This research aims to investigate the role of consumer engagement in influencing loyalty and word-of-mouth through a user generated brand community on Facebook by collecting evidence from both quantitative and qualitative studies. A quantitative study is adopted to test the engagement dimension and its relationships with other constructs, such as participation, loyalty, and word-of-mouth, with a sample size of 551 collected among Facebook users in the UK. The empirical analysis from the quantitative data supports the ABC (i.e., affective, cognitive, and behavioural) dimensions of engagement as assumed in the study and finds a positive relationship between engagement, participation, loyalty, and word-of-mouth. Similarly, a qualitative study is adopted in the form of a semi-structured interview held with six user Apple brand champions from an Apple user generated online brand community on Facebook. A thematic analysis is conducted to analyse the engagement dimensions and their relationship to participation, loyalty, and word-of-mouth. In addition, the application of both the methods (i.e., the quantitative and qualitative studies) to investigate the main aim helps the research to attain complementarity. The combination of both methods provides evidence to justify the engagement dimensions and their relation to participation, loyalty, and word-of-mouth. The quantitative study supports the argued engagement dimensions and their relationship with other constructs, whereas the qualitative study explores other components of engagement and their relationship with similar constructs, as well as helping to enhance the relationships and dimensions of engagement. Moreover, this study contributes to marketing literature by empirically validating customer loyalty and word-of-mouth as outcomes of customer participation and engagement. No study so far has empirically investigated the effect of customer engagement on loyalty and word-of-mouth in a user-generated online brand community context. This enhanced understanding of vigour, personal identity, attention, absorption, sharing, and learning suggests that marketers should concentrate on the type of information presented, as well as the format in which information is presented outside the company’s networks. Community markers, such as feelings, emotions, excitement, contribution, and interaction with peers, contribute significantly to engaging and influencing loyalty and word-of-mouth with both the brand community and the brand itself.

Yes / This study investigates the psychological effects of social identity on both posters and lurkers in online brand communities (OBCs). The results reveal the intermediate mechanisms mediating and moderating members’ social identity effects on members’ brand commitment leading to positive word-of-mouth and their resistance to negative information about the brand. This article treats social identity as a multi-dimensional construct. Differences amongst posters and lurkers on the relationships between the cognitive, affective and evaluative components of social identity are investigated along with their positive effect on brand commitment and behavioral consequences. Using a sample of 752 OBC members, both posters and lurkers emerge as valuable members and equally likely to derive social identity from their membership of an OBC. However, there are counter intuitive results for relationships within the research model between active and passive members of OBCs. These results offer implications for theory and can help managers to be better interactive marketers.

This research focuses on online brand communities from a brand management perspective. The purpose of this study is to contribute to understanding of online brand communities by examining differences in brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities, and to extend research into online brand communities by examining online brand communities for a sports brand. The first phase of this study investigates how consumption practices differ in brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities. Online brand communities for the All Blacks brand were selected as a case study for this research. The All Blacks brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities were observed for eight weeks and afterwards discussions in both communities were analysed for two weeks to identify consumption practices. Ethical issues pertinent to this research design meant raw comments and discussions could not be collected and instead discussions were immediately analysed through a coding process. The second phase of this study investigates marketing industry expert views on brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities. Interviews with three representatives from service and sports organisations were held. The findings from this research contribute to literature on online brand communities by demonstrating brand-sponsored and consumer-generated online brand communities differ in consumption practices, language, self-expression, modes of interaction, and legitimacy. This study also extends research into online brand communities by investigating online brand communities for sports brands. Findings imply there are minimal differences between online brand communities for service or sports brands compared with online brand communities for goods. The outcomes from this research may also have a number of implications for marketers, hoping to capitalise on the growth of online brand communities.

The importance of online brand communities has received increasing attention from both academia and industry. This paper reports a case study. It explains successful online strategies developed by two leading brands, Samsung mobile and Chungjungwon, in Korea. The current study has shown that the online brand community can act as a marketing tool to develop a group of loyal consumers around the brand. This study provides marketers with insights into and some useful guidelines for the creation and maintenance of successful marketer-generated online brand communities. The findings also suggest that there are differences in community development and management strategies, according to the characteristics of product category and community members, as well as in the purpose of the community operation. / text

Advertisements (ads) in social networking sites (SNSAs) have been considered by many researchers as a crucial area of research. However, the scope of the existing studies on consumers’ assessments of SNSAs has been very limited. Most of the existing studies on assessing SNSAs have focused on Ducoffe’s (1996) model with its three variables, and they have ignored other related variables like the credibility value and interactivity value of the advertisement, which are more logically related to SNSAs than the traditional ads. Moreover, most of these studies have been skewed towards younger users and have ignored the social networking site (SNS) users from other age categories. Finally, previous studies about the assessment of SNSAs have depended on data collected from users of popular SNSs and ignored active users from the brand communities (fans of brands on SNSs). In this thesis, the present author has emphasized these three points as the major gaps in the literature about assessing SNSAs. Moreover, to deepen our understanding of how SNS users assess SNSAs this study presents the research findings of three published papers with three different purposes and with different levels of analysis. The first article aimed to extend Ducoffe’s (1996) model – which was used in the previous literature in assessing SNSAs – by considering the ads’ credibility and interactivity values in addition to Ducoffe’s (1996) three variables of information value, entertainment value, and irritation value. A multiple regression analysis was used to test the modified model, and based on the regression analysis of testing the five predictors, the model without the irritation value had the best coefficient of determination (R2). Moreover, coefficient analysis to test the given hypothesis and to determine the coefficients of the predictors was used. According to this survey study, the four primary variables that predicted the consumers’ assessment of the SNSAs were the information value, entertainment value, credibility value, and interactivity value. As perceived by the SNS users, the interactivity value was the strongest among the four predictors. Based on the unexpected result ofthe irritation value of the first paper, the second paper focused on testing the extended model of the assessments of SNSAs as perceived by a different research population, in this case, brand communities’ consumers (BCCs). Based on the regression analysis of testing the five predictors, the model with the five predictors had the best coefficient of determination (R2). The coefficient analysis was used to test the given hypothesis, to determine the coefficients of the five predictors, and to form a construct equation for assessing the SNSAs. Based on this survey study, the four variables with significant positive effects on the consumers’ assessment of SNSAs were informativeness, entertainment value, credibility value, and interactivity value, while the fifth dimension (irritation value) had a significant negative coefficient on the consumers’ assessment of SNSAs. Moreover, that study provided a deeper understanding of how the BCCs assess SNSAs, and it contributed to identifying the main characteristics ofthe BCCs on an SNS. The third paper focused on exploring the effect of national culture on the consumers’ assessment of SNSAs. The cultural features of the respondents in that study gave additional evidence about how a nation’s cultural characteristics can influence the consumers’ assessment of SNSAs. This study helped to identify how SNS users from Egypt, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom assess SNSAs. In this study, one-way analysis of variance with post hoc tests was used to compare the assessments of the three nations. Based on the empirical findings of this survey study, the three groups had significant difference F-ratios for their perception of four of the five variables for assessing SNSAs. Their perceptions of the entertainment value did not significantly differ between the three groups while the interactivity value had the strongest F-ratio. The overall purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding of how SNS users are assessing SNSAs in different settings by considering SNS users, BCCs, and others from various nations. All of the studies presented here have focused on variables for assessing the ads that have been used by other researchers in different research contexts.

O surgimento de comunidades virtuais de marca como avenidas estabelecidas para as ações de marketing de uma ampla gama de produtos e serviços é um tema atual e relevante; entretanto, os estudos recentes ainda não responderam a uma importante questão: é melhor para as organizações criar suas comunidades de marca ou deixá-las fluir por parte da iniciativa dos consumidores? Buscando lançar luz sobre esse ponto, este trabalho propõe um framework teórico para avaliar e comparar a participação do consumidor nos diferentes tipos de comunidades de marca virtuais, gerenciadas pela empresa ou pelo consumidor. Levando em consideração seus antecedentes-chave (homogeneidade demográfica e psicográfica percebidas, liberdade de expressão e disponibilidade de avenidas virtuais) e o impacto destes em comportamentos futuros por parte do consumidor. Para tanto, foram utilizados procedimentos qualitativos, para desenvolvimento do framework teórico e indicadores de mensuração, e a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais para teste e validação dos modelos de mensuração e estrutural. Como objeto de estudo, foram utilizadas duas comunidades distintas para o mesmo produto a plataforma de jogos XBOX da Microsoft. Uma gerenciada pela própria empresa (XBOX Brasil) e outra gerenciada pelos consumidores (Portal XBOX). Os resultados apontam para um impacto direto dos constructos antecedenteschave testados no modelo estrutural sobre as variáveis mediadoras e destas na variável consequente. O efeito moderador da comunidade de origem também é confirmado através da análise multigrupos, que apontou a comunidade oficial como mais efetiva em gerar lealdade em suas diversas formas, porém a comunidade gerenciada por consumidores como mais efetiva em gerar identificação, participação e efeitos comportamentais. Tais resultados contribuem para o conhecimento acadêmico e gerencial em marketing, pois apresentam uma nova abordagem de estudo para a gestão de comunidades de marca e, consequentemente, das relações entre grupos de consumidores e organizações. Limitações encontradas no estudo e encaminhamentos para futuros estudos também são discutidos. / The insurgence of virtual brand communities as established venues for marketing actions for a wide range of products and services is an important relevant topic in the marketing field. Despite its significance, recent studies have not addressed an important question: is it better for companies to build, manage and support their own brand communities or let them be developed and run entirely by customer enthusiasts? Looking for some insights about this specific topic, this study proposes a theoretical framework to evaluate and compare customer participation in the different virtual brand communities company-managed and consumermanaged considering its key antecedents (perceived demographic and psychographic homogeneity, expressive freedom and availability of virtual venues) and their impact on future consumer behaviors. To accomplish this goal: (1) qualitative procedures were applied to develop the theoretical framework and measurement items, and (2) the structural equations modeling technique was used to test and validate the measurement and structural models. To test the research hypotheses, two different communities for the same product were used the Microsoft XBOX game console one managed by the company (XBOX Brasil) and the other managed by consumers (Portal XBOX). The findings indicate a direct impact of the key antecedents tested in the structural model on to the mediators, and also a direct impact of the mediators on to the consequent construct. The moderator effect of community of origin is also confirmed through multi-group analysis, which indicated that the official community is more effective in generating loyalty in its diverse forms, whereas the consumer-managed community proves to be more effective in generating identification, participation and behavioral effects. These findings contribute to the academic and managerial knowledge in the marketing field, as they present a new perspective of study for the brand communities management, and for the relations between groups of consumers and organizations. Limitations of this research and suggestions for future studies are also discussed.

Social media has provided both companies and customer with new opportunities. Customers are increasingly integrating social media into their daily lives and companies has noticed these new traditional medias and started to take advantage of them through brand communities. The new behavior occurring on brand communities is what research call customer engagement behavior and goes beyond transactional behavior. However, customer engagement has not been fully researched on different social media platforms. The most researched platform to date is Facebook. And with the rapid growth of social media and the constant development of new platforms it is of importance to understand customer engagement behavior on different social media platforms to further being able to adapt to each unique platform. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of customer engagement behavior and its affect on perceived relationship benefits and ultimately, relationship outcomes. This based on three different social media platforms where one company were present with brand communities and then compare the outcome of each platform with each other. Hypothesis: 𝐻1 = The frequency of customer engagement behavior leads to perceived relationship benefits of engaging in a brand community. 𝐻2 = Customer perceived relationship benefits have a positive effect on relationship outcomes. Methodology: Cross-sectional online questionnaires distributed on three different social media platforms – Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest. Analysed using linear regressions. Findings: The findings indicates that the frequency on which a customer engage in engagement behaviors showed no statistical significance on Facebook, however, the frequency of reading messages, visiting the brand community, and purchasing products did show statistical significance on Instagram. Furthermore, the perceived relationship benefits that showed significance for both Facebook and Instagram was practical and economic benefits. While on Facebook social enhancement was considered an important indicator for relationship outcome and entertainment

O surgimento de comunidades virtuais de marca como avenidas estabelecidas para as ações de marketing de uma ampla gama de produtos e serviços é um tema atual e relevante; entretanto, os estudos recentes ainda não responderam a uma importante questão: é melhor para as organizações criar suas comunidades de marca ou deixá-las fluir por parte da iniciativa dos consumidores? Buscando lançar luz sobre esse ponto, este trabalho propõe um framework teórico para avaliar e comparar a participação do consumidor nos diferentes tipos de comunidades de marca virtuais, gerenciadas pela empresa ou pelo consumidor. Levando em consideração seus antecedentes-chave (homogeneidade demográfica e psicográfica percebidas, liberdade de expressão e disponibilidade de avenidas virtuais) e o impacto destes em comportamentos futuros por parte do consumidor. Para tanto, foram utilizados procedimentos qualitativos, para desenvolvimento do framework teórico e indicadores de mensuração, e a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais para teste e validação dos modelos de mensuração e estrutural. Como objeto de estudo, foram utilizadas duas comunidades distintas para o mesmo produto a plataforma de jogos XBOX da Microsoft. Uma gerenciada pela própria empresa (XBOX Brasil) e outra gerenciada pelos consumidores (Portal XBOX). Os resultados apontam para um impacto direto dos constructos antecedenteschave testados no modelo estrutural sobre as variáveis mediadoras e destas na variável consequente. O efeito moderador da comunidade de origem também é confirmado através da análise multigrupos, que apontou a comunidade oficial como mais efetiva em gerar lealdade em suas diversas formas, porém a comunidade gerenciada por consumidores como mais efetiva em gerar identificação, participação e efeitos comportamentais. Tais resultados contribuem para o conhecimento acadêmico e gerencial em marketing, pois apresentam uma nova abordagem de estudo para a gestão de comunidades de marca e, consequentemente, das relações entre grupos de consumidores e organizações. Limitações encontradas no estudo e encaminhamentos para futuros estudos também são discutidos. / The insurgence of virtual brand communities as established venues for marketing actions for a wide range of products and services is an important relevant topic in the marketing field. Despite its significance, recent studies have not addressed an important question: is it better for companies to build, manage and support their own brand communities or let them be developed and run entirely by customer enthusiasts? Looking for some insights about this specific topic, this study proposes a theoretical framework to evaluate and compare customer participation in the different virtual brand communities company-managed and consumermanaged considering its key antecedents (perceived demographic and psychographic homogeneity, expressive freedom and availability of virtual venues) and their impact on future consumer behaviors. To accomplish this goal: (1) qualitative procedures were applied to develop the theoretical framework and measurement items, and (2) the structural equations modeling technique was used to test and validate the measurement and structural models. To test the research hypotheses, two different communities for the same product were used the Microsoft XBOX game console one managed by the company (XBOX Brasil) and the other managed by consumers (Portal XBOX). The findings indicate a direct impact of the key antecedents tested in the structural model on to the mediators, and also a direct impact of the mediators on to the consequent construct. The moderator effect of community of origin is also confirmed through multi-group analysis, which indicated that the official community is more effective in generating loyalty in its diverse forms, whereas the consumer-managed community proves to be more effective in generating identification, participation and behavioral effects. These findings contribute to the academic and managerial knowledge in the marketing field, as they present a new perspective of study for the brand communities management, and for the relations between groups of consumers and organizations. Limitations of this research and suggestions for future studies are also discussed.

Background: Today, for firms to engage with customers, it takes more than traditional advertisements, enticing prices and celebrity endorsements. Customers now rely on and expect to become an active rather than passive participant in the firm’s branding and marketing activities. Due to this change in the marketing environment firms have moved towards utilizing social media influencers and brand co-creation activities to drive the level to which customers connect their self-concepts with the brand.      Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the unique ways in which NA-KD uses their influencer marketing strategy and brand co-creation activities to drive the social identities of their customers and to create a model that visualizes this process. Method: An exploratory study has been conducted by the authors to investigate the influencer marketing and brand co-creation activities of the firm as to address the purpose of this paper. A single case study was performed where NA-KD was the primary subject of research. Semi-structured interviews with key employees working within marketing, collaborations and content creation was the primary source of data collection.    Conclusion: The empirical findings demonstrated the processes which employees at NA-KD created to develop their influencer marketing and brand co-creation strategies. The findings showed that the social identities of customers in an influencer-born firm are able to be directed through the activities within influencer marketing and brand co-creation. From these findings a conceptual model representing the process and management of social identity direction and producer-consumer relationship formation. This process includes influencer marketing, brand co-creation and brand experience, managed by methods of CRM and circle mapping to allow for self-brand connections and continued firm growth to occur.

MATEČNÁ, M. Building brand communities. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno, 2017. This diploma thesis deals with the functioning of brand communities in the form of friends clubs in the Czech Republic. The goal is to analyze the status of friends clubs and to identify the motivation and willingness of people to engage in communities. In the thesis are specified band communities and their building, estab-lishing, characteristics and realized community activities. The thesis explores the motives of people to engage in communities and identifies the factors perceived by the benefits of membership. Using analysis of primary data obtained through questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews are made suggestions of recom-mendations for emerging and existing friends clubs and more specific for the Klub přátel Českého rozhlasu Brno.