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The first recorded use of hydraulic lime in construction can be traced back to at least two thousand years ago. Hydraulic lime, produced through either adding pozzolanic materials or calcining clay containing limestone, unlike air lime, can set and harden under water, developing strength through initial hydration reaction and subsequent carbonation. After WWII Portland cement mortars had almost completely replaced lime based mortars in modern construction. However, through conservation and specialist construction the benefits of hydraulic lime are becoming increasingly recognised. To support wider usage of these mortars there is a need for systematic study on the mortar properties and structural performance of lime mortared masonry. This thesis presents findings from a research programme conducted to develop understanding of the mechanical properties of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortared brickwork. The work focussed on the flexural strength of NHL mortared brickwork. A variety of material and environmental factors, including lime grade and supplier, mix proportion, sand type and age, have been investigated. In addition the research has completed an in-depth study on the influence of brick absorption characteristics on bond development. The two methods of flexural wall panel and bond wrench testing to establish flexural strength have been compared. In addition to flexural strength, initial shear strength and compressive strength of brickwork has also been investigated. A greater understanding of NHL mortared brickwork performance has been developed through this work. Performance of the brickwork has been related to properties of constituent materials and environmental factors. Recommendations for design performance of materials have been provided.

This thesis examines a much neglected area of Scottish building and construction history, brickwork. It will be conclusively shown that brick has seen far more widespread use in Scottish buildings than has been appreciated to date. This is true not just in terms of the range of building types which have been found to incorporate brick into their construction but also when the geographical spread of these buildings is considered. It will also be shown that in the period the research covers, 1700-1900, brickwork in Scotland underwent a series of technical developments. This saw brick transformed from a material used in a limited capacity for specific purposes such as garden wall construction and ice houses in the early 18th century to one which, by 1900, saw extensive use in the construction of housing, industrial buildings and engineered structures. Specific technical developments within areas of brick construction have also emerged. This can be seen in areas as diverse as bond, the height to which four courses of brickwork rise, arch construction and cavity walling. The technical developments within Scottish brickwork are considerable and this thesis represents the first comprehensive analysis of these. In addition to demonstrating the extent of the use of the material and the considerable technical developments there within, this thesis will present substantial evidence in support of the view that Scotland developed specific craft practices in using brick which are not reflected in contemporary technical reference works. This is most significant in the bonding of brickwork with a specifically Scottish bond being dominant in the 19th century. Survey work of surviving buildings will also show that there was a specifically Scottish gauge of brickwork when measuring the height to which four courses rose. Other differences in craft practice can be seen when the construction of brickwork at an angle other than 90 degrees and arch construction are examined to give but two examples. This thesis will also present evidence for a number of areas. When brick making is considered new evidence is presented to both the extent of the industry in Scotland which can be seen to be more extensive both in the 18th and 19th centuries than has previously been appreciated, and also for specific Scottish developments in kilns and brick making machines. The influence which developments in manufacturing had on the use of brick will also be demonstrated. Finally, it will be shown that, whilst Scottish brickwork often served functional requirements, this was never entirely true and the use of brick in this country can be shown to have a decorative as well as functional element to it. As the first comprehensive examination of brickwork in Scotland this thesis presents a wide ranging view of both the extent of the use of the material and the developments therein. By so doing, brick can begin to receive the level of analysis and understanding that has hitherto been lacking and be rightfully considered an integral part of Scottish construction between 1700-1900.

This thesis presents the results of an experimental investigation into the strength of brickwork under biaxial tension-compression. Since there is insufficient experimental evidence available on the strength of brickwork under biaxial stress to explain the behaviour of brick masonry walls under in-plane loads, experiments were carried out on one-sixth scale model brickwork panels under uniform stress conditions. An idealized failure surface is suggested based on experimental results, and the effect of shear bond strength and tensile bond strength on the results is discussed. An iterative plane stress finite element computer programme incorporating the above information is used to simulate the in-plane behaviour of brickwork. Brickwork is treated as an elastic, isotropic material with limited capacity when stressed in a state of biaxial tension-compression. The model reproduces the non-linear behaviour of masonry produced by progressive cracking. Shear wall tests have been used to test the validity of the analytical model. Sensitivity analysis of the elastic constants used in the model are performed to illustrate their influence on the calculated stresses. The influence of the stress distribution on shear wall behaviour, and the derivation of a failure criterion for local failure in masonry shear walls, are described. This criterion, in terms of the vertical stress and shear stress at a point, has been derived for particular values of horizontal stress from the three dimensional surface mentioned above. The effect of the shape of the specimen, testing technique, and boundary conditions on the shear strength of masonry panels is discussed.

Yes / Buildings and construction have been identified as having the greatest potential for circular economy value creation. One source of value creation is to recover and reuse building products from end-of-service-life buildings, rather than destructive demolition and downcycling. While there is a trade in non-structural and heritage product recovery and reuse, the largest volume, mass and value of most buildings comprise structural elements – concrete, brick and masonry, and steel – which present many challenges. A comprehensive literature review confirms limited attention to innovation and advanced techniques to address these challenges and therefore the potential reuse of the stocks of accumulated building products globally and associated environmental benefits. Potential techniques being tested in an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council circular economy research programme are referenced as a key building block towards circular economy building system redesign. / Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council - research project Rebuild (EPSRC EP/P008917/1)

This master´s thesis called „Revitalization of object“ is compiled as a project documentation according to relevant technical regulations and norms. Object is designed as a four-story building including two below-ground stories and an attic. It is comprised of a brick wall system stemming from present stone foundations and a sloped framed roof. All ceilings are based on existing horizontal constructions. Object is newly laid out as a five-unit flat house with facilities included.

The topic of this Ph.D. theis is repairing and strengthening of historical wagon vaults (barrel vaults, tunnel vaults) using post tensioning with tendons (monostrands) in longitudinal direction. The vaults should be without an edge, that´s mean the baroque vaults are well appropriate for this method. The pointed barrel vault should be problematic. The stabilization is for a wagon vault created by semicircle or segment part of a circle as well as an elliptic shape. The study has been made for vault with a width of 1 m and for the prestressing force has been used one tendon only. Of course, this method could be apply for normal constructions with a width of many meters. In this case, more tendons should be use with a suitable spacing. The goal of this work was to monitor an experiment model of an wagon vault and a real strengthened baroque vault of a church in Švábenice. During the monitor time, the static Analysis has been made. For these analysis appropriate finite elements in Ansys program has been use. The results of this work is to amplify the knowledge of the real behaviour of strengthened vaults, which could be use like instruction for the civil engineers. Further the public information guide to build an appropriate model of an Vault with an interaction with post-tensioning tendons.

New building of hotel with restaurant, divided into two objects, single-storey administrative part with restaurant and hotel hinterland and three-storey accommodation tract. Building is without basement and foundations are on reinforced concrete foundation strips. Bearing walls are made of Porotherm brickwork, horizontal structures are also made of Porotherm brickwork. Both objects has flat roof.

The aim of this thesis is the economic profitability of the facture of the engineering structure during the family house construction. Theoretical part describes the topic price, costs, setting the budget and types of materials for building family houses. Practical part is describe family house which is chosen for the budgets. It looks on the chosen sort of constructive systems in terms of technology and price.