Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1334729 bytes, checksum: 9a0c40cdc35732bc5db924ec9ea986fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this paper, we analyze the existence of space-time singularities from the point of view of geodesic incompleteness. We apply this method, also used to prove the wellknown Hawking-Penrose theorems which states that unless the matter content of the Universe present unusual and exotic properties, the general theory of relativity predicts that space-time singularities will develop either in the past of in the future. In this dissertation we regard this question in different context, namely, by considering alternative gravitational theories formulated in a Weyl integrable geometry (WIST). We extend the Hawking-Penrose theorems to this kind of non-riemannian geometry and obtain conditions for escaping the inevitability of space-time singularities. We also consider the issue of changing frames in scalar-tensor theories and provide a geometric overview of Dickes interpretation of Brans-Dicke theory by unifying the treatment of frames in a weylian scenario. / Nesse trabalho, analisamos a existência de singularidades do espaço-tempo sob o ponto de vista intrínseco da incompletude geodésica. Usamos o método presente nos teoremas de Hawking-Penrose para demonstrar o resultado conhecido, desde a década de 1970, que se suposta a inexistência de propriedades exóticas de matéria e energia, o espaço-tempo descrito pela Relatividade Geral (RG) é, necessariamente, singular. Para contornar esse problema, consideramos a possibilidade de termos teorias gravitacionais ambientadas em uma geometria de Weyl integrável, como WIST. Generalizamos o teorema de singularidade da RG riemanniana para essa geometria não-riemanniana, fornecendo assim, condições para a inevitabilidade ou provável fuga do destino singular. Também tratamos do tema da mudança de frames nas teorias escalares-tensoriais, fornecendo uma visão geométrica da interpretação de Dicke para a teoria de Brans-Dicke ao unificar os frames em um ambiente weyliano.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Investigamos inicialmente o problema da obtenção de uma gravitação newtoniana modificada no caso da teoria da Relatividade Geral. Na sequência, encontramos uma solução geral com simetria esférica para um campo gravitacional fraco no contexto da Teoria de Brans-Dicke. Esta solução é independente de qualquer condição de coordenada. Então, para uma escolha conveniente da função f(r) na métrica de Brans-Dicke, exibimos uma fórmula modificada para a gravitação newtoniana, a qual pode descrever a gravidade em uma escala de comprimento pequena. Discutimos os resultados em comparação com o caso da Relatividade Geral / We investigate initially the problem of obtaining a modified newtonian gravitation in the case of General Relativity theory. Following, we find a general solution with spherical symmetry for a weak gravitational field in the context of Brans-Dicke theory. This solution is independent of any coordinate condition. Then, for a convenient choice of the function f(r) in Brans-Dicke metric, we exhibit a modified formula to newtonian gravity, which can describe gravity in a small length scale. We discuss the results in comparison with the case of General Relativity

General relativity (GR) has stood as the most accurate description of gravity for the last 100 years, weathering a barrage of rigorous tests. However, attempts to derive GR from a more fundamental theory or to capture further physical principles at high energies has led to a vast number of alternative gravity theories. The individual examination of each gravity theory is infeasible and as such a systematic method of examining modified gravity theories is a necessity. Studying generic classes of gravity theories allows for general statements about observables to be made independent of explicit models. Take, for example, those models described by the Horndeski action, the most general class of scalar-tensor theory with at most second-order derivatives in the equations of motion, satisfying theoretical constraints. But these constraints alone are not enough for a given modified gravity model to be physically viable and hence worth studying. In particular, observations place incredibly tight constraints on the size of any deviation in the solar system. Hence, any modified gravity would have to mimic GR in such a situation. To accommodate this requirement, many models invoke screening mechanisms which suppress deviations from GR in regions of high density. But these mechanisms really upon non-linear effects and so studying them in complex models is mathematically complex. To constrain the space of actions of Horndeski type to those which pass solar-system tests, a set of conditions on the four free functions of the Horndeski action are derived which indicate whether a specific model embedded in the action possesses a GR limit. For this purpose, a new and surprisingly simple scaling method is developed, identifying dominant terms in the equations of motion by considering formal limits of the couplings that enter through the new terms in the modified gravity action. Solutions to the dominant terms identify regimes where nonlinear terms dominate and Einstein's field equations are recovered to leading order. Together with an efficient approximation of the scalar field profile, one can determine whether the recovery of Einstein's field equations can be attributed to a genuine screening effect. The parameterised post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism has enabled stringent tests of static weak-field gravity in a theory-independent manner. This is through parameterising common perturbations of the metric found when performing a post-Newtonian expansion. The framework is adapted by introducing an effective gravitational coupling and defining the PPN parameters as functions of position. Screening mechanisms of modified gravity theories can then be incorporated into the PPN framework through further developing the scaling method into a perturbative series. The PPN functions are found through a combination of the scaling method with a post-Newtonian expansion within a screened region. For illustration, we show that both a chameleon and cubic galileon model have a limit where they recover GR. Moreover, we find the effective gravitational constant and all PPN functions for these two theories in the screened limit. To examine how the adapted formalism compares to solar-system tests, we also analyse the Shapiro time delay effect for these two models and find no deviations from GR insofar as the signal path and the perturbing mass reside in a screened region of space. As such, tests based upon the path light rays such as those done by the Cassini mission do not constrain these theories. Finally, gravitational waves have opened up a new regime where gravity can be tested. To this end, we examine how the generation of gravitational waves are affected by theories of gravity with screening to second post-Newtonian (PN) order beyond the quadrupole. This is done for a model of gravity where the black hole binary lies in a screened region, while the space between the binary's neighbourhood and the detector is described by Brans-Dicke theory. We find deviations at both 1.5 and 2 PN order. Deviations of this size can be measured by the Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detector highlighting that our calculation may allow for constraints to be placed on these theories. We model idealised data from the black hole merger signal GW150914 and perform a best fit analysis. The most likely value for the un-screened Brans-Dicke parameter is found to be ω = -1:42, implying on large scales gravity is very modified, incompatible with cosmological results.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-19T13:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1029692 bytes, checksum: e88e69e5c9a3cffdaf665a4b3a2d8d85 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-19T13:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1029692 bytes, checksum: e88e69e5c9a3cffdaf665a4b3a2d8d85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / We show that the theory of General Relativity can be entirely formulated in the language of the integrable Weyl geometry. We develop the concept of Weyl frames and state the fact that they are completely equivalent as far as geodesic motion is concerned. In the case of General Relativity, we build an action that is manifestly invariant with respect to Weyl transformations. In this scenario, the gravitational field is described by a combination of both the metric and a geometrical scalar field. We illustrate this point by examining how distinct geometrical and physical pictures of the same phenomena may arise in different frames for the particular case of conformally flat spacetimes. Besides, we show that our choice of Weyl geometry for describing the space-time of General Relativity completely agrees with Poincare ideas that the geometry of space was merely a convention and that no geometry is more correct than any other, only more convenient. On the other hand, we consider the Brans-Dicke gravitational theory as a point of departure for constructing a geometric scalar-field theory. In this approach we apply the Palatini variational method to the Brans-Dicke action. We then are naturally led to conclude that space-time has the geometrical structure of a Weyl integrable manifold. We briefly examine some features of this scalar-tensor theory in which Brans-Dicke scalar field now plays the role of a geometrical field. / A gravitagao tern lido atribuida, desde a aparigao da relatividade geral, a curvatura do espago­tempo. A linguagem geometrodinamica por esta teoria introduzida, representa uma ferra­menta conveniente para predizer o comportamento da materia. Partindo da ideia proposta por Poincare de que a geometria do espago é apenas uma convengao, afirmando que nenhuma geometria é mais correta que outra, mas mais conveniente, mostramos como certas teorias da gravitagao, ern particular a teoria geral da relatividade, assim como a teoria de Brans-Dicke, podem ser completamente reformuladas numa geometria que é uma generalizagao da geometria riemanniana: a geometria de Weyl integravel. Corn esta escolha da linguagem matematica, o movimento das particulas e raios de luz correspondem a geodesicas weylia­nas, as quais satisfazem uma nova classe de invariancia, a invariancia por transformagoes de Weyl. Estas transformagoes permitem definir os chamados referenciais de Weyl e, no caso da teoria da gravitagao criada por Einstein, recupera-la na sua formulagao riemanniana, num gauge particular. Por outro lado, esta modificagao na dinamica dos objetos traz uma nova percepgao dos fenomenos fisicos que tentaremos explorar.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-13T14:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 851323 bytes, checksum: 599a5da8bbbe70ff2f4ba121890878e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T14:39:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 851323 bytes, checksum: 599a5da8bbbe70ff2f4ba121890878e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this cool thesis, we consider an approach to Brans-Dicke theory of gravity in which the scalar eld has a geometrical nature. By postulating the Palatini variation, we nd out that the role played by the scalar eld consists in turning the space-time geometry into a Weyl integrable manifold. This procedure leads to a scalar-tensor theory that di ers from the original Brans-Dicke theory in many aspects and presents some new features. We also consider the Weyl integrable geometry to investigate gravity in (2+1)-dimensions. We show that, in addition to leading to a Newtonian limit, WIST in (2+1) dimensions presents some interesting properties that are not shared by Einstein theory, such as geodesic deviation between particles in a dust distribution. Finally, taking advantage of the duality between the geometrical scalar-tensor theory and general relativity coupled with a massless scalar eld we study naked singularities and wormholes. / Esta tese trata de tópicos relacionados às teorias escalares-tensoriais e a geometria de Weyl integrável. Nossa abordagem será no sentido de indicar a geometria de Weyl integr ável como sendo um ambiente natural para a introdução de teorias escalares-tensorias. Nossa discussão será em torno da teoria de Brans-Dicke, considerada o protótipo das teorias escalares tensoriais, no entanto a discussão é facilmente estendida para essas versões mais gerais. Fazemos isso em dois momentos. Primeiro, indicando, no âmbito da teoria de Brans-Dicke, que na estrutura geométrica e de campos adotadas pela teoria existe uma relação estreita com a geometria de Weyl, inclusive associando o efeito descrito na literatura como "quinta força"(que violaria o princípio de equivalência) com o movimento geodésico da geometria de Weyl integrável, reformulando o postulado geodésico. E, num segundo momento, usando o método variacional de Palatini, acabamos por formular uma nova teoria escalar-tensorial, agora com ingredientes completamente geométricos, ambientada numa geometria de Weyl integrável. Estudamos ainda soluções no vazio do problema estático de uma distribuição de massa esfericamente simétrica, onde surgem objetos de interesse astrofísico como singularidades nuas e buracos de minhoca. Também formulamos a teoria conhecida por WIST (Weyl Integrable Spacetimes) em (2 + 1)D, o que resulta numa teoria consistente, não sofrendo das falhas associadas à teoria da relatividade geral nessa dimensionalidade