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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Études structurales de la dynamique de protéines fluorescentes vertes et jaunes utilisées en imagerie cellulaire / Structural studies of the dynamics of green and yellow fluorescent proteins used in cellular imaging

Clavel, Damien 20 December 2016 (has links)
Les protéines fluorescentes (PF) homologues d’AvGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein de la méduse Aequorea victoria) sont des outils incontournables de l’imagerie des processus de la cellule vivante. Leurs performances conditionnent la précision de l’analyse quantitative des signaux de fluorescence. Le développement de nouvelles PF demande donc à la fois de parvenir à une forte brillance tout en contrôlant la réponse de la protéine aux variations des paramètres physico-chimiques de la cellule en fonction de la question biologique étudiée. A ce jour, les PF jaunes disponibles montrent une forte sensibilité au pH. Afin d’élaborer des mutants moins sensibles, deux approches ont été considérées : une première consiste à mieux appréhender l’incidence de la dynamique du réseau de liaisons hydrogène entourant le chromophore sur son équilibre acido-basique. La seconde vise à identifier les facteurs structuraux à l’origine de la brillance particulièrement élevée de nouvelles PF jaunes et jaune-vert provenant d’un ver marin, Branchiostoma lanceolatum.J’ai d’abord mis au point un algorithme recherchant l’ensemble des liaisons hydrogène présentes au sein d’une protéine et qui étudie leur dynamique au cours de simulations par dynamique moléculaire. Il permet leur agrégation en réseaux, l’identification des réseaux connectés à un atome d’intérêt ainsi que le suivi de leur dynamique. Pour validation, cet algorithme a été appliqué à la recherche des réseaux de liaisons hydrogène présents au sein de différents mutants d’AvGFP pour lesquels un transfert de proton à l'état excité a été étudié expérimentalement. Cet algorithme pourra également servir à comprendre de façon dynamique le mécanisme d’autres systèmes biologiques dont la fonction repose sur le transfert de protons.D’autre part, j’ai résolu la structure de la protéine fluorescente jaune naturelle lanYFP de Branchiostoma lanceolatum, particulièrement brillante mais à la structure quaternaire tétramérique. Cette protéine a été rendue monomérique par évolution dirigée, ce qui a donné la protéine mNeonGreen à la fluorescence jaune-vert, protéine désormais étalon dans cette gamme spectrale, et dont j’ai également résolu la structure. Mon étude a permis de rationaliser a postériori l’ensemble des mutations introduites au cours de l’évolution. Enfin, j’ai réalisé une étude du dégât d’irradiation spécifique des rayons X permettant de comprendre le changement remarquable de couleur observé sur les cristaux de mNeonGreen après collecte de données de diffraction.L’ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de ma thèse permet de proposer un cadre de compréhension à la fois théorique et expérimental des déterminants contrôlant les propriétés de fluorescence des PF jaunes. / Fluorescent Proteins (FPs) homologous to AvGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria) are versatile tools used in live cell imaging. The amount of information that can be derived from the fluorescence signals depends on the spectroscopic performances of the FP. The development of new FPs should focus on both brightness increase and control of the protein response to physicochemical parameter variations within the cell. Current yellow FPs exhibit a strong sensitivity to pH. In order to engineer less sensitive variants, two complementary approaches have been used: the first one consists in studying the influence of the hydrogen bond network dynamics around the chromophore on its protonation state. In the second one, I have sought to identify the structural determinants of the particularly high brightness of newly discovered yellow FPs from a sea worm, Branchiostoma lanceolatum.First, I wrote an algorithm that can identify all hydrogen bonds within a protein and analyse their dynamics along molecular dynamics simulations. It allows for their clustering in networks, the identification of networks connected to a given atom and the monitoring of their dynamics. The method was validated by using the algorithm on various AvGFP mutants for which excited state proton transfer has been experimentally studied. This algorithm should also be useful for the study of other biological systems whose function is based on proton transfer.Besides, I solved the structure of the natural yellow FP lanYFP from Branchiostoma lanceolatum, which is particularly bright, but presents a tetrameric arrangement. This protein was monomerized by directed evolution, which led to the yellow-green FP mNeonGreen, now a benchmark in this spectral range. I also solved the structure of mNeonGreen, which allowed me to rationalize a posteriori the mutations that have been introduced during the evolution process. Finally, I performed a specific radiation damage study in order to explain the remarkable change in colour of mNeonGreen crystals upon X-ray data collection. Altogether, the results of my PhD work provides a theoretical and experimental framework of the determinants that drive the fluorescence properties of yellow FPs.
2

The evolution and regulation of the chordate ParaHox cluster

Garstang, Myles Grant January 2016 (has links)
The ParaHox cluster is the evolutionary sister of the Hox cluster. Like the Hox cluster, the ParaHox cluster is subject to complex regulatory phenomena such as collinearity. Despite the breakup of the ParaHox cluster within many animals, intact and collinear clusters have now been discovered within the chordate phyla in amphioxus and the vertebrates, and more recently within the hemichordates and echinoderms. The archetypal ParaHox cluster of amphioxus places it in a unique position in which to examine the regulatory mechanisms controlling ParaHox gene expression within the last common ancestor of chordates, and perhaps even the wider Deuterostomia. In this thesis, the genomic and regulatory landscape of the amphioxus ParaHox cluster is characterised in detail. New genomic and transcriptomic resources are used to better characterise the B.floridae ParaHox cluster and surrounding genomic region, and conserved non-coding regions and regulatory motifs are identified across the ParaHox cluster of three species of amphioxus. In conjunction with this, the impact of retrotransposition upon the ParaHox cluster is examined and analyses of transposable elements and the AmphiSCP1 retrogene reveal that the ParaHox cluster may be more insulated from outside influence than previously thought. Finally, the detailed analyses of a regulatory element upstream of AmphiGsx reveals conserved mechanisms regulating Gsx CNS expression within the chordates, and TCF/Lef is likely a direct regulator of AmphiGsx within the CNS. The work in this thesis makes use of new genomic and transcriptomic resources available for amphioxus to better characterise the genomic and regulatory landscape of the amphioxus ParaHox cluster, serving as a basis for the improved identification and characterisation of functional regulatory elements and conserved regulatory mechanisms. This work also highlights the potential of Ciona intestinalis as a ‘living test tube' to allow the detailed characterisation of amphioxus ParaHox regulatory elements.

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