ τα φαινόμενα ημερήσιας υπνηλίας είναι εύρημα σε πιο προχωρημένα στάδια της νόσου. Η MRI εγκεφάλου ανέδειξε παθολογικά ευρήματα σε 69% των κιρρωτικών ασθενών. Αυτά συνίσταντο σε αυξημένης έντασης μαγνητικό σήμα στις Τ-1 ακολουθίες στα βασικά γάγγλια του εγκεφάλου, ενώ οι μη ηπατοπαθείς ασθενείς είχαν φυσιολογική MRI εγκεφάλου. Η στατιστική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων της μελέτης έδειξε ότι η αυξημένη ένταση του παθολογικού μαγνητικού σήματος εμφάνισε σημαντική συσχέτιση με την επιδείνωση της υπερχολερυθσιναιμίας, την υποαλβουμιναιμία, και την υπερσφαιριναιμία, ενώ συνολικά και με το άθροισμα κατά Child-Pugh. H ανάλυση του ΗΕΓ ανέδειξε παθολογικά ευρήματα-μη ειδικές αλλοιώσεις (θ και δ κύματα σε διάφορους συνδυασμούς) στο 50% των κιρρωτικών χωρίς εγκεφαλοπάθεια και φυσιολογικά ευρήματα στους μη ηπατοπαθείς. Ανευρέθη επίσης στατιστική συσχέτιση μεταξύ της αύξησης του παθολογικού σήματος της MRI εγκεφάλου και της βαρύτητας των ΗΕΓ ανωμαλιών. Μελετήθηκαν επίσης υποφυσιακές ορμόνες, η κορτιζόλη και η μελατονίνη, αναλύοντας τόσο τις απόλυτες τιμές τους όσο και την συμπεριφορά και περιοδικότητά τους μέσα στο 24ωρο. Κύρια ευρήματα ήταν για τις προλακτίνη, θυρεοειδοτρόπο και μελατονίνη, κατά την στατιστική ανάλυση διασποράς και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την σημαντικότητα του παράγοντα αλληλεπίδρασης, η διαφορετική συμπεριφορά των ορμονών μέσα στο 24ωρο τόσο σε σχέση με την ομάδα ελέγχου των μη ηπατοπαθών ασθενών, όσο και σε σχέση με τα βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα υγιών μαρτύρων. Η κορτιζόλη δεν ανέδειξε διαφορετική συμπεριφορά 24ώρου σε σχέση με τους μη ηπατοπαθείς παθολογικούς, παρατηρήθηκε όμως μια συνολικά επιμένουσα υποκορτιζολαιμία με έλλειψη των γνωστών εκκριτικών αιχμών της ορμόνης στο 24ωρο.Από την μελέτη επίσης φάνηκε μια μετάθεση της καμπύλης της μελατονίνης προς τις πρωινές ώρες , με αυξημένα επίπεδα το πρωί, και μια αναστροφή της περιοδικότητας στην έκκριση της TSH. Συνολικά παρατηρήθηκε μια διαταραχή στον κιρκαδιανό ρυθμό έκκρισης όλων των ορμονών και απουσία των φυσιολογικών διακυμάνσεών τους στο 24ωρο. Τα αποτελέσματα των ορμονών συγκρινόμενα με τις υπόλοιπες μεθόδους διάγνωσης της ελάχιστης εγκεφαλοπάθειας έδειξαν ότι δεν υπάρχει στατιστικά σημαντική συσχέτιση με την ποσοτική μέθοδο προσδιορισμού του ανθρώπινου χρονότυπου Horne score, και ότι οι μεταβολές της μελατονίνης, προλακτίνης και θυρεοειδοτρόπου δεν σχετίζονται στατιστικά με την ένταση του παθολογικού σήματος στην MRI εγκεφάλου και την βαρύτητα των ΗΕΓ αλλοιώσεων. Για την κορτιζόλη όμως οι μεταβολές των τιμών της σχετίζονται στατιστικά σημαντικά με την αύξηση της έντασης του παθολογικού μαγνητικού σήματος, με την επιδείνωση του βαθμού της ηπατικής επάρκειας(Child-Pugh score), και την επιδείνωση των αλλοιώσεων στο ΗΕΓ. Τέλος, η στατιστική ανάλυση ανέδειξε ότι οι βαρύτερα πάσχοντες κιρρωτικοί (Child score >5) παρουσιάζουν επίταση των ορμονικών διαταραχών, αφού σε αυτούς ανευρίσκονται ακόμα χαμηλότερα επίπεδα κορτιζόλης το πρωί και μελατονίνης το βράδυ. Η μελέτη κιρρωτικών ασθενών, ακόμα και αυτών χωρίς παθολογικά νευρολογικά ευρήματα παρουσιάζει μια σειρά από διαταραχές λεπτών λειτουργιών του ΚΝΣ, αλλά και ανωμαλίες σε πολλές φυσιολογικές και ενδοκρινολογικές παραμέτρους. Στην παρούσα μελέτη οι κιρρωτικοί ασθενείς με ελάχιστη εγκεφαλοπάθεια παρουσίασαν ένα γενικά κοινωνικά αποδεκτό χρονότυπο συμπεριφοράς, «Περισσότερο Πρωινό Τύπο», με σαφείς όμως διαταραχές στον νυχτερινό ύπνο, και περιορισμό σε πολλές λειτουργικές ικανότητες και δραστηριότητες του 24ώρου. Τα αυξημένα πρωινά επίπεδα της μελατονίνης ενοχοποιούνται πρωτίστως για την μετάθεση φάσεων 24ώρου και τις διαταραχές του ύπνου. Στα παραπάνω ευρήματα προστίθενται τα παθολογικά ψυχομετρικά tests ως ειδικοί δείκτες διάγνωσης της ΥΗΕ. Το ΗΕΓ κατέγραψε μη ειδικές διαταραχές στο 50% των κιρρωτικών χωρίς εγκεφαλοπάθεια, όμως η MRI εγκεφάλου φαίνεται ότι έχει μεγαλύτερη ευαισθησία και αξία ως πρώιμος δείκτης νευρολογικών αλλαγών, καθώς το παθολογικής έντασης μαγνητικό σήμα σχετίζεται στατιστικά σημαντικά με παραμέτρους επιδείνωσης της ηπατικής βιοχημείας, με την ταξινόμηση της βαρύτητας της ηπατικής νόσου (Child score),αλλά και τον προοδευτικά αυξανόμενο βαθμό αλλοιώσεων στο ΗΕΓ. Σε επίπεδο ανάλυσης των προαναφερθέντων διαταραχών των κιρκαδιανών ρυθμών των υποφυσιακών ορμονών στην κίρρωση και επί απουσίας έκδηλης εγκεφαλοπάθειας και δοθείσας της θέσης του βιολογικού ρολογιού στον υποθάλαμο, φαίνεται ότι η επίδραση των παθολογικών επιπέδων της μελατονίνης στον SCN καθορίζει σε όποιο βαθμό την απόδοση του κιρκαδιανού βηματοδότη. Δημιουργούνται έτσι μεταθέσεις φάσεων και αποσυγχρονισμός σε πολλές βιολογικές παραμέτρους. Στην διαταραχή της λειτουργίας του βιολογικού ρολογιού συμμετέχουν σαφώς και διαταραχές στα προσαγωγά/απαγωγά μονοπάτια του SCN, οι επιδράσεις των τοξινών που δεν μεταβολίζονται στην ηπατική ανεπάρκεια, ανώμαλη νευρομεταβιβαστική λειτουργία, αυξημένα GABA-εργική δραστηριότητα, και διαταραχές των εγκεφαλικών αστροκυττάρων. Στην παρούσα μελέτη διαφαίνεται ότι οι επιδράσεις των νευροτοξινών προηγούνται, καθώς οι διαταραχές ρυθμού και έκκρισης μελατονίνης παρατηρούνται κυρίως σε πιο προχωρημένα στάδια της ηπατικής νόσου (Child score>5).Παράλληλα η όποιου βαθμού απορρύθμιση των εκλυτικών παραγόντων του υποθαλάμου για τις υποφυσιακές ορμόνες διαταράσσει την περιοδικότητά τους και τα επίπεδά τους με ότι αυτό μεταφράζεται σε κλινικό επίπεδο. Το σημαντικό επίσης στην παρούσα μελέτη είναι και η διαφορετικότητα στην συμπεριφορά των ορμονών μέσα στο 24ωρο των κιρρωτικών χωρίς εγκεφαλοπάθεια, τόσο από μη ηπατοπαθείς παθολογικούς όσο και από τα φυσιολογικά βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα υγιών μαρτύρων. Αποτελεί τέλος ιδιαίτερο προβληματισμό για τον κλινικό ιατρό η αναζήτηση της ΥΗΕ και κατ επέκταση των αρχόμενων νευρολογικών αλλαγών , τόσο με ανάλυση του ιστορικού και μελέτη ύπνου και νεώτερες νευροαπεικονιστικές τεχνικές(MRI εγκεφάλου), αλλά και αναζήτηση του πρώιμα διαταραγμένου ενδοκρινολογικού profile των ασθενών αυτών. / Hepatic encephalopathy, a major complication of liver cirrhosis, is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal mental status occuring in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency. The clinical manifestations range from a slightly altered mental status to coma. In the absence of clinical symptoms, but with a number of disturbances in biological parameters, such as sleep and function abnormalities in every day life, the term minimal hepatic encephalopathy is established. A high proportion of cirrhotic patients ranging from 30% to 70% show neuropsychological or neurophysiological abnormalities, although conventional neurological and mental assessment is normal. In this absence of biological correlates, diagnosis of minimal or Subclinical Hepatic Encephalopathy (SHE) relies on psychometric, neurophysiological and recently neuroimaging tests, although the “gold standard” of this clinical diagnosis has not yet been established. Abnormal rhythms of several biological parameters have been described in patients with cirrhosis. The existence of the “biological” clock, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, with its afferent/efferent connections allows the organism to foresee and anticipate the modifications in the external enviroment that occur during the day/night cycle. Current views propose two explanations for the alterations in circadian function seen in chronic liver disease. First, abnormalities of circadian rhythms arise from the effects on the SCN and/or its afferent/efferent connections of neurotoxins implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Second, the impaired hepatic metabolism of melatonin results in elevated morning plasma levels that cause a phase shift of the output from the circadian clock. It is possible that both explanations, that combine the effects of hepatocellular dysfunction and portal-systemic shunting, are responsible for the circadian abnormality in liver disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate cirrhotic patients without evidence of encephalopathy, and as they have been characterized with the term minimal encephalopathy, to describe their clinical status, analyze their chronotypology, and redifine neuropsychiatric abnormalities and abnormal daily activities using psychometric tests, neurophysiologic exams (HCG) and neuroimaging images (brain MRI). Aim also of the study was to analyse the endocrinologic profile of cirrhotics without encephalopathy, trying to correlate any abnormal circadian rhythm of hormones with biological parameters, clinical performances and laboratory tests. Twenty six cirrhotic patients without signs of encephalopathy and a controll group of thirteen patients without hepatopathy, and normal neurological exam, took part in the study. Psychometric status was evaluated using NCT-A and Digit Symbol test, also the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) analysis was used. The findings of NCT-A and DST studies were a worse performance of cirrhotic subjects in psychomotor speed and attention. A diminished level of daily functioning in patients with minimal HE, reflected by significantly impairments of all SIP categories, was recognised, while non hepatopathy patients did not exhibit such abnormalities. Further analysis of everyday activities using BNSQ and Horne Score tests took place, while an interview of sleep history was performed. Results of these tests showed a chronotypology of Moderate Morningness Type, although non encephalopathic cirrhotics were found to have some particular sleep abnormalities. These were found to be a decreased sleeping time (<6h/night), sleep latency>30 min, and often awakenings during night sleep (>3 episodes/night). Although chronotypology of non hepatopathy patients was the same, Moderate Morningness Type, sleep abnormalities were not described in non cirrhotic group. Sleep history is recognised as a necessary tool for the assessment of early neurological abnormalities, and Evening chronotypology of cirrhotic patients is probably related with more severe liver disease. An awake 16-channel digital EEG was performed on all patients. The abnormal EEG findings were analysed as specific( epileptic form or paroxysmal) and non specific disturbances( theta and delta waves in various combinations). Furthermore, the non specific disturbances were classified as mild, moderate and severe. The EEG analysis demonstrated non specific disturbances in 50% of cirrhotics, while the rest of them had normal EEG recording. In the neuroimaging field, all patients underwent a brain MRI exam. 69% of cirrhotic patients exhibited abnormal signal intensity on T-1 weighted images. The affected sites were globus pallidus, putamen or both. The abnormality consisted of high billateral and symmetrical signal intensities of various extents. These abnormalities, compared to the signal of the adjacent white matter of the brain, were classified into three grades: Grade 0: no alterations, Grade 1: mild, Grade 2: severe. No abnormalities were demonstrated on T2-weighted images. According to a qualitative classification 12 patients were classified as Grade 1, 6 as Grade 2, whereas 8 patients had no alterations in the basal ganglia. None patient of the controll group exhibit any MRI abnormalities. There was a significant correlation between quantitative assessment of signal intensity in brain MRI and severity of EEG abnormalities. Using variant analysis to investigate further this relationship, a significant linear association was found between EEG grading and signal MRI intensity. MRI abnormalities were found in 40% of cirrhotics with normal EEG, suggesting MRI as a more sensitive method of evaluating patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Brain MRI abnormalities were also correlated with liver biochemistry and Child-Pugh category. In our study, Child score and albumin level were identified as significant predictors of the MRI signal intensity.The level of brain MRI abnormalities was also parallel with deterioration of serum bilirubin and globulins, as significant statistical correlations between these parameters were found. The levels and the circadian rhythmicity of cortizol, the pituitary hormones TSH and prolactin, and melatonin which is excreted by the pineal gland are also analysed in non encephalopathic cirrhotics. The results and the statistical analysis showed a disruption of the 24h cycle for melatonin, prolactin and TSH, regarding to normal levels and circadian rhythm. A different behaviour of each hormone in the 24h cycle regarding to non cirrhotic patients was also recognised. For cortisol the circadian rhythmicity was not affected, while the 24h plasma levels of the hormone were suppressed. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between the results of hormones tests and chronotypology. No statistical correlation was detected between levels of melatonin, prolactin and TSH, and the severity of brain MRI abnormalities and abnormal EEG findings. On the contrary, statistical analysis showed a relation between the levels of cortisol and brain MRI abnormalities, between 24h cortisol levels and EEG disturbances, also a correlation between cortisol levels and deterioration of hepatic sufficiency was recognised (Child score>5). Similar, disturbances of melatonin levels were correlated with the degree of liver insufficiency. As a conclusion of this study, cirrhotic patients with minimal encephalopathy have sleep disturbances and a chronotypology described as Moderate Morningness type. Cirrhotics with minimal encephalopathy failed to demonstrate good results in neuropsychiatric tests, also seem to have limitations in many activities of every day life, according to SIP questionnaire results. In the absence of neurological signs, these cirrhotics have abnormal EEG findings (50%), and abnormalities in brain MRI (69%). Brain MRI seems to have an important role in the diagnosis of minimal encephalopathy, as such abnormalities are in statistical correlation with biochemical parameters of liver insufficiency, also with overall Child-Pugh score. Cirrhotic patients with minimal encephalopathy have disturbances in many biological parameters, as a result of abnormal circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the biological clock, the SCN of hypothalamus. Abnormal circadian rhythms of pituitary hormones, also disturbances in the 24h cycle of melatonin are recognised in this study. The role of melatonin in the controll of the circadian rhythmicity is major, however as described in this study, abnormalities of melatonin secretion may result in more advanced liver disease. The abnormal endocrinologic pattern of cirrhotics with minimal encephalopathy seems to be different not only regarding to healthy individuals, also to other non hepatopathy patients , as described in this study. Except the role of melatonin in this abnormality, other factors play a key role, such false neurotransmitters, effects on afferent/efferent connections of the SCN, disturbances in the astrocyte function, increased GABA-ergic activity. A critical question for clinicians is whether this endocrinologic abnormality should be considered an early indicator of Hepatic Encephalopathy, and if that happens, how early it appears. We believe that further investigation is needed with re-assessment of the cirrhotic patients in the future. Hepatic encephalopathy, a major complication of liver cirrhosis, is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal mental status occuring in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency. The clinical manifestations range from a slightly altered mental status to coma. In the absence of clinical symptoms, but with a number of disturbances in biological parameters, such as sleep and function abnormalities in every day life, the term minimal hepatic encephalopathy is established. A high proportion of cirrhotic patients ranging from 30% to 70% show neuropsychological or neurophysiological abnormalities, although conventional neurological and mental assessment is normal. In this absence of biological correlates, diagnosis of minimal or Subclinical Hepatic Encephalopathy (SHE) relies on psychometric, neurophysiological and recently neuroimaging tests, although the “gold standard” of this clinical diagnosis has not yet been established. Abnormal rhythms of several biological parameters have been described in patients with cirrhosis. The existence of the “biological” clock, the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, with its afferent/efferent connections allows the organism to foresee and anticipate the modifications in the external enviroment that occur during the day/night cycle. Current views propose two explanations for the alterations in circadian function seen in chronic liver disease. First, abnormalities of circadian rhythms arise from the effects on the SCN and/or its afferent/efferent connections of neurotoxins implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Second, the impaired hepatic metabolism of melatonin results in elevated morning plasma levels that cause a phase shift of the output from the circadian clock. It is possible that both explanations, that combine the effects of hepatocellular dysfunction and portal-systemic shunting, are responsible for the circadian abnormality in liver disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate cirrhotic patients without evidence of encephalopathy, and as they have been characterized with the term minimal encephalopathy, to describe their clinical status, analyze their chronotypology, and redifine neuropsychiatric abnormalities and abnormal daily activities using psychometric tests, neurophysiologic exams (HCG) and neuroimaging images (brain MRI). Aim also of the study was to analyse the endocrinologic profile of cirrhotics without encephalopathy, trying to correlate any abnormal circadian rhythm of hormones with biological parameters, clinical performances and laboratory tests. Twenty six cirrhotic patients without signs of encephalopathy and a controll group of thirteen patients without hepatopathy, and normal neurological exam, took part in the study. Psychometric status was evaluated using NCT-A and Digit Symbol test, also the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) analysis was used. The findings of NCT-A and DST studies were a worse performance of cirrhotic subjects in psychomotor speed and attention. A diminished level of daily functioning in patients with minimal HE, reflected by significantly impairments of all SIP categories, was recognised, while non hepatopathy patients did not exhibit such abnormalities. Further analysis of everyday activities using BNSQ and Horne Score tests took place, while an interview of sleep history was performed. Results of these tests showed a chronotypology of Moderate Morningness Type, although non encephalopathic cirrhotics were found to have some particular sleep abnormalities. These were found to be a decreased sleeping time (<6h/night), sleep latency>30 min, and often awakenings during night sleep (>3 episodes/night). Although chronotypology of non hepatopathy patients was the same, Moderate Morningness Type, sleep abnormalities were not described in non cirrhotic group. Sleep history is recognised as a necessary tool for the assessment of early neurological abnormalities, and Evening chronotypology of cirrhotic patients is probably related with more severe liver disease. An awake 16-channel digital EEG was performed on all patients. The abnormal EEG findings were analysed as specific( epileptic form or paroxysmal) and non specific disturbances( theta and delta waves in various combinations). Furthermore, the non specific disturbances were classified as mild, moderate and severe. The EEG analysis demonstrated non specific disturbances in 50% of cirrhotics, while the rest of them had normal EEG recording. In the neuroimaging field, all patients underwent a brain MRI exam. 69% of cirrhotic patients exhibited abnormal signal intensity on T-1 weighted images. The affected sites were globus pallidus, putamen or both. The abnormality consisted of high billateral and symmetrical signal intensities of various extents. These abnormalities, compared to the signal of the adjacent white matter of the brain, were classified into three grades: Grade 0: no alterations, Grade 1: mild, Grade 2: severe. No abnormalities were demonstrated on T2-weighted images. According to a qualitative classification 12 patients were classified as Grade 1, 6 as Grade 2, whereas 8 patients had no alterations in the basal ganglia. None patient of the controll group exhibit any MRI abnormalities. There was a significant correlation between quantitative assessment of signal intensity in brain MRI and severity of EEG abnormalities. Using variant analysis to investigate further this relationship, a significant linear association was found between EEG grading and signal MRI intensity. MRI abnormalities were found in 40% of cirrhotics with normal EEG, suggesting MRI as a more sensitive method of evaluating patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Brain MRI abnormalities were also correlated with liver biochemistry and Child-Pugh category. In our study, Child score and albumin level were identified as significant predictors of the MRI signal intensity.The level of brain MRI abnormalities was also parallel with deterioration of serum bilirubin and globulins, as significant statistical correlations between these parameters were found. The levels and the circadian rhythmicity of cortizol, the pituitary hormones TSH and prolactin, and melatonin which is excreted by the pineal gland are also analysed in non encephalopathic cirrhotics. The results and the statistical analysis showed a disruption of the 24h cycle for melatonin, prolactin and TSH, regarding to normal levels and circadian rhythm. A different behaviour of each hormone in the 24h cycle regarding to non cirrhotic patients was also recognised. For cortisol the circadian rhythmicity was not affected, while the 24h plasma levels of the hormone were suppressed. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between the results of hormones tests and chronotypology. No statistical correlation was detected between levels of melatonin, prolactin and TSH, and the severity of brain MRI abnormalities and abnormal EEG findings. On the contrary, statistical analysis showed a relation between the levels of cortisol and brain MRI abnormalities, between 24h cortisol levels and EEG disturbances, also a correlation between cortisol levels and deterioration of hepatic sufficiency was recognised (Child score>5). Similar, disturbances of melatonin levels were correlated with the degree of liver insufficiency. As a conclusion of this study, cirrhotic patients with minimal encephalopathy have sleep disturbances and a chronotypology described as Moderate Morningness type. Cirrhotics with minimal encephalopathy failed to demonstrate good results in neuropsychiatric tests, also seem to have limitations in many activities of every day life, according to SIP questionnaire results. In the absence of neurological signs, these cirrhotics have abnormal EEG findings (50%), and abnormalities in brain MRI (69%). Brain MRI seems to have an important role in the diagnosis of minimal encephalopathy, as such abnormalities are in statistical correlation with biochemical parameters of liver insufficiency, also with overall Child-Pugh score. Cirrhotic patients with minimal encephalopathy have disturbances in many biological parameters, as a result of abnormal circadian rhythms, which are controlled by the biological clock, the SCN of hypothalamus. Abnormal circadian rhythms of pituitary hormones, also disturbances in the 24h cycle of melatonin are recognised in this study. The role of melatonin in the controll of the circadian rhythmicity is major, however as described in this study, abnormalities of melatonin secretion may result in more advanced liver disease. The abnormal endocrinologic pattern of cirrhotics with minimal encephalopathy seems to be different not only regarding to healthy individuals, also to other non hepatopathy patients , as described in this study. Except the role of melatonin in this abnormality, other factors play a key role, such false neurotransmitters, effects on afferent/efferent connections of the SCN, disturbances in the astrocyte function, increased GABA-ergic activity. A critical question for clinicians is whether this endocrinologic abnormality should be considered an early indicator of Hepatic Encephalopathy, and if that happens, how early it appears. We believe that further investigation is needed with re-assessment of the cirrhotic patients in the future.

This study successfully utilised the non-invasive neuroimaging techniques of Computerised Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to establish that dolphins have high relative brain size values, transcending the primate range for neocortex volume and neocortex ratio. Bottlenose dolphins superseded human values of the neocortex ratio and common dolphins marked the upper limit of the range for the dolphin species under investigation. In addition this study was the first to find a correlation between sociality and neocortex ratio in dolphins (R.I.M. Dunbar, pers.comm), which supports the hypothesis of neocortical development in relation to sociality/group size (Sawaguchi & Kudo 1990; Dunbar 1992) and social/Machiavellian intelligence (Byrne & Whiten 1988; Byrne 1995). The study devised new measures of relative brain size, including the grey-white matter and higher cortical ratios and these require further research before verification of their efficacy. Equations were calculated to allow estimation of: (1) MRI values of total brain volumes from CT values, (2) total brain volume from cranial volume using CT, (3) cerebral cortex volume from cranial or total brain volume (CT) and (4) cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex volume from total brain volume (MRI). The effects of freezing and defrosting on volume and density of CT and MRI values were investigated. Additionally, the relationship between relative brain size (EQ) and sociality was investigated for other dolphin research, using previously published figures, but no significant correlations were found. Finally, dolphin values were compared to primate values for neocortex volume and neocortex ratio with the finding that the only primate within the dolphin range of neocortex was the human, positioned higher than the solitary humpback dolphin, but below all of the other, more socially complex, dolphin species. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1996.

Distinct brain regions process innocuous vibration and cutaneous heat pain. The role of these areas in the perception of pain is still a matter of debate; and the role of these areas in the mediation of memory of somatosensory stimuli is uncertain and has not been studied with brain imaging in healthy human volunteers. All experiments described here, involved an experimental design, which included a delayed-discrimination paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In manuscript #1, we aimed at unraveling the cerebral correlates of attention and spatial localization of innocuous vibrotactile stimuli applied to the right volar surface of the forearm. In this study, we report that increased degrees of attention to the vibrotactile stimuli were associated with heightened levels of activation in several brain areas. In manuscript #2, we investigated the short-term memory for sensory aspects (intensity and location) of cutaneous heat pain delivered to two areas (thenar and hypothenar eminences) of the palm of the right hand. In this experiment, the memory and control trials were presented in blocks, whereby the subjects could predict what trials were going to follow. This study revealed that the presentation of painful stimuli evoked activation in different brain regions than those activated during the online maintenance (interstimulus interval or ISI) of the intensity and spatial features of those stimuli; a process, which I will refer to short-term memory. In manuscript #3, we investigated again short-term memory for sensory aspects of heat pain (as in manuscript #2), but in this case, the memory and control trials were presented in a randomized order. In this study, we found that the perception and short-term memory of pain were processed by a comparable network of areas. The predictability of the memory and control trials may have contributed to these findings. / La vibration inoffensive ainsi que la chaleur douloureuse cutanée sont traitées pardifférentes régions du cerveau. Le rôle de ces régions dans la perception de la douleurest controversé; et le rôle de ces régions dans la mémoire des stimuli somatosensorielsest incertain et n'a jamais encore été étudié en imagerie cérébrale chez des sujetshumains sains. Le design expérimental de toutes les études décrites ici comprenait unparadigme de 'delayed-discrimination' et l'imagerie par résonance magnétiquefonctionnelle (IRMf). L'étude #1 visait à élucider les corrélats cérébraux de l'attention etde la localisation spatiale des stimuli vibrotactiles inoffensifs présentés à la faceantérieure de l'avant-bras droit. Dans cette étude, nous avons trouvé que des degrésélevés d'attention portée aux stimuli vibrotactiles étaient associés à des niveaux accrusd'activation dans plusieurs zones du cerveau. Dans l'étude #2, nous avons enquêté surla mémoire à court-terme des caractéristiques sensorielles (intensité et emplacement)de la chaleur douloureuse cutanée présentée à deux endroits (éminences thénar ethypothénar) de la paume de la main droite. Dans cette étude, les essais mémoire etcontrôle étaient présentés en bloc, ou de sorte que les participants pouvaient prévoir dequel type serait le prochain essai. Cette étude a révélé que la présentation des stimulidouloureux a évoqué une activation de différentes régions cérébrales que celles quiétaient activées lors de la rétention de l'intensité et de l'emplacement des stimulationsdurant l'intervalle inter-stimuli (liS); un processus que je qualifierai de mémoire à courtterme.Dans l'étude #3, nous avons également enquêté sur la 'mémoire à court-termedes aspects sensoriels de la chaleur douloureuse (tout comme dans l'étude #2), maisdans ce cas, les essais mémoire et contrôle étaient présentés de façon aléatoire. Danscette étude, nous avons trouvé que la perception de la douleur ainsi que la mémoire àcourt-terme de la douleur étaient traitées par un réseau de régions semblable. Laprévisibilité des essais mémoire et contrôle peut avoir contribué à ce résultat.

[Truncated abstract] Clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners were used to investigate the measurement and imaging of ferrimagnetic particle concentrations in biological tissues in vivo. The presence of ferrimagnetic particles tends to increase the proton transverse relaxation rate (R2) of water protons in tissue. A quantitative image of R2 can be generated using a series of single spin echo magnetic resonance images acquired using clinical MRI scanners and analysing the images using techniques based on that reported by Clark and St. Pierre (2000). If ferrimagnetic particles have a high enough concentration, there is a monotonic relationship between particle concentration and R2; therefore an image of R2 gives a map of the ferrimagnetic particle concentration in the tissue. These techniques were used to investigate the feasibility of in vivo measurement of the concentration and distribution of both synthetic and biogenic ferrimagnetic particles in tissue. Rabbit liver was loaded with ferrimagnetic particles of ?-Fe2O3 (designed for magnetic hyperthermia treatment of liver tumours) by injecting various doses of a suspension of the particles into the hepatic artery in vivo. R2 images of the livers in vivo, excised, and dissected were generated from a series of single spin-echo images. Mean R2 values for samples of ferrimagnetic-particle-loaded liver dissected into approximate 1 cm cubes were found to linearly correlate with tissue iron concentration over the range from approximately 0.1 to at least 2.7 mg Fe/g dry tissue when measured at room temperature. Changing the temperature of ferrimagnetic-particle-loaded samples of liver from 1?C to 37?C had no observable effect on tissue R2 values. However, a small but significant decrease in R2 was found for control samples containing no ferrimagnetic material on raising the temperature from 1?C to 37?C. Both chemically measured iron ii concentrations and mean R2 values for rabbit livers with implanted tumours tended to be higher than those measured for tumour-free liver. This study indicates that tissue R2 measurement and imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance may have a useful role in magnetic hyperthermia therapy protocols for the treatment of liver cancer. In order to investigate the use of clinical MRI scanners to measure biogenic ferrimagnetic particle concentrations in human brain tissue, agar gel based phantoms containing ferrimagnetic particles were made in order to determine the lower concentration detection limit for such particles in a homogenous medium. Magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of either dextran or polyvinyl alcohol, yielding cluster- and necklace-like aggregates, respectively. Magnetization, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and microscopy measurements indicated that the arrangement of the particles within the aggregates affects the magnetic properties of the particles resulting in smaller particles in the clusters having higher superparamagnetic blocking temperatures than larger particles in the necklaces.

Orientador: Alexandre Xavier Falcão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T04:47:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_PauloAndreVechiattode_M.pdf: 1474898 bytes, checksum: 3192aa5b0651e9bcf506aa8b6b5d5b9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Apesar do progresso das _ultimas duas décadas, o problema de segmentação de imagens continua sendo um dos mais difíceis desafios em análise de imagens. Mais especificamente, métodos de segmentação precisos são normalmente complexos, caros computacionalmente, dependentes de aplicação, e freqüentemente exigem interação humana. Estamos pesquisando métodos de segmentação interativa de imagens que reduzem a intervenção do usuário a simples escolha de poucos pixels na imagem. Buscamos minimizar o número de interações de forma que a automação se torne possível em algumas aplicações onde esses pixels podem ser identificados automaticamente. A metodologia adotada usa a transformada imagem floresta (IFT - Image Foresting Transform) - uma ferramenta geral para modelar, implementar e avaliar operadores de processamento de imagens baseados em conexidade. A IFT reduz o problema de processamento de imagem ao cálculo de uma floresta de caminhos de custo mínimo no grafo derivado da imagem. Nesse trabalho são apresentadas três novas técnicas de segmentação baseadas na IFT / Abstract: Despite of the progress over the last two decades, image segmentation remains one of the most difficult challenges in image analysis. More specifically, accurate segmentation methods are likely to be complex, computationally expensive, application-dependent, and often require considerable human interaction. We have investigated methods for interactive segmentation that reduce user intervention to simple selection of a few pixels in the image. We are interested in minimizing the user involvement such that automation becomes feasible for some applications where these pixels may be automatically identified. The adopted methodology uses the framework of the image foresting transform (IFT) - a general tool for the design, implementation, and evaluation of image processing operators based on connectivity. The IFT reduces image processing problems into a minimum-cost path forest problem in a graph derived from the image. In this work, we present three new segmentation methods based on the IFT / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

No description available.

Neuroimaging data, often high-dimensional and collected across multiple imaging modalities, is a valuable tool for studying the underlying mechanisms of how the human brain structures, functions, and thus impacts cognition. This dissertation aims to address the challenges of analyzing high-dimensional neuroimaging data, such as the missing data issue in multimodal fusion, the preservation of underlying hierarchical structure between mediators and exposure-by-mediator interactions in model selection with high-dimensional potential mediators, and the false discovery rate control for mediator selection from a high-dimensional candidate set. The first part of this dissertation aims to address the commonly occurring missing data issue during multimodal fusion. Recent advances in multimodal imaging acquisition techniques have allowed us to measure different aspects of brain structure and function. Multimodal fusion, such as linked independent component analysis (LICA), is a popular approach to integrate complementary information. However, these methods are severely limited by the common occurrence of missing data in brain imaging. In the first chapter, we propose a Full Information LICA algorithm (FI-LICA) to handle the missing data problem during multimodal fusion under the LICA framework. Built upon the principle of full information from complete cases, our method utilizes all available information to recover the missing latent information. Our simulation experiments show the ideal performance of FI-LICA compared to current practices. Further, applying to multimodal data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study, FI-LICA demonstrates better performance in classifying current diagnosis and in predicting the transition of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD, thereby highlighting the practical utility of our proposed method. The second part of this dissertation aims to preserve the underlying hierarchical structure between mediators and exposure-by-mediator interactions during model selection in the high-dimensional mediator settings. In mediation analysis, the exposure often influences the mediating effect, i.e., there is an interaction between exposure and mediator on the dependent variable. When the mediator is high-dimensional, it is necessary to identify non-zero mediators (M) and exposure-by-mediator (X-by-M) interactions. Although several high-dimensional mediation methods can naturally handle X-by-M interactions, research is scarce in preserving the underlying hierarchical structure between the main effects and the interactions. To fill the knowledge gap, in the second chapter, we develop the XMInt procedure to select M and X-by-M interactions in the high-dimensional mediators setting while preserving the hierarchical structure. Our proposed method employs a sequential regularization-based forward-selection approach to identify the mediators and their hierarchically preserved interaction with exposure. Our numerical experiments show promising selection results. Furthermore, we apply our method to ADNI morphological data and examine the role of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes on the effect of amyloid-beta accumulation on cognitive performance, which could be helpful in understanding the brain compensation mechanism. The third part of this dissertation aims to control the false discovery rate (FDR) when selecting mediators from a high-dimensional candidate set. Specifically, we formulate a multiple-hypothesis testing framework for mediator selection from a high-dimensional candidate set and propose a method, which extends the recent development in FDR-controlled variable selection with knockoff, to select mediators with FDR control. We show that the proposed method and algorithm achieve finite sample FDR control. We present extensive simulation results to demonstrate the power and finite sample performance compared with the existing method. Lastly, we demonstrate the method by analyzing data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, in which the proposed method selects several resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity markers as mediators for the relationship between adverse childhood events and the crystallized composite score in the NIH toolbox.