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The growth, popularity, and decline of the so-called "Spasmodic School" represents a chronologically brief phenomenon in Victorian poetics. Yet between 1850 and 1860, Spasmodic works affected virtually every serious discussion of Victorian poetics, and influenced (often disadvantageously) periodical reviewers' estimates of Tennyson and Browning. Even Arnold's 1853 Preface has been identified as a response to Spasmodic theories and practices. The history of the Spasmodics has largely been inscribed by the winners in the cultural debate surrounding that group of poets. The dissertation, therefore, rejects that simplified post-Arnoldian position, and examines the Spasmodic controversy as a complex discourse exposing the crucial ideological concerns of early Victorian culture. Without the disdain coloring most modern appraisals, it attempts to place the Spasmodics in the cultural setting they share with melodrama, the penny dreadfuls, and the craze for working-class poetry. Attention is also given to the critical debate fueled by the Spasmodic phenomenon, particularly concerning an idea that captivated the reading middle class: the revival of the Romantic notion that a priestly poet/prophet or vates would appear to lead their age both morally and artistically. The first two chapters are given to contextualizing the movement on these two fronts, therefore, while the next three are devoted to analyzing the works of the Spasmodic poets Bailey, Marston, Dobell, Smith, and Bigg. The final two sections attempt to delineate the effects of the Spasmodic debacle, spearheaded by the parody Firmilian, on later Victorian productions both major and minor as well as on the formation of the Victorian canon. The Spasmodic poets, young and inexperienced as they were, can above all be seen as victims of critical badinage between Arnoldian and neo-Romantic factions; they may be counted among the first excisions from this "canon" as we know it today. The longing for the vates is not found again until the Pre-Raphaelite movement, and in sometimes parodic form among its declension, Aestheticism.

The forest products industry is a major part of British Columbia's economy, employing directly or indirectly about twenty percent of the province's workforce; and accounting for a significant percentage of the province's exports and government revenues. Historically, the industry has been characterized by highly centralized bargaining structures and formal pattern bargaining between the two regions, the Interior and the Coast, and between the two main industry sectors, pulp and paper and solid wood. Recent environmental changes however, have put considerable pressure on the current system. Because of these changes employers now desire less centralized structures and more local control over terms of the collective agreement. Pressures for decentralization have resulted from a combination of world wide trends and industry specific changes. The globalization of markets, increased volatility of currency exchange rates, and the increasing rate of technological change are examples of the former. Industry specific changes include the diversification of products and markets between regions and firms, and two major labour disputes in the 1980s. These changes however, have had little effect upon bargaining in the forest products industry. Some changes have occurred, but to date they have not been significant. Employers in the province's pulp and paper sector deaccredited their employer bargaining association in March 1985. Despite this change, bargaining in the last two rounds has been done jointly, as it has been done for the past four decades. The second change noted is the severing of ties between the Pulp Bureau and FIR, the Coastal solid wood employer association. Previously overseen by a common Chairman, these two bodies are now run independently to encourage the separation of bargaining outcomes in the two sectors. The final change of note is the role reversal between the pulp unions and the IWA. For many years it was the IWA who negotiated what would become the industry wide settlement. In the last two rounds of negotiations, however, the pulp unions have settled first. Despite what appear to be significant environmental changes, there has been relatively little change in bargaining in this industry. Clearly there are forces in the industry's industrial relations system that are preserving the status quo. Several organizational forces and one environmental force are identified which are preventing change in industry bargaining structures. Organizational forces include third party pressures (specifically threats of government intervention), industry tradition and past practice, and the unions' ability to resist unilateral changes in bargaining. The environmental force preventing employers from forcing change in industry bargaining structure is the economic health of product markets in the two sectors. Not until the pressures for change are great enough to overcome these inertial organizational forces will significant change occur in the bargaining structure and patterns of the B.C. forest products industry. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Up to the middle of the 1970's most government policies dealing with physician manpower dealt with the problems of increasing the supply of physicians, rather than changing the geographic disparity of physicians between urban and rural areas. In 1983 the British Columbia government introduced legislation (passed in a modified form in 1985) that would restrict certain groups of physicians from obtaining Medical Service Plan billing numbers in certain areas of the province, in an attempt to change the geographic distribution of physicians in this province. Regulation is only one of a number of approaches to altering the distribution of physicians. The purpose of this study is to attempt to recommend other approaches that could be used to alter the geographic distribution of physicians, based on the factors which the residents and interns of British Columbia would consider necessary before they will establish practices in the rural areas of the province. The literature was examined to determine the present supply and distribution of physicians in the province of British Columbia. It was shown that the metropolitan areas had much higher concentrations of physicians than did the non-metropolitan regions. The literature was then searched to determine what types of policies had been used in an effort to change this geographic disparity and also to determine what factors influence physicians to locate their practices where they do. From this research a questionnaire was developed and mailed to all residents and interns registered in the University of British Columbia medical program in the academic year 1984-85. A response rate of 31.8% was obtained in this survey. It was found that many physicians were raised in large communities and planned to locate their practices in similar geographic areas to where they were raised. It was also found that the factors which the residents and interns considered to be the most important fell into the "Fixed Determinant" category, that is factors that are personal preferences of the physician. This makes it very difficult to formulate any type of non-regulatory policy to affect the geographic distribution of physicians in British Columbia / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

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The shifts in human services re-organization in Canada, and in particular the strategc shifts outlined by the Ministry of Children and Family Development in British Columbia have underscored the importance of the inclusion of communities, service users and parents in service planning. This qualitative case study explores the involvement and participation of parents as clients in multidisciplinary collaborative practice within the family resource program model of service delivery. Data was collected using semi - structured individual interviews and a document review at two sites. A thematic analysis generated major findings in two areas, 1) the framing of multidisciplinary collaborative practice and parent inclusion by the organizational milieu; 'LA and 2) the influence of service contracts, organizational policies and procedures, and work-place relationships on the service approaches. The study includes recommendations for policy and practice, suggested for funding bodies, multi-service community-based agencies, and family resource programs, and recommendations for additional research.

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