The British Fisheries Society, founded in 1786, was a semi-charitable joint stock company, similar to other improvement trusts of the period established to fund the construction of roads, bridges, canals and hospitals. The Society was however unique in the breadth of its ambition to create a chain of complete settlements or villages the length of the northern Scottish coastline from Dornoch on the east to Oban on the west. These new settlements were intended to be fishing stations focussed on the perceived wealth to be gained from the herring fishery. Four settlements were established at Ullapool, Wester Ross, Tobermory, Mull, Lochbay, Skye and Pulteneytown, Wick, Caithness and the specific intention of this thesis has been to examine those four built environments created by the Society. This includes all elements of the building and design process necessary to 'create' a fishing village incorporating town planning, civil engineering, industrial and vernacular buildings as well as 'architecture' by Robert Mylne and Telford. The construction of each village is followed from the design of the street plan, contracting for works through to the design and construction of diverse works such as inns, storehouses, harbours and bridges. Varying circumstance resulting in each settlement developing its own architectural character despite the Society's standardised plans and policies the settlements are also considered within the wider context of planned villages, New Towns ports, and harbours with specific analysis of individual buildings and types such as Robert Mylne's inn at Tobermory.

<p> In this thesis, I expand considerations of diaspora as not only a migration of people and cultures but a migration of thought. Specifically, I demonstrate that literary representations of diaspora produce what I consider to be an epistemological migration, challenging the idea that race and culture are stable and impermeable and offering instead racial and cultural fluidity. I assert that this causal relationship is best exemplified by narratives of racial passing written by diasporic writers. Using Homi Bhabha&rsquo;s concepts of mimicry, hybridity, and ambivalence, I analyze Helen Oyeyemi&rsquo;s <i> Boy, Snow, Bird</i> and Zo&euml; Wicomb&rsquo;s <i>Playing in the Light</i>, arguing that <i>Boy, Snow, Bird</i>&rsquo;s narrative form is a form of mimicry that repeats European and African literary traditions and subverts Eurocentrism, while <i>Playing in the Light</i> is a &ldquo;Third Space&rdquo; in which to accept notions of the non-categorical fluidity of race. Through this analysis, I draw particular attention to Oyeyemi&rsquo;s and Wicomb&rsquo;s unique abilities to refract notions of race, rather than presumably reflect a system of strict categories, and, ultimately, I argue that these novels transcend the realm of literature, existing as empowering calls for society&rsquo;s modifications of its racial perceptions.</p><p>

The purpose of this project is to shed light on three female laboring-class poets who have gone largely overlooked by scholars of eighteenth-century studies, Mary Leapor, Ann Yearsley, and Janet Little. This paper argues that when discussed together these poets exemplify the shift from Augustan models of intellectualism to proto-Romantic thought. Issues of literary patronage and trend are highlighted in this thesis as the laboring-class poetic tradition enjoyed a long vogue in the eighteenth-century. Chapter One offers a look in the literary marketplace of the period and what scholars have said about the subject of laboring-class writing so far. Chapters Two, Three, and Four focus on the poetry of Leapor, Yearsley, and Little, with particular attention to tribute poems with the goal of highlighting the role of laboring-class writers from Augustan poetry to proto-Romantic poetry.

This dissertation traces the complex ways in which non-European military cultures - often designated as 'savage' - and the expeditions undertaken against them - regularly conceptualised as 'savage warfare' - were understood in the Victorian imagination. It addresses how these understandings shifted across time in relation to developments such as imperial expansion; cultural and intellectual shifts including the rise of evolutionary theory; and the practical issues that emerged in response to the undertaking of wars where such opponents were met on the field of battle. It is distinctive in working at the intersection of nineteenth-century intellectual, cultural, imperial and military history, and utilises a wide range of sources. The nineteenth century was a unique period during which this eclectic and differentiated debate - which both explored and contributed to the construction of ideas on 'savagery' - arose due to the proliferation of cross-cultural knowledge and the development of periodical culture. As members of the armed forces were on the front-line of cross-cultural interactions, the military context shines a light on the richness of this discourse and helps to frame a complex debate about the boundaries between 'civilisation' and 'savagery'. While understandings of 'savagery' that embodied assumptions of ruthlessness, bloodthirstiness, and a lack of moral understanding can be traced in British perceptions of 'savage' warriors during this period, this dissertation argues that the designation of a warrior culture as 'savage' was not uncontested, nor did it preclude the admission of 'civilised' characteristics, or criticisms with regard to British conduct in 'savage' wars. By uncovering the competing discourses on how 'savage' warriors were perceived during this period, this dissertation reinforces critiques of the 'cultural determinist' notion that military cultures are fixed; emphasises the lack of coherence with regard to British perceptions of 'savage' warriors, thus contributing to scholarship that has identified the inconsistent nature of 'orientalism'; and challenges conventional periodisation of the development of colonial racism and anti-humanitarianism during the nineteenth century.

Graduate

Medial Lower Cambrian strata from continental shelf deposits of western Laurentia yield abundant, low diversity trilobite faunas. New faunas from the Cranbrook and Eager formations (southeastern British Columbia) and the upper Campito, Poleta, Harkless and Saline Valley formations (southwestern Great Basin, California and Nevada) have yielded: 33 species of Olenellina (20 new); 2 new species of Edelsteinaspidae (Redlichiina); 13 species of Corynexochida (5 new); 4 species of Ptychopariina (1 new); 1 new species of Eodiscina; 1 species of Oryctocephalidae; 1 new species of Protypidae; and 1 possible species of Cheiruroideidae. One new genus, Wannerellus, is established and tentatively assigned to the Wanneriidae. Systematic studies emphasize the importance of early ontogenetic features and ventral morphology in determining supraspecific relationships. Major changes are made to the suprageneric classification of the Olenelloidea: the Wanneriidae is recognized as a family separate from the Olenellidae; the Laudoniinae and Gabriellinae are abandoned and their type genera assigned to the Wanneriidae; the Mesonacinae is characterized as a peramorphic subfamily of the Olenellidae; and the Bristoliinae is synonymized with the Biceratopsinae (Olenellidae). The Corynexochidae is also changed in membership to include the Dorypyginae (=Ogygopsidae). Heterochrony is a major pattern of evolutionary change in Lower Cambrian trilobites. Biostratigraphic division of the medial lower Cambrian comprises 10 new subzones of 4 zones and is the first species-based trilobite zonation for Laurentia. It replaces previous genus-based zonations that are imprecise and questionable in recognition. In ascending order, the zonation includes: the Nevadia weeksi and Nevadia palmeri subzones of the Nevadia Zone; the Nevadella parvoconica and Nevadella eiicharis subzones of the Nevadella Zone; the Elliptocephala stewarti, Gabriellus poletensis and Wannerellus alcatrazensis subzones of the Elliptocephala Zone; and the Wanneria logani, Wanneria dunnae and Proliostracus buelnaensis subzones of the Olenellus transitans Zone. These zones and subzones can be correlated with other successions in western and eastern Laurentia. Biofacies differentiation of restricted shelf deposits is poorly developed in the Nevadella though Elliptocephala Zones. For this interval, the Nevadella and Wanneriid biofacies are successive biofacies of restricted shelf deposits and the Labradoria and Ekwipagetia biofacies are successive biofacies of open shelf deposits. Biofacies differentiation is well developed in the Olenellus transitans Zone, with an Olenellus Biofacies in elastics; a Wanneriid Biofacies in silty and oolitic carbonates; a Bonnia Biofacies in pure carbonates; and an Ogygopsis Biofacies in open shelf deposits. / Graduate

This thesis argues that the distinctiveness of contemporary British fashion design can be attributed to the history of education in fashion design in the art schools, while the recent prominence and visibility is the result of the expansion of the fashion media. Fashion design had to struggle to achieve disciplinary status in the art schools. Tarnished by its associations with the gendered and low status practice of the dressmaking tradition, and then in the post war years, with the growth of mass culture and popular culture, fashion educators have emphasised the conceptual basis of fashion design. Young fashion designers graduating from art school and entering the world of work develop an occupational identity closer to that of fine artists. This is a not unrealistic strategy given the limited nature of employment opportunities in the commercial fashion sector. But as small scale cultural entrepreneurs relying on a selfemployed and freelance existence, the designers are thwarted in their ability to maintain a steady income by their lack of knowledge of production, sewing and the dressmaking tradition. The current network of urban `micro-economies' of fashion design are also the outcome of the enterprise culture of the 1980s. Trained to think of themselves primarily as creative individuals the designers are ill-equipped to develop a strategy of collaboration and association through which their activities might become more sustainable. While the fashion media has also played a key role in promoting fashion design since the early 1980s, they are overwhelmingly concerned with circulation figures. They produce fashion images which act as luxurious environments for attracting advertising revenue. Consequently they carry little or no coverage on issues relating to employment or livelihoods in fashion. But their workforce is also creative, casualised and freelance. In each case, these young workers are the product of the shift in the UK to an emergent form of cultural capitalism comprising of low pay and the intensification of labour in exchange for the reward of personal creativity. This current sociological investigation aims to open the debate on the potential for the future socialisation of creative labour.

Chinese children are viewed not only as the raison d'etre of their parents, but also as contributors to their future well-being. The demands and expectations that shape the nurturing and education of young Chinese children have developed on the basis of these beliefs. In Richmond B.C., a community that has experienced a recent and rapid influx of Chinese immigrants, there has emerged an issue regarding the nature of preschool education. On the one hand, immigrant Chinese parents prefer a highly structured educational environment wherein English-as-a-Second language [ESL] instruction is emphasized. This kind of pedagogical approach, it is believed, will foster their children's integration into mainstream society. Early childhood educators and caregivers, on the other hand, favour an exclusively play-based learning strategy, one devoid of formal training in grammar and phonetics. These practitioners reject the reductionist approach advocated by parents in favour of what they view as a more wholistic pedagogy. This issue is further exacerbated by cultural barriers: first, owing to Confucian prescriptions against challenging authority, there exists a general reluctance on the part of Chinese immigrants to confront school officials; second, communication between the two sides is rendered difficult, if not impossible, by the language barrier. The purpose of this study is to foster better understanding on the part of child care policy makers regarding the educational needs and problems facing Chinese immigrant families residing in Richmond, B.C. Literature relevant to early childhood development within a multicultural framework was reviewed in this study. In particular, the development of ESL education for ethno-cultural preschoolers, the philosophy of early childhood pedagogy, the result of quality child care and issues pertinent to research terminology and techniques were closely examined. The literature reviewed was drawn predominantly from Canadian and American sources. Their texts were served to illustrate differences in philosophical and practical perspectives regarding child care. Chinese sources were also examined in order to explain cultural and ideological differences in the field of child care. A profile of the interviewees was developed based on quantitative data collected during interviews with 75 Chinese immigrant parents. The issues and problems identified in this study emerged from qualitative interviews with Chinese parents and key informants, the latter consisting of, child care practitioners, community workers, and educators. This study found that problems experienced by Chinese parents regarding child care are similar to those of Canadian parents. For instance, the lack of affordable and available quality child care are common concerns. However, as discussed above, one significant difference identified is the Chinese parents' emphasis on a pedagogical approach to early childhood education as opposed to the playbased strategy advocated by preschool child care givers. One other finding is that although most Chinese immigrant children can converse in English, few can read or write basic English. While conversational ability is an integral part of learning a language, reading and writing are more important with regard to the effective and efficient adoption of a second language. This study concludes that preschool ESL training is a vital part of the solution for early and successful integration of Chinese children into Canadian society. How can planning address this problem? This study recommends that the Provincial Ministry of Women's Equality which is responsible for child care together with the Federal Ministries of Immigration, Human Resources and Health share information and develop programs that will provide immigrants with young children information related to the Canadian child care system. At the provincial level, the key is to develop a community-based child care delivery system. Child care policies and programs should be sufficiently flexible and sensitive to deal with immigrant child care requirements. The promotion of culturally sensitized, community-based child care facilities and programs should be developed by the Inter-Ministry Child Care Policy Coordination Committee working closely with relevant ministries and communities. At the Municipal level, it is crucial to establish and maintain up-to-date and accurate data bases to avoid ad hoc child care delivery systems and polices. Coordination and cooperation of the Richmond Planning, Community Services and Health Departments and local School District #38 would benefit not only immigrant children but all children in the community. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The use of Development Cost Levies is a relatively new mechanism by which municipalities may charge development a share of costly new infrastructure. Their use is an improvement upon the previous ad-hoc system of land use contracts. The equity of Development Cost Levies is widely disputed, but this thesis finds that their use is fair and justifiable when judged in the context of the unprecedented growth of the Lower Mainland. The paper finds that Development Cost Levies are generally passed back to the landowners, unless the market is inelastic, in which case they are passed forward to the purchaser. The thesis specifically examines Development Cost Levies for parkland acquisition in mixed-use neighbourhoods. Park acquisition levies in mixed-use neighbourhoods are currently charged only to residential development in B.C. municipalities. This thesis examines whether the usage of parks by employees warrants commercial development paying a share of the parkland acquisition levies in mixed use neighbourhoods. In order to determine if commercial development should pay a portion of the cost of park acquisition, a park survey was conducted in an existing mixed-use area to determine employee usage of parkspace. A literature search revealed no other park surveys which examined employee and resident usage of parkspace in mixed-use neighbourhoods. The survey found that employees generated 83% of the usage of parkspace in two mixed-use area neighbourhood parks. The findings of the survey indicate that commercial development should be paying a proportional share of development cost charges for parkland acquisition in mixed-use neighbourhoods. This information was then applied to a recently upzoned area of the City of Vancouver to illustrate a sample calculation of Development Cost Levies. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This Thesis Project began as an attempt to explore the basic principles of Cinema: Light, Time and Movement. As the project evolved I began to explore and develop various design ideas. These included: the exploration of voyeuristic qualities within Cinema and Architec tural ideas based on illusion and rhythm; cinema as a medium; and, geometric maipulations and how different geometries might co-exist in an attempt to foster an image of diversity while defocusing the stereotypical idea of school and institution. The final product consisted of a 36,000 sq. ft. Film Centre, that housed a Film School, Indoor and Outdoor Cinemas, the Vancouver Film Festival Offices, a multi-media Restaurant and an Independant Film Studio. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate