<p>This thesis is focused on modeling of progressive failure in brick masonry structures. Two distinct strategies are examined, namely meso-modeling and macromodeling approach.</p> <p>In the first part, an advanced constitutive model capable of addressing both pre and post-localization behavior is developed and implemented in a commercial finite element package. A mesoscopic modeling approach is then adopted, in which the structural behavior is examined at the level of constituents, i.e. brick and mortar. The performance of the model is verified by simulating a series of experimental tests reported in the literature. Those include the tests conducted by van der Pluijm (1993), Atkinson et al. (1989), and Page (1983).</p> <p>Later, an alternative approach is developed, based on theory of homogenization, in which a lower bound assessment is employed to predict the directional strength characteristics of the brick masonry. The performance of the model is verified using numerical homogenization which involves a finite element analysis of a periodic unit cell. For both these approaches, the failure envelopes for brick masonry at different orientations of the bed joints are obtained.</p> <p>Finally, a methodology is proposed for a systematic identification of material parameters of a macroscopic failure criterion describing the anisotropic strength characteristics of the brick masonry. This criterion is formulated in the framework of Critical Plane Approach (CPA) and its performance is verified against the experimental data of Page (1981 and 1983).</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The optimization of the production of fired clay brick is essential in order to maintain a sustainable industry in Ontario. While there exists areas for improvement of the properties of bricks used in severe climates, concerns including non-renewable resource depletion, increasing energy costs, and waste management have become increasingly important in Canadian and global industries. One method to address these concerns is the use of waste additives as fluxing agents in bricks. While a fluxing agent reduces the firing temperature required for sintering of the brick and improves properties, the use of a waste additive can decrease the dependency of the industry or non-renewable resources such as mined clay or crushed shale. Waste additives can improve strength durability, and absorptive properties, while decreasing firing temperature, and diverting waste from landfills. A testing program was developed to determine the effects of several variables in brick production, including extrusion and firing, and to investigate the effect of the addition of non-recycled waste glass in the properties of fired clay brick. The addition was varied in the particle size of the waste glass and the percentage by mass of additive. The effects of waste glass addition were determined in terms of absorption, strength, and freeze-thaw durability of the individual specimens. Microstructure was also investigated using SEM images and mercury intrusion porosimetry to determine the effect on pore structure and vitrified matrix of the bricks. The results of the testing program determined an optimal addition of waste glass, and the expected effects of the implementation of this addition to the production of fired clay brick in an industrial setting. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Architecture is a structured relationship of physical elements in which use, experience and memory are integral to its sense of shelter. Beginning with the drawn and built conceptions of the House at Yellow Sulfur Springs, structural fragments of the project included cast concrete studies, a desired relationship between surface, physical structure and light, an indirect path of entry and pre-existing qualities of the site. These fragments coalesced as a house with varying degrees of enclosure, a structure defined by material distinctions and assembly details, and a sensual path between inside and outside. Throughout the project, memory of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, thoughts about the nature of shelter and the ratifying logic of geometry served as additional guides. / Master of Architecture

The project offers a design for an addition to a Methodist Church in Newport News, Virginia. The proposal includes a new sanctuary, kitchen, meeting room, and entrance. Axonometric inquiries, detailed sections, and explorations with 3-d models document the structural configuration and the inner sanctuary walls of the addition. In addition to the overall design, further investigations include details for seating design, lighting schemes, and flooring specifications. / Master of Architecture

Varieties of masonry units such as burnt clay bricks, stones and concrete products are used for masonry construction. Even though these materials are durable, they are considered as unsustainable options because of the issues concerning energy, environment and conservation of natural resources. The walling materials are consumed in bulk quantities and hence large quantities of natural resources are depleted. There is a need for energy efficient and environment friendly alternative materials for masonry. Fly ash is an industrial by-product from the coal based thermal power plants which can be exploited for manufacturing of masonry units such as fly ash blocks/bricks, which are an alternative for conventional masonry units. Fly ash-Lime-Gypsum (FaL-G) bricks can be manufactured by compaction of a mixture of fly ash-lime-gypsum and water. The behaviour of FaL-G brick masonry is inadequately explored area and hence the thesis is focused on understanding the flexural behaviour of FaL-G brick masonry and bond development phenomenon at FaL-G brick-mortar interface. A brief introduction to the fly ash-based masonry units and literature review with respect to utilizing fly ash in manufacturing masonry units are presented. Characteristics of raw materials used and the procedure followed in casting of masonry units/compacts, mortar and their assemblages including testing methods have been discussed. Characteristics of FaL-G brick, mortars, FaL-G brick masonry are presented. Apart from determining the stress-strain relationships for these materials shear strength parameters of FaL-G compact, mortar and brick-mortar joint were determined. Mohr-Coulomb failure envelopes for FaL-G compact and mortar are presented. The mechanism of bond development in masonry is discussed. FaL-G brick masonry shows considerably higher bond strength when compared with the bond strength of conventional brick masonry. Results of micro-structure analysis (SEM, XRD and TGA) of the FaL-G brick-mortar interfaces confirm the formation of chemical bond in addition to mechanical interlocking of cement hydration products into brick pores. Flexural behaviour of FaL-G brick masonry wallettes in the two orthogonal directions was studied. The flexural strength, displacement profiles and load-displacement curves were determined, and moment-curvature relationships were established. Linear elastic analysis performed closely predicted the cracking flexural stress in FaL-G brick masonry. A brief introduction to the computational modelling of masonry using different approaches has been presented. Literature review with respect to simplified micro-modelling approach has been discussed. The flexural behaviour of FaL-G brick masonry panels under lateral loads was predicted using a non-linear 3D finite element analysis. The finite element model reasonably predicted the flexural behaviour of FaL-G brick masonry panels. The thesis ends with summary of research work with a note on scope for further research.

Muitos pesquisadores têm procurado analisar a questão dos mecanismos de aderência entre argamassas de revestimento e substratos porosos, das mais variadas formas. Este trabalho insere-se nessa mesma linha de pesquisa. A partir dos referenciais teóricos pesquisados, definiu-se como objetivo principal desta tese contribuir para o entendimento de alguns dos fatores intervenientes no fenômeno de aderência entre substratos cerâmicos e argamassas de cimento Portland. O enfoque proposto visou identificar, prioritariamente, a influência de substratos cerâmicos com diferentes temperaturas de queima (e conseqüentemente diferentes padrões de porosidade e absorção de água), e sua relação com a resistência de aderência adquirida pelo sistema de revestimento, sob condições específicas. Foi proposto um programa experimental onde uma argamassa com características específicas foi assentada em blocos cerâmicos lisos ou com estrias verticais. Esta argamassa revestiu blocos com diferentes capacidades de absorção de água, obtidas através da queima dos mesmos em diferentes temperaturas: 700, 800, 900 e 1000°C. Variaram-se também as condições na interface entre argamassa e substrato: sem nenhum tratamento da área de contato, ou então reduzindo o potencial contato superficial e consequentemente a penetração de água/pasta nos poros em 50% da área do bloco cerâmico. Foram mapeadas as principais propriedades dos blocos cerâmicos que se alteraram ou mantiveram com o processo de queima, de modo a verificar sua influência sobre os resultados de aderência à tração das argamassas neles assentados. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração da temperatura de queima dos blocos, bem como a introdução de restrições para a absorção de água e/ou pasta dos blocos, variaram consideravelmente os resultados de aderência à tração dos revestimentos. Há uma relação significativa entre a estrutura de poros do substrato, em função da temperatura de queima, e a resistência de aderência do sistema de revestimento. / Over the centuries, mortar renderings have been considered a traditional building technique. However, even recent technologic improves couldn't eliminate some pathologies problems such as detachments. In Brazil, particularly, many researchers have been studying the adhesion mechanisms between mortar renderings and porous substrates in different ways. This work is part of this interest point. After the theoretical research realized, the main objective of this doctoral thesis consisted to contribute to the understanding of bond strength phenomenon, specially of some factors involved between ceramic substrates and Portland cement mortars. The proposed approach aimed to identifying the influence of ceramic substrates with different firing temperatures (and therefore with different porous surface and water absorption), and its relationship to bond strength acquired by the mortar rendering system under specific conditions. A Lime-Portland Cement mortar with specific characteristics was applied on smooth or grooved surfaces of ceramic blocks. The firing temperature of production of these ceramic blocks was 700, 800, 900 and 1000 ° C. Furthermore, the interface conditions between mortar and ceramic substrate also was varied: without any contact surface treatment, or reducing potential contact surface (and thus water/paste penetration) in the 50% area of ceramic blocks. After, had been identified the main properties of ceramic blocks that have changed or remained after the firing process, so check their influence on the results of tensile bond strenght of mortars settled on them. The results show that with changing the firing temperature of the blocks as well as the introduction of pore sealing areas to the absorption of water and / or binder in blocks surfaces, the tensile bond strength of mortar renderings also varied considerably. There is a significant relationship between pore structure of the ceramic substrate, depending on the firing temperature, and the bond strength of the mortar rendering system.

Muitos pesquisadores têm procurado analisar a questão dos mecanismos de aderência entre argamassas de revestimento e substratos porosos, das mais variadas formas. Este trabalho insere-se nessa mesma linha de pesquisa. A partir dos referenciais teóricos pesquisados, definiu-se como objetivo principal desta tese contribuir para o entendimento de alguns dos fatores intervenientes no fenômeno de aderência entre substratos cerâmicos e argamassas de cimento Portland. O enfoque proposto visou identificar, prioritariamente, a influência de substratos cerâmicos com diferentes temperaturas de queima (e conseqüentemente diferentes padrões de porosidade e absorção de água), e sua relação com a resistência de aderência adquirida pelo sistema de revestimento, sob condições específicas. Foi proposto um programa experimental onde uma argamassa com características específicas foi assentada em blocos cerâmicos lisos ou com estrias verticais. Esta argamassa revestiu blocos com diferentes capacidades de absorção de água, obtidas através da queima dos mesmos em diferentes temperaturas: 700, 800, 900 e 1000°C. Variaram-se também as condições na interface entre argamassa e substrato: sem nenhum tratamento da área de contato, ou então reduzindo o potencial contato superficial e consequentemente a penetração de água/pasta nos poros em 50% da área do bloco cerâmico. Foram mapeadas as principais propriedades dos blocos cerâmicos que se alteraram ou mantiveram com o processo de queima, de modo a verificar sua influência sobre os resultados de aderência à tração das argamassas neles assentados. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração da temperatura de queima dos blocos, bem como a introdução de restrições para a absorção de água e/ou pasta dos blocos, variaram consideravelmente os resultados de aderência à tração dos revestimentos. Há uma relação significativa entre a estrutura de poros do substrato, em função da temperatura de queima, e a resistência de aderência do sistema de revestimento. / Over the centuries, mortar renderings have been considered a traditional building technique. However, even recent technologic improves couldn't eliminate some pathologies problems such as detachments. In Brazil, particularly, many researchers have been studying the adhesion mechanisms between mortar renderings and porous substrates in different ways. This work is part of this interest point. After the theoretical research realized, the main objective of this doctoral thesis consisted to contribute to the understanding of bond strength phenomenon, specially of some factors involved between ceramic substrates and Portland cement mortars. The proposed approach aimed to identifying the influence of ceramic substrates with different firing temperatures (and therefore with different porous surface and water absorption), and its relationship to bond strength acquired by the mortar rendering system under specific conditions. A Lime-Portland Cement mortar with specific characteristics was applied on smooth or grooved surfaces of ceramic blocks. The firing temperature of production of these ceramic blocks was 700, 800, 900 and 1000 ° C. Furthermore, the interface conditions between mortar and ceramic substrate also was varied: without any contact surface treatment, or reducing potential contact surface (and thus water/paste penetration) in the 50% area of ceramic blocks. After, had been identified the main properties of ceramic blocks that have changed or remained after the firing process, so check their influence on the results of tensile bond strenght of mortars settled on them. The results show that with changing the firing temperature of the blocks as well as the introduction of pore sealing areas to the absorption of water and / or binder in blocks surfaces, the tensile bond strength of mortar renderings also varied considerably. There is a significant relationship between pore structure of the ceramic substrate, depending on the firing temperature, and the bond strength of the mortar rendering system.

Muitos pesquisadores têm procurado analisar a questão dos mecanismos de aderência entre argamassas de revestimento e substratos porosos, das mais variadas formas. Este trabalho insere-se nessa mesma linha de pesquisa. A partir dos referenciais teóricos pesquisados, definiu-se como objetivo principal desta tese contribuir para o entendimento de alguns dos fatores intervenientes no fenômeno de aderência entre substratos cerâmicos e argamassas de cimento Portland. O enfoque proposto visou identificar, prioritariamente, a influência de substratos cerâmicos com diferentes temperaturas de queima (e conseqüentemente diferentes padrões de porosidade e absorção de água), e sua relação com a resistência de aderência adquirida pelo sistema de revestimento, sob condições específicas. Foi proposto um programa experimental onde uma argamassa com características específicas foi assentada em blocos cerâmicos lisos ou com estrias verticais. Esta argamassa revestiu blocos com diferentes capacidades de absorção de água, obtidas através da queima dos mesmos em diferentes temperaturas: 700, 800, 900 e 1000°C. Variaram-se também as condições na interface entre argamassa e substrato: sem nenhum tratamento da área de contato, ou então reduzindo o potencial contato superficial e consequentemente a penetração de água/pasta nos poros em 50% da área do bloco cerâmico. Foram mapeadas as principais propriedades dos blocos cerâmicos que se alteraram ou mantiveram com o processo de queima, de modo a verificar sua influência sobre os resultados de aderência à tração das argamassas neles assentados. Os resultados demonstram que a alteração da temperatura de queima dos blocos, bem como a introdução de restrições para a absorção de água e/ou pasta dos blocos, variaram consideravelmente os resultados de aderência à tração dos revestimentos. Há uma relação significativa entre a estrutura de poros do substrato, em função da temperatura de queima, e a resistência de aderência do sistema de revestimento. / Over the centuries, mortar renderings have been considered a traditional building technique. However, even recent technologic improves couldn't eliminate some pathologies problems such as detachments. In Brazil, particularly, many researchers have been studying the adhesion mechanisms between mortar renderings and porous substrates in different ways. This work is part of this interest point. After the theoretical research realized, the main objective of this doctoral thesis consisted to contribute to the understanding of bond strength phenomenon, specially of some factors involved between ceramic substrates and Portland cement mortars. The proposed approach aimed to identifying the influence of ceramic substrates with different firing temperatures (and therefore with different porous surface and water absorption), and its relationship to bond strength acquired by the mortar rendering system under specific conditions. A Lime-Portland Cement mortar with specific characteristics was applied on smooth or grooved surfaces of ceramic blocks. The firing temperature of production of these ceramic blocks was 700, 800, 900 and 1000 ° C. Furthermore, the interface conditions between mortar and ceramic substrate also was varied: without any contact surface treatment, or reducing potential contact surface (and thus water/paste penetration) in the 50% area of ceramic blocks. After, had been identified the main properties of ceramic blocks that have changed or remained after the firing process, so check their influence on the results of tensile bond strenght of mortars settled on them. The results show that with changing the firing temperature of the blocks as well as the introduction of pore sealing areas to the absorption of water and / or binder in blocks surfaces, the tensile bond strength of mortar renderings also varied considerably. There is a significant relationship between pore structure of the ceramic substrate, depending on the firing temperature, and the bond strength of the mortar rendering system.

No description available.

The focus of this thesis is the study of behavior of brick waste in the mixture with high alumina cement. The result of this research should be a draft of a composition and production process for material that could partly or fully substitute forging accessories in the brick production industry. The aim of this work is to verify the use of brick waste for such purpose. Usage of brick waste for refractories can help the current long-term effort for wasteless production processes.