The Lower Cretaceous Gates and Moosebar Formations in the Northeast Coalfields of British Columbia comprise a 350-450 m thick interval of marine and non-marine, coal bearing clastic sediments. The Moosebar Formation and lowermost unit of the Gates Formation (the Torrens Member) consist of between 2 and 4 coarsening-upward marine cycles. In the northern part of the study area, non-marine sediments in the Gates Formation occur interbedded with 3 major marine tongues (the Sheriff member, Falher C and Babcock member) which pinch out towards the south. In the study area south of Duke Mountain, sediments in the Gates Formation above the Torrens Member are entirely non-marine. The coarsening-upward marine cycles in the Moosebar-lower Gates interval were deposited mainly during regressions when the shorelines prograded northwards. The cycles are comprised of up to 3 main facies interpreted as offshore, transition zone and shoreface-beach (and locally distributary channel) deposits. Thin transgressive deposits are present at the base of the Sheriff member. Lower Gates shorelines are interpreted as high energy and wave dominated. Shoreline trends for the Torrens, Sheriff and Babcock Members are approximately E-W, and approximately NW-SE for the Falher C. Non-marine deposits in the Gates Formation are interpreted as forming in lagoons, fluvial channels and overbank environments within a coastal plain setting. The channels are mainly braided river types with anastomosing or straight (non-braided) and meandering river channels also present. The rivers flowed towards the northwest, north, northeast and east with northeasterly directions most common. Up to three separate very coarse fluvial conglomerates, interpreted as proximal braided river-alluvial fan deposits are present in the south near Mount Belcourt. Overbank sediments were deposited in levee, crevasse splay, lacustrine and well to poorly drained swamp environments The upper Gates marine unit (Babcock member) contains both transgressive and regressive deposits. Three types of transgressive deposits are recognised: 1. Thick (maximum 40 m) estuary mouth |shoal retreat massif) sandstones and conglomerates preserved in linear belts approximately 0.4-2 km wide trending NW-SE and N-S. 2. A thin (maximum 90 cm) but laterally extensive marine lag. 3. Lagoon-intertidal deposits. Upper Gates regressive deposits include shelf to shallow marine sandstones overlain by estuarine subtidal channel and shoal deposits which in turn are overlain locally by tidal flat and coastal plain deposits with thin coal seams. Upper Gates shorelines appear to be strongly tidally influenced. Thick (maximum 10 m), laterally extensive coal seams occur in the lower part of the Gates Formation. Coal seams in the upper Gates are thin (generally <1.0 m). With the exception of few very thin seams, the Gates coals appear to be entirely autochthonous and to have accumulated as peat in swamps in a coastal plain depositional setting. Some of the coals in the lower Gates were deposited in swamps which extended inland for at least 75 km from the shoreline. The maximum coal development in the Gates Formation (28 m total coal and 6 seams >1.5 m thick) occurs in the Foothills south of Kinuseo Creek, near the boundary between transitional marine and non-marine facies belts. Cross-sections based on closely spaced borehole and outcrop sections illustrate the occurrence and distribution of coal seams in the Duke, Honeymoon, Babcock, Frame and McConkey Pits. Thinning and pinchout of coal seams occurs adjacent to fluvial channel and splay deposits and near the landward pinchout of the Sheriff member. Draping of coal seams over fluvial channel deposits causes rapid variations in interseam thickness which may lead to correlation problems in the early stages of exploration and affect the potential mineability of coal seams. The main detrital components in the Gates sandstones are quartz and chert with siliceous rock fragments, carbonate rock fragments, clastic sedimentary and metasedimentary rock fragments, igneous rock fragments and feldspar present in lesser amounts. Mesozoic to Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the Rocky Mountain Front and Main Ranges are interpreted as the principal source of the detrital components. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The changes in housing policy during the 1990s has been profound. With federal funds for non-market housing no longer available, the Province of British Columbia has attempted to involve municipalities to a greater extent in meeting the housing needs in their communities. However, this has proved to be an immense challenge for many municipalities. Nevertheless, many have reported that they use, or in the future will use, partnerships with other organizations to obtain more affordable housing in their communities. Specifically, partnering with non-profit housing organizations is seen as one means of achieving this. The non-profit organizations, too, find building more affordable housing a challenge, and are interested in working with municipalities where possible. The intent of this research, then, is to analyze the relationships between local governments in B.C. and non-profit societies, and identify some of the barriers that each party faces. The research also examines the roles of some of the other participants in affordable housing. For municipalities, the barriers faced by them to enter housing partnerships are great. A lack of resources, the absence of staff dedicated to housing issues, the lack of staff expertise required to analyze complex housing partnerships, and a lack of commitment on the part of politicians all contribute to the difficulties in having these agreements. The non-profit housing groups also face deterrents, such as small staff sizes, few resources, in some cases, little expertise in development, or ageing board members who do not wish to build new housing. These barriers, however, are not insurmountable, and recommendations are provided to overcome them. It is important to realize that although housing partnerships can be a very effective tool, they are just one of many that municipalities use to meet the housing needs in their communities. Ultimately, housing needs will best be met by having all levels of government, the private and non-profit sectors working together towards common goals. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study explores changes in British Columbia electoral patterns during the twentieth century, and relates these changes to dimensions of societal and political modernization. It focuses on swing, the percentage point shift in a party's support between two successive elections, and examines constituency- arid sub constituency-level results in provincial elections between 1903 and 1975. The thesis tested is that development of the province's communications infrastructure was a central cause of the electoral developments which took place. The first part of the study clarifies the electoral developments by tracing changes in the level of swing uniformity and the degree of swing patterning. It begins with evidence that swings became much more uniform as the century progressed. Analyses of electoral shifts in constituencies and nonmetropolitan communities both show that swings of parallel direction and magnitude were much more likely in elections after 1952. This trend to swing uniformity is taken to indicate a decline in the importance of local electoral forces. It is hypothesized that the twentieth century communications revolution contributed to this decrease in electoral localism by facilitating the establishment of locality-arching patterns of political influence. After demonstrating the increase in swing uniformity, we examine three developments which could explain the trend. The premise underlying this part of the study is that increased patterning of swing by the characteristics of constituencies or communities may account for increased uniformity. Tests for cross-election changes in the explanatory power of three variables—electoral competitiveness, socio-economic composition, and region—show that the overall decline in swing variance was not accounted for by increased patterning. The trend to uniformity was unpatterned; voter aggregates with different characteristics and locations were simply more likely to produce parallel swings in later elections. The second part of the study explores the reasons for these developments. The communications development interpretation is tested and alternative interpretations are considered. The communications interpretation argues that improvements in communications infrastructure contributed to an increase in the uniformity of electoral forces operating on dispersed constituencies and communities, and thus helped to bring about increased swing uniformity. Chapters 7 and 8 test four propositions which are derived from this interpretation. These state: (a) that there should be a detailed correspondence between the pace of communications development and the trend to swing uniformity; (b) that the appearance of intense regional communications patterns should predict the regional swing patterns which marked the 1969, 1972 and 1975 elections; (c) that regional differences in the timing of the trend to uniformity should be explained by differences in the pace of communications development; and (d) that communications isolation should explain the tendency of some contemporary communities to swing in ways which indicate that they are insulated from prevailing electoral forces. The results of these tests enhance the credibility of the communications interpretation. In speculating about alternative interpretations we acknowledge that a complete causal map would have to grant other factors an important place. But the evidence supporting the test propositions, and the fact that the most plausible alternative interpretations complement the communications interpretation, argue that communications change was a principal cause of the provincialization of British Columbia electoral politics. Communications modernization altered the relationship between geography and the spatial distribution of electoral results. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

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Britain occupied Cyprus as a protectorate under the tenets of the Congress of Berlin in July 1878 and annexed the island in 1914. Before 1914, however, despite the legal conditions of the protectorate that the island, still nominally ruled by the Ottomans, could be returned to Turkey, British imperialists transformed this eastern Mediterranean island into a British colonial dependency. The argument of this dissertation is that starting with the formal occupation in 1878, Britain fully intended to develop the island as “British Cyprus” with the expectation that the island would remain in British hands. The dissertation is organized along on a set of themes that resonated throughout the British Empire, using Cyprus as an example. These included a duty “to protect and improve” all their Imperial subjects; to bring “a rich reward to capitalists and labour”; and to install a sense of “Britishness” synonymous with civilization, moral uprightness, and progress. More specifically, this dissertation examines the role of Britons on Cyprus in the late nineteenth century as agents of the greater British Empire. The dissertation especially focuses on how Britons established a British community while at the same time redeveloping the island’s resources for integration into the Empire. Throughout this process they firmly believed in the superiority and divine right of the British race to rule the island. Their creed of bringing “good government” to subject peoples reflected the imperial mind of the late nineteenth century throughout the Empire and was the underlying philosophy to their own sense of “Britishness.” This is an intriguing and unique case study of British colonial development that has been neglected by historians, but it is important for understanding how the governmental, administrative, and physical infrastructure now in place in Cyprus initially came into being. / text

This thesis deals with a largely forgotten soldier, writer and administrator of the mid to late Victorian era. General Sir Henry Brackenbury’s career covered some forty- eight years. He was either directly involved in or was witness to all the major events of the British Army during this period, from the Crimean War to the South African War. His career encompassed an era of reform that saw the army move away from the military system of the Napoleonic Wars and the gradual establishment of the system with which the British Army would take the field in 1914. The aim of this thesis is to look at the military career of Sir Henry Brackenbury, rather than be a biography of the man. However his literary career, personal life and financial circumstances are intrinsically linked to his life as a soldier. What this shows is a highly intelligent soldier, perhaps the first of a new bread of so-called ‘Scientific Soldiers’, men who studied and thought about their profession. Apart from a considerable, and important, amount of active service overseas, Brackenbury held three key administrative positions, which were the highlight of his army service and allowed his talents to come to the fore. As Head of the Intelligence Branch at the War Office, Military Member of the Council of the Governor General of India, and Director General of the Ordnance, he ended his long career with powerful and important positions that brought much praise. Indeed his contemporaries considered him to be the most effective holder of these posts.

The Vellore mutiny of July 1806 occupies a rather enigmatic position in the history of British rule in India. It was a brief but extremely bloody episode. For a short time it appeared to threaten the military predominance of the East India Company in Bouth India, yet the threat died away quickly. This thesis attempts to resolve some of the mysteries which have subsequently surrounded the mutiny. Chapter I deals with the event itself. A detailed description is given of the events of 10 July 1806, drawing on first-hand accounts from a wide range of sources. The recapture of the fort by the British dragoons and the bloodshed which ensued is also discussed. Chapter 2 deals with the military background to the mutiny, citing previous examples of breaches of allegiance to the Company army by its sepoys and dealing in detail with the rejection by thf' sepoys at Vellore of a new pattern of turban in May 1806, three months prior to the mutiny itself. Chapter 3 examines the proceedings and findings of the three enquiries into the mutiny which were held by the authorities in Ivladras. Possible explanations for the different conclusions reached by these enquiries are discussed. Chapter 4 analyses the strength of the arguments which sought to place the blame for the mutiny either on the sons of Tipu Sultan, imprisoned at Vellore, or on the introduction of new dress regulations into the army. Evidence is adduced to argue that the underlying cause of the mutiny lay in the overall conditions of service of the Indian troops. Chapters 5 and 6 study the effects of the Vellore mutiny on the hadras government. The bitter division between the civil and military authorities over the causes of the mutiny is examined, as is the personal confrontation between the Governor, Lord William Bentinck, and the Commander-in-Chief, Sir John Cradock. In Chapter 7 the wide ranging effects and consequences of the mutiny are highlighted. Not only did the mutiny cause tremendous friction within the Madras government, it also deeply divided the Court of Directors in London and brought the debate on the ethics of missionary activity in India to the forefront of public attention o Chapter 8 looks at the way in which the Vellore mutiny was interpreted by some of its contemporaries both in India and in Britain and traces the way in which much of the public conception of the mutiny came to be based on gossip and rumour rather than on fact. In Chapter 9, attention is given to the historiography of the mutiny and it is argued that gossip and rumour also became built in to historical accounts of the mutiny. The effect of the Indian Mutiny of 1857 on interpretation of the Vellore mutiny is examined, along with the most recent contributions to its historiography.