Sett över hela landet växer ädellövskog endast på en procent av den produktiva skogsmarken. I det studerade området Dalsland utgörs virkesförrådet uppskattningsvis av tre procent ädla lövträd. Dess förekomst är därför att betrakta som relativt sällsynt. Denna studie hade för avsikt att intervjua markägare som har valt att nyetablera med ädellövskog och genom det förstå vad det är som bidragit till att de föryngrat med dessa trädslag. Undersökningen utfördes genom att sex individer som nyetablerat med ädellövskog intervjuades. Resultatet sammanställdes därefter genom att se på gruppen som en helhet och lyfta fram samtliga påverkande faktorer. Utifrån resultatet kunde 13 faktorer identifieras som bidragande och en förståelse kring dem redogöras för.  Det kan konstateras att ett flertal faktorer påverkat markägarna i valet att plantera ädellövskog.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-26T14:22:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 determinantes_variacao.pdf: 908319 bytes, checksum: 62b3232a58e65bb0e1abb6ef44b5c2bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:22:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 determinantes_variacao.pdf: 908319 bytes, checksum: 62b3232a58e65bb0e1abb6ef44b5c2bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Uma variedade de fatores ambientais e bióticos afeta a produtividade florestal e determina o acúmulo de biomassa. Em ecossistemas florestais, o aumento da produtividade primária propicia o aumento da biomassa vegetal e consequentemente o aumento do carbono orgânico estocado. Dentre os fatores que influenciam a produção de biomassa, podemos citar temperatura, pluviosidade, tipo de solo, composição florística e regime de distúrbios. Nesse sentido, há o consenso entre pesquisadores de que o aumento da temperatura, a homogeneidade do regime de chuvas e solos férteis aumentam a produtividade e possibilitam um maior acúmulo de biomassa. Além disso, diversos autores propõem que riqueza e diversidade de espécies teriam efeito positivo sobre a biomassa, pois aumentariam a eficiência no uso dos recursos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as variáveis que afetam a biomassa florestal viva acima do solo (BAS) na região subtropical do sul do Brasil, além de analisar a distribuição espacial das estimativas de biomassa em escala regional. O estudo foi realizado em Florestas Subtropicais Úmidas do sul do Brasil, classificadas como Florestas Latifoliadas (FL) e Florestas Mistas de Coníferas e Latifoliadas (FM). Um total de 38 parcelas de 1 ha foram selecionadas e todas as árvores com DAP ≥ 9,5 cm foram incluídas para as estimativas de biomassa. Valores de BAS foram obtidos utilizando equações alométricas já publicadas na literatura. As variáveis ambientais (altitude, precipitação, temperatura e tipo de solo) foram obtidas da literatura e as variáveis bióticas (densidade e diversidade) foram calculadas a partir da base de dados. Para o conjunto total de dados, a BAS média foi de 194,3 ± 116,8 Mg ha-1 (média ± DP) e a densidade média de carbono foi de 97,2 ± 58,4 MgC ha-1. As estimativas entre tipos florestais diferiram entre si (t= -4,598; p<0,001): a BAS média foi inferior em FL (AGBFL = 118,0 ± 58,4 Mg ha-1) quando comparada a FM (AGBFM = 249,8 ± 118,1 Mg ha-1). A análise de componentes principais executou de forma satisfatória a redução da base de dados de clima e de solo. A regressão múltipla explanatória explicou 49,8% da variação na BAS (Ylog biomassa = 0,03(0,49)xraiz densidade + 0,11(0,36)x eixo latitudinal - 0,22(-0,85)xeixo altitudinal - 0,03(-0,36)xdiversidade - 0,09(-0,35)xeixo matéria orgânica + 1,66; F5,32=8,34; p<0,001; r2=0,498). A altitude contribuiu mais para o modelo do que qualquer outra variável. Não foi encontrada dependência espacial entre as parcelas. Os resultados do nosso estudo mostram uma relação negativa entre biomassa acima do solo e altitude. Assim, valores elevados de BAS estão localizados em altitudes mais elevadas e sujeitos a temperaturas amenas e frequentes chuvas mensais. Parece haver uma contribuição importante da conífera Araucaria angustifolia nas parcelas de FM, visto que árvores de grande porte da espécie foram encontradas em inúmeras unidades amostrais. Florestas subtropicais parecem ser de grande interesse para o sequestro de carbono, especialmente em áreas de Florestas Mistas. No Brasil, a espécie de conífera ameaçada de extinção A. angustifolia compõe florestas com alta diversidade (Florestas com Araucária), com grande potencial de acúmulo de biomassa e sequestro de carbono, enfocando ainda mais a importância de conservação deste ecossistema. / A variety of environmental and biotic factors affect forest productivity and determines biomass accumulation. In forest ecosystems, the increase in primary productivity results in an increase in plant biomass and consequently elevates storage of organic carbon. Among the factors that influence biomass production, we should mention temperature, rainfall, soil type, floristic composition and disturbance regimes. It is widely accepted among researchers that increasing temperature, rainfall homogeneity and fertile soils increase productivity and enable higher biomass accumulation. Moreover, many authors indicate that species richness and diversity have a positive effect on biomass, because of the higher efficiency on resource use. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the variables affecting live aboveground forest biomass (AGB) in Subtropical Southern Brazil and analyze the spatial distribution of biomass estimates. The study was performed in Subtropical Moist Forests of Southern Brazil, classified as Broadleaf Forests (BF) and Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf Forests (MF). A total of 38 1-ha plots were selected and all trees with DBH ≥ 9.5 cm were included for biomass estimation. Values for AGB were obtained using published alometric equations. Environmental variables (elevation, rainfall, temperature and soils) were obtained from the literature and biotic variables (density and diversity) were calculated from the data set. For the total number of plots, mean AGB was 194.3 ± 116.8 Mg ha-1 (mean ± SD) and mean carbon density 97.2 ± 58.4 MgC ha-1. Estimates differed between forest types (t= -4.598; p<0.001): mean AGB was lower in BF (AGBBF = 118.0 ± 58.4 Mg ha-1) when compared to MF (AGBMF = 249.8 ± 118.1 Mg ha-1). Principal component analysis performed well in summarizing climate and soil data sets. The explanatory multiple regression explained 49.8% of the variation in AGB (Ylog biomass = 0.03(0.49)xsqroot density + 0.11(0.36)x latitudinal axis - 0.22(-0.85)xelevation axis ? 0.03(-0.36)xdiversity - 0.09(-0.35)xorganic matter axis + 1.66; F5,32=8.34, p<0.001; r2=0.498). Elevation contributed more to the model than any other variable. There was no spatial dependency found between plots. The results from our study showed a negative relationship between aboveground biomass and elevation. Therefore, higher values of AGB are located at higher altitudes and subjected to cooler temperatures and frequent monthly rainfall. There seems to be an important contribution of the coniferous species Araucaria angustifolia in MF plots, since large trees of this species were found in many of the samples. Subtropical forests appear to be of great interest for carbon sequestration, especially in areas of Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf Forests. In Brazil, the endangered coniferous species A. angustifolia is part of a high diversity forest (Araucaria Forest), with great potential for biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration, emphasizing the importance in conserving this ecosystem.

Despite extensive international acceptance of the critical role of mammalian post-dispersal seed predation in many plant communities, in New Zealand we have limited knowledge of these predators’ influence on plant recruitment in our forests. The principle objective of my thesis was to determine the importance of exotic mammals as post-dispersal seed predators in a New Zealand conifer-broadleaf forest remnant. To address this goal, I used a series of field-based experiments where the actions of different post-dispersal seed predators were separated by wire-mesh exclosures. My study was conducted at Mount Peel Forest Park Scenic Reserve, South Canterbury, New Zealand. Being a human modified conifer forest currently dominated by broadleaf species, it is typical of forest remnants in New Zealand. This presented an opportunity to study a wide range of both potential post-dispersal seed predators and broadleaf tree species. My findings indicate that exotic mammals are not only post-dispersal seed predators at Peel Forest, but are responsible for the majority of post-dispersal predation events observed. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) were the dominant post-dispersal seed predators, while brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), house mice (Mus musculus) and native invertebrates were also important post-dispersal seed predators for several tree species. Through use of time-lapse video and cafeteria experiments I found that exotic mammalian seed predators, when compared to native invertebrate seed predators, preyed upon larger-seeded plant species and were responsible for considerable seed losses of several tree species. However, exotic mammalian seed predators do share several foraging characteristics with native invertebrate seed predators, as predators foraged in similar habitats and responded in a similar way to changes in seed density. In investigating if post-dispersal seed predation by mammals had a flow-on effect to plant recruitment, I observed natural seedling densities at Peel Forest were significantly higher in the absence of mammalian seed predators, but I found no evidence that the presence of mammals significantly altered the overall species richness. At the community level, I did not find an interaction between habitat and exotic mammals, however I present evidence that for individual plant species a significant mammal : habitat interaction occurred. Consequently, even though my cafeteria experiment implied there was no significant difference in the overall amount of seed preyed upon within different habitats, the less favourable microsite conditions for germination under an intact continuous canopy allows mammals to exacerbate habitat-related patterns of seed mortality and have a noticeable effect on seedling establishment. In an effort to validate the use of manipulative experiments to predict the long-term effect of post-dispersal seed predation on plant dynamics, I attempted to link results of my cafeteria experiment with observed seedling abundance at Peel Forest. Seven tree species were used in this comparison and a strong correlation was observed. This result shows that the level of post-dispersal seed predation determined in the cafeteria experiment provided a good predictor of the effect of mammalian post-dispersal seed predation on seedling establishment. To fully gauge the impact of mammalian post-dispersal seed predators on seedling establishment, the relationship between these seed predators and the type of recruitment limitation experienced by a plant species was also investigated. By using a combination of seed addition, plot manipulations and seed predator exclusion I was able to investigate this relationship. I found evidence that seed limitation at Peel Forest is positively correlated with seed size, and that while mammalian post-dispersal seed predators can further reduce plant recruitment of plant species experiencing seed limitation, the influence of mammals in determining plant recruitment was limited for plant species experiencing microsite limitation. My study has proven that exotic mammals are now the dominant post-dispersal seed predators at Peel Forest, the amount of seed preyed upon varies among plant species, and post-dispersal seed predation by mammalian species can lead to differences in seedling richness and abundance. I proved that the influence of exotic mammals on seedling establishment is also linked to habitat structure and recruitment limitations. When combined these observations suggest that exotic mammalian post-dispersal seed predators may play an important role in determining landscape abundance and distribution of plants at Peel Forest.

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