by Yip Sung-tat. / Bibliography: leaves 120-123 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1984

Abstract The polymer electrolytes (ion conducting polymers) consist of macromolecules (usually in the form of polyethereal units) that are doped with alkali mental salts. The polymer electrolytes are being used in Li-polymer buttery. It is suggested that conductivity in these systems takes place through two distinct events. The first is associated with the charge migration of ions between coordination sites in the host material, and the second is that the conductivity is generally observed to rise with increasing flexibility of the polymer chains. Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectra of molecular liquids will provide mechanical relaxation information in the frequency range from 10^8 to 10^11 Hz. We have carried out the Brillouin scattering study of PEG400/LiCl mixtures to probe its elastic properties. The change in the flexibility of polymer chains at different temperatures, the fraction of free ion, and their interactions with polymer all effect the Brillouin spectrum and the present work suggests the usefulness of this technique as an useful tool to probe the various interactions in polymer electrolytes.

Thesis (Ph. D.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1998. / Bibliography: leaves 112-121.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-133).

Orientador: Paulo Clóvis Dainese Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T15:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FlorezPenaloza_OmarEnrique_M.pdf: 35304158 bytes, checksum: f1b7fbb7d6036f3186dd9378d06e850e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O Espalhamento Brillouin e um processo nao linear oriundo da interacao entre ondas opticas e acusticas. Este efeito foi amplamente estudado em fibras mono-modo e mais recentemente em uma grande variedade de micro-estruturas fotonicas. A habilidade de se fabricar estruturas que podem confinar ambas as ondas opticas e acusticas em dimensoes menores que o comprimento de onda criou novas oportunidades de se estudar a interacao foton-fonon. Um aspecto em particular que se torna importante em sistemas de alto confinamento e o efeito de deslocamento de borda (Shifting-Boundary), alem do efeito Elasto-Optico, mais bem entendido. Micro-fios de Silica sao ideais para estudar estes efeitos. Primeiro, quando seu diametro e menor que o comprimento de onda, o campo eletrico na superficie do guia de onda aumenta significativamente. Em segundo lugar, a interface ar-silica apresenta um alto contraste de indice de refracao, o que aumenta o espalhamento devido ao efeito de deslocamento de borda. Finalmente, a geometria cilindrica simples permite um calculo analitico da eficiencia do espalhamento Brillouin, considerando as perturbacoes tanto Elasto-Opticas como de Deslocamento de Borda. Nesta tese, estudamos teorica e experimentalmente o espalhamento Brillouin em microfios de Silica. Amostras com diametros de 0.6 a 3 ¿Êm foram fabricadas e caracterizadas utilizando um sistema de deteccao heterodina para os espalhamentos co-propagante e contra-propagante. Para o espalhamento Brillouin co-propagante, usamos a tecnica de bombeio e prova para induzir excitacao impulsiva dos modos acusticos proximos da frequencia de corte. Espalhamento devido a ondas acusticas do tipo Rayleigh foi observado e extensivamente caracterizado. Estas ondas sao particularmente interessantes, ja que a maior parte da energia acustica e concentrada proxima da superficie do guia de onda, o que aumenta a contribuicao do efeito de Deslocamento de Borda. Desenvolvemos estudos teoricos extensivos dos modos opticos e acusticos na geometria cilindrica, e aplicamos a teoria de modos acoplados para calcular a eficiencia de espalhamento para cada modo acustico. Um estudo da eficiencia de espalhamento em funcao do diametro foi feito, ajudando a entender melhor os mecanismos que determinam a evolucao do espectro Brillouin. Finalmente, fomos capazes de identificar modos nos quais o processo de espalhamento e dominado pelo efeito de Deslocamento de Borda, e modos nos quais o efeito dominante e o Elasto-Optico. Este entendimento pode contribuir no projeto de estruturas nas quais estes efeitos sao somados ou cancelados, e pode ser usado como outro mecanismo para controlar o processo de espalhamento Brillouin / Abstract: Brillouin scattering is a nonlinear process that arises from the interaction between op- tical and acoustic waves. This effect has been widely studied in standard single-mode fibers and more recently in a variety of photonics microstructures. The ability to fab- ricate structures that can confine both optical and acoustic waves in sub-wavelength dimensions has created new opportunities to study photon-phonon interaction. One particular aspect that becomes important in high-confinement systems is the effect of shifting boundaries, in addition to the better-understood elasto-optic effect. Silica mi- crowires are ideal systems to study these effects. First, when its diameter is smaller than the wavelength, the electric field overlaps strongly with the waveguide surface. Second, the air-silica interface presents high index contrast, which enhances scattering due to shifting boundary effect. Finally, the simple cylindrical geometry allows an- alytical calculation of Brillouin scattering efficiency considering both elasto-optic and shifting-boundary perturbations. In this thesis, we studied theoretically and experimentally Brillouin scattering in silica microwires. Samples with diameter ranging from 0.6 to 3 ?m were fabricated and char- acterized using heterodyne detection for both backward and forward Brillouin scattering. For forward Brillouin scattering, we used the pump and probe technique to induce impul- sive excitation of acoustic modes near cutoff. Scattering due to Rayleigh acoustic waves was observed and extensively characterized. These waves are particularly interesting as most of the acoustic energy is concentrated close to the waveguide surface, therefore enhancing the shifting boundary contribution. Theoretically, we developed extensive studies of optical and acoustic modes in cylindrical geometry, and applied coupled-mode theory to calculate the scattering efficiency for each acoustic mode. A study of the scat- tering efficiencies as a function of diameter was performed, helping better understand the mechanisms that determined the evolution of the Brillouin spectrum. Finally, we were able to identify modes in which the scattering process is dominated by shifting- boundary effect and modes in which elasto-optic dominates. This understanding may help design structures in which these effects add or cancel each other, and can be used as another mechanism to control Brillouin scattering process / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1142161/2012 / CAPES

<p> Brillouin scattering technique is used to investigate the transverse acoustic phonon in (KBr)1-x(KCN)x alloy as a function of temperature for CN- concentration ranging from 0.20 to 0.50. Anomalies in phonon frequency and linewidth are observed and discussed in terms of coupling of the acoustic phonons with orientational motion of CN- ions based on a dynamic microscopic model suggested by Michel et al. The frequency and concentration dependence of the freezing temperature, which marks the formation of an orientational glass state, is examined.</p> <p> A high resolution tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer yields the first evidence of a complex spectrum which consists of the phonon peak and new equal-spaced modes. The Bayesian deconvolution technique is used to extract the spectra. The concentration, time and temperature dependence of these new modes are presented. It is proposed that they arise from the modification of the tunneling levels of the CN, and appear to have the uniform density of states which is the characteristic property of the glass.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, Wits University, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 30 March 2016. / Bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 is a transition metal oxide that exhibits both antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric orderings and is termed a magnetoelectric multiferroic. These functional properties make it crucial for applications in various nanoelectronic devices and sensors. However, the integration of BiFeO3 in devices requires the scaling down of bulk BiFeO3 to nano dimensional length scales in thin lm format. For this purpose, the elements of the elastic constant tensor of BiF eO3 thin lms are requisite, especially in multilayered or single layer-on-substrate device con gurations. It is thus essential that mechanical properties of BiFeO3 thin lms be established due to their size and growth mode dependence. Therefore, the study aims to determine the propagation of the surface acoustic waves and the elastic constants of BiFeO3 BFO thin lms in order to tailor the mechanical properties for device applications. In this approach the e ect of morphology and microstructure on the elastic constants has been investigated. / MT2016

In this thesis, a fully millimetre-wave (mm-wave) generation and transmission system is proposed for futuristic communications. Significant challenges have been dealt with regarding the proposed system, including designing the mm-wave generation and transmission technique, and its application in cellular networks. These challenges are presented through five main contributions and validated via Optiwave Design Software and MATLAB simulation tools. Firstly, three novel photonic generation methods are proposed and designed based on the characteristics of Brillouin fibre laser and the Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) effects with phase modulation. The mm-wave carriers are successfully generated with a tuning capability from 5 to 90 GHz. Also, these carriers are with good Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) up to 51 dB, and low noise signal power of about -40 dBm. The impact of these methods is obtaining stable mm-waves appropriate for Radio over Fibre (RoF) transmission systems in 5G optical networks. Secondly, a full-duplex RoF system with the generation of a 64 GHz mm-wave is proposed. Successful transmission of the mm-wave over a fibre link is achieved for up to 100 km of fibre with a data rate of 5 Gbits/s. The main impact of this system is cost reduction and performance improvement by simplifying mm-wave generation and transmission over fibre. Also, it ensures a useful communication link for small cell networks. Thirdly, a hybrid Fibre/Free-space optical (FSO) system for the generation and transmission of 64 GHz mm-wave is proposed. This optical system provides a low latency communication link and overcomes mm-wave high path losses. A successful mm-wave transmission is achieved over a 10 km fibre length, and 2 km FSO link length with a good Bit Error Rate (BER) of about 1.5×10-13 and a data rate of 10 Gbits/s. This system increases the network coverage area by transmitting the mm-wave over the FSO link to the areas with natural obstacles the laying of fibre cables impossible. Also, it can be used as an effective solution under emergency disaster conditions. Fourthly, a comprehensive study of the wireless propagation performance for different mm-wave bands (28, 60, and 73 GHz) as cellular networks is investigated and compared with the 2.4 GHz Ultra-High Frequency band (UHF). A map-based scenario is proposed for the deployment of Base Stations (BSs) within the Brunel University London Campus map to consider real blockage effects. This investigation involved specifying which mm-wave spectrum can enhance the futuristic cellular networks, by evaluating the coverage and rate trends. Comparative results show that the 73 GHz bands can achieve the higher rate with good coverage and the lowest interference effects than the other mm-wave bands. Finally, a simplified path loss model is proposed to estimate precisely the 28 GHz mm-wave performance, which is considered a key component in 5G networks in outdoor applications. The proposed path loss model captures the diffraction and specular reflection impacts on mm-wave wireless propagation.

The primary objective of this work was to develop a laser source for fundamental investigations in the field of laser – materials interactions. In particular it is supposed to facilitate the study of the influence of the temporal energy distribution such as the interaction between adjacent pulses on ablation processes. Therefore, the aim was to design a laser with a highly flexible and easily controllable temporal energy distribution. The laser to meet these demands is an SBS-laser with optional active mode-locking. The nonlinear reflectivity of the SBS-mirror leads to a passive Q-switching and issues ns-pulse bursts with µs spacing. The pulse train parameters such as pulse duration, pulse spacing, pulse energy and number of pulses within a burst can be individually adjusted by tuning the pump parameters and the starting conditions for the laser. Another feature of the SBS-reflection is phase conjugation, which leads to an excellent beam quality thanks to the compensation of phase distortions. Transverse fundamental mode operation and a beam quality better than 1.4 times diffraction limited can be maintained for average output powers of up to 10 W. In addition to the dynamics on a ns-timescale described above, a defined splitting up of each ns-pulse into a train of ps-pulses can be achieved by additional active mode-locking. This twofold temporal focussing of the intensity leads to single pulse energies of up to 2 mJ at pulse durations of approximately 400 ps which corresponds to a pulse peak power of 5 MW. While the pulse duration is of the same order of magnitude as those of other passively Q-switched lasers with simultaneous mode-locking, the pulse energy and pulse peak power exceeds the values of these systems found in the literature by an order of magnitude. To the best of my knowledge the laser presented here is the first implementation of a self-starting mode-locked SBS-laser oscillator. In order to gain a better understanding and control of the transient output of the laser two complementary numerical models were developed. The first is based on laser rate equations which are solved for each laser mode individually while the mode-locking dynamics are calculated from the resultant transient spectrum. The rate equations consider the mean photon densities in the resonator, therefore the propagation of the light inside the resonator is not properly displayed. The second model, in contrast, introduces a spatial resolution of the resonator and hence the propagation inside the resonator can more accurately be considered. Consequently, a mismatch between the loss modulation frequency and the resonator round trip time can be conceived. The model calculates all dynamics in the time domain and therefore the spectral influences such as the Stokes-shift have to be neglected. Both models achieve an excellent reproduction of the ns-dynamics that are generated by the SBS-Q-switch. Separately, each model fails to reproduce all aspects of the ps-dynamics of the SBS-laser in detail. This can be attributed to the complexity of the numerous physical processes involved in this system. But thanks to their complementary nature they provide a very useful tool for investigating the various influences on the dynamics of the mode-locked SBS-laser individually. These aspects can eventually be recomposed to give a complete picture of the mechanisms which govern the output dynamics. Among the aspects under scrutiny were in particular the start resonator quality which determines the starting condition for the SBS-Q-switch, the modulation depth of the AOM and the phonon lifetime as well as the Brillouin-frequency of the SBS-medium. The numerical simulations and the experiments have opened several doors inviting further investigations and promising a potential for further improvement of the experimental results: The results of the simulations in combination with the experimental results which determined the starting conditions for the simulations leave no doubt that the bandwidth generation can primarily be attributed to the SBS-Stokes-shift during the buildup of the Q-switch pulse. For each resonator round trip, bandwidth is generated by shifting a part of the revolving light in frequency. The magnitude of the frequency shift corresponds to the Brillouin-frequency which is a constant of the SBS material and amounts in the case of SF6 to 240 MHz. The modulation of the AOM merely provides an exchange of population between spectrally adjacent modes and therefore diminishes a modulation in the spectrum. By use of a material with a Brillouin-frequency in the GHz range the bandwidth generation can be considerably accelerated thereby shortening the pulse duration. Also, it was demonstrated that yet another nonlinear effect of the SBS can be exploited: If the phonon lifetime is short compared to the resonator round trip time we obtain a modulation in the SBS-reflectivity that supports the modulation of the AOM. The application of an external optical feedback by a conventional mirror turns out to be an alternative to the AOM in synchronizing the longitudinal resonator modes. The interesting feature about this system is that it is ― although highly complex in the physical processes and the temporal output dynamics ― very simple and inexpensive from a technical point of view. No expensive modulators and no control electronics are necessary. Finally, the numerical models constitute a powerful tool for the investigation of emission dynamics of complex laser systems on arbitrary timescales and can also display the spectral evolution of the laser output. In particular it could be demonstrated that differences in the results of the complementary models vanish for systems of lesser complexity. / Ziel der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer Laserstrahlquelle, die zur Untersuchung von Laser-Material-Wechselwirkungen eingesetzt werden soll. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses steht hierbei der Einfluss der zeitlichen Pulsstruktur des Lasers auf Materialabtragsprozesse. Daraus ergibt sich die Anforderung einer möglichst hohen Flexibilität in der Pulsstruktur des Lasers sowie einer möglichst guten Strahlqualität. Eine gute Strahlqualität zeichnet sich durch eine homogene räumliche Intensitätsverteilung aus und ist Voraussetzung für eine gezielte Energiedeponierung auf dem Material. Diese Anforderungen wurden mit einem SBS-Laser erfüllt. Dabei handelt es sich um einen Laser, der einen SBS-Spiegel verwendet, dessen Reflektivität auf der Streuung des Lichts an Schallwellen beruht, die von dem einfallenden Licht selbst erzeugt werden. Als Resultat hat dieser Spiegel eine Reflektivität, die abhängig von der Energie des eingestrahlten Lichts ist. In einem Laser verwendet führt diese energieabhängige Reflektivität zu einer sogenannten Güteschaltung, die sich in der Ausbildung von kurzen Lichtpulsen mit Dauern von etwa 100 Nanosekunden äußert. Die Abstände zwischen den Pulsen, die Pulsdauern und die Pulsenergien können sehr leicht durch die Randbedingungen, wie etwa die Reflektivität der konventionellen Spiegel des Lasers, gesteuert werden. Durch eine zusätzliche, aktiv herbeigeführte Verlustmodulation im Laserresonator wird eine Aufspaltung der Nanosekundenpulse in eine Reihe von Pulsen mit Dauern von nur noch einigen 100 Pikosekunden erreicht. Diese Technik ist unter dem Begriff Modenkopplung bekannt. Es liegt jetzt also eine doppelte Pulsstruktur vor: Nanosekundenpulse, die sich jeweils aus vielen Pikosekundenpulsen zusammensetzen. Durch diese doppelte zeitliche Bündelung der Ausgangsleistung werden während der Pulse Spitzenleistungen von bis zu 5 MW erreicht. Die Pulsenergien der ps-Pulse erreichen bis zu 2 mJ. Diese Werte liegen um den Faktor 10 über denen vergleichbarer Systeme. Meines Wissens ist dies die erste Umsetzung eines selbsttätigen SBS-Lasers mit zusätzlicher Modenkopplung. Um die verschiedenen Einflüsse auf diese Emissionsdynamik besser verstehen und kontrollieren zu können, wurden zwei Modelle mit komplementären Ansätzen entwickelt, auf deren Basis diese Dynamik durch numerische Simulationen wiedergegeben werden kann. Insbesondere können auf diese Weise auch die Einflüsse von einzelnen Materialparametern isoliert betrachtet werden, was im Experiment im allgemeinen nicht möglich ist. Der SBS-Laser wurde bereits erfolgreich in Laser-Materialbearbeitungsexperimenten eingesetzt. So konnte beispielsweise gezeigt werden, dass sich die Bearbeitungsdauer beim Wendelbohren durch die Verwendung von Pulszügen, also einer Reihe kurz aufeinander folgender Pulse, gegenüber dem Einsatz von Pulsen mit gleichmäßigen Abständen erheblich verbessern lässt.

Techniques to control dispersion in a medium have attracted much attention due to potential applications to devices such as ring laser gyroscopes, interferometric gravitational wave detectors, data buffers, phased array radars and quantum information processors. Of particular interest is an optical resonator containing a medium with an anomalous dispersion corresponding to fast-light, which behaves as a White Light Cavity (WLC). A WLC can be tailored to improve the sensitivity of sensing devices as well as to realize an optical data buffering system that overcomes the delay-bandwidth product of a conventional cavity. This dissertation describes techniques to tailor the dispersion for fast-light in intracavity media. We present first a demonstration of fast-light in a photorefractive crystal. When placed inside a cavity, such a medium could be used to enhance the bandwidth of a gravitational wave detector. We then describe how a superluminal laser can be realized by adding anomalously dispersive medium inside a ring laser. We identify theoretical conditions under which the sensitivity of the resonance frequency to a change in the cavity length is enhanced by as much as seven orders of magnitude. This paves the way for realizing a fast-light enhanced ring laser gyroscope, for example. This is followed by the development of a novel data buffering system which employs two WLC systems in series. In this system, a data pulse can be delayed an arbitrary amount of time, without significant distortion. The delay time is independent of the data bandwidth, and is limited only by the attenuation experienced by the data pulse as it bounces between two high-reflectivity mirrors. Such a device would represent a significant breakthrough in overcoming the delay-time bandwidth product limitation inherent in conventional data buffers. We then describe our experimental effort to create a fiber-based WLC by using stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Experimental results, in agreement with our theoretical model presented here, show that the WLC effect is small under the conditions supported by current fiber optic technology. We conclude that future efforts to induce a large WLC effect would require fibers with high Brillouin coefficient and low transmission loss, as well as optical elements with very low insertion loss and high power damage thresholds.