Com o aumento, a cada ano, dos alojamentos na cadeia de produção avícola, a disseminação de doenças ficou facilitada. Nos lotes de aves, a fase inicial tem principal importância no que tange à contaminação por Salmonella Enteritidis, devido a maior sensibilidade às infecções pela ausência de uma flora intestinal completa e a imaturidade do sistema imune. Avaliaram-se, neste estudo, os benefícios na progênie do uso de uma vacina inativada em adjuvante oleoso para Salmonella Enteritidis, em matrizes pesadas, através de coleta de ovos bicados e pintos natimortos no incubatório, bem como suabes de arrasto nos aviários de frangos de corte. Observou-se que a imunização das matrizes conferiu uma proteção para suas progênies, tanto em ovos bicados, pintos natimortos coletados no incubatório no dia do nascimento, bem como em granjas de frango de corte, onde foram coletados suabes de arrasto entre 21 e 30 dias. Em ovos bicados foram analisadas 850 amostras, sendo que nos lotes vacinados tiveram 10 amostras (1,18%) positivas, e, nos lotes não vacinados tiveram 288 amostras (33,88%) positivas. Em pintos natimortos foram analisados 850 amostras, sendo os lotes vacinados tiveram 16 amostras (1,88%) positivas e nos lotes não vacinados tiveram 210 amostras positivas (24,70%). Em suabe de arrasto, nas granjas de frangos de corte, foram analisadas 502 amostras para lotes não vacinados; sendo 22 amostras positivas (4,38%). Nos lotes vacinados foram analisados 475 amostras, sendo 6 amostras positivas (1,26%). Os resultados obtidos nos levam a concluir que a vacina de Salmonella Enteritidis inativada em adjuvante oleoso, propicia uma imunidade passiva para as progênies das matrizes de corte que foram vacinadas, proporcionando uma redução significativa a infecções precoces pela bactéria. / With the increase of households in the poultry production chain each year, the spread of diseases was facilitated. In lots of birds, the initial phase has primary importance regarding to contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis, due to a bigger sensitivity to the infections by the absence of a complete gut and the immaturity of the immune system. In this study it was evaluated, the benefits of using the progeny of an inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant for Salmonella Enteritidis in the main weighted broilers, through collection of eggs pecked and hatchery stillbirth chicks, as well as drag swabs on poultry broiler. It was observed that immunization of matrices gave a protection to their progeny, both egg pecked, hatchery stillborn chicks collected on the day of birth, and in broiler farms, where the drag swabs were collected between 21 and 30 days. In pecked eggs were analyzed 850 samples, being that in the vaccinated lots 10 samples (1.18%) were positive and in non-vaccinated lots 288 samples (33.88%) were positive. In stillbirths chicks were analyzed 850 samples, and in the vaccinated lots were 16 samples (1.88%) positive and in the unvaccinated lots, 210 were positives samples (24.70%). In the drag swab in broiler farms, 502 samples were analyzed for non-vaccinated lots, with 22 positive samples (4.38%). In the vaccinated lots were analyzed 475 samples and six positive samples (1.26%). The results lead us to conclude that the Salmonella Enteritidis inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, provides passive immunity to the progeny of broiler breeder flocks were vaccinated, providing a significant reduction in early infections by bacteria.

Com o aumento, a cada ano, dos alojamentos na cadeia de produção avícola, a disseminação de doenças ficou facilitada. Nos lotes de aves, a fase inicial tem principal importância no que tange à contaminação por Salmonella Enteritidis, devido a maior sensibilidade às infecções pela ausência de uma flora intestinal completa e a imaturidade do sistema imune. Avaliaram-se, neste estudo, os benefícios na progênie do uso de uma vacina inativada em adjuvante oleoso para Salmonella Enteritidis, em matrizes pesadas, através de coleta de ovos bicados e pintos natimortos no incubatório, bem como suabes de arrasto nos aviários de frangos de corte. Observou-se que a imunização das matrizes conferiu uma proteção para suas progênies, tanto em ovos bicados, pintos natimortos coletados no incubatório no dia do nascimento, bem como em granjas de frango de corte, onde foram coletados suabes de arrasto entre 21 e 30 dias. Em ovos bicados foram analisadas 850 amostras, sendo que nos lotes vacinados tiveram 10 amostras (1,18%) positivas, e, nos lotes não vacinados tiveram 288 amostras (33,88%) positivas. Em pintos natimortos foram analisados 850 amostras, sendo os lotes vacinados tiveram 16 amostras (1,88%) positivas e nos lotes não vacinados tiveram 210 amostras positivas (24,70%). Em suabe de arrasto, nas granjas de frangos de corte, foram analisadas 502 amostras para lotes não vacinados; sendo 22 amostras positivas (4,38%). Nos lotes vacinados foram analisados 475 amostras, sendo 6 amostras positivas (1,26%). Os resultados obtidos nos levam a concluir que a vacina de Salmonella Enteritidis inativada em adjuvante oleoso, propicia uma imunidade passiva para as progênies das matrizes de corte que foram vacinadas, proporcionando uma redução significativa a infecções precoces pela bactéria. / With the increase of households in the poultry production chain each year, the spread of diseases was facilitated. In lots of birds, the initial phase has primary importance regarding to contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis, due to a bigger sensitivity to the infections by the absence of a complete gut and the immaturity of the immune system. In this study it was evaluated, the benefits of using the progeny of an inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant for Salmonella Enteritidis in the main weighted broilers, through collection of eggs pecked and hatchery stillbirth chicks, as well as drag swabs on poultry broiler. It was observed that immunization of matrices gave a protection to their progeny, both egg pecked, hatchery stillborn chicks collected on the day of birth, and in broiler farms, where the drag swabs were collected between 21 and 30 days. In pecked eggs were analyzed 850 samples, being that in the vaccinated lots 10 samples (1.18%) were positive and in non-vaccinated lots 288 samples (33.88%) were positive. In stillbirths chicks were analyzed 850 samples, and in the vaccinated lots were 16 samples (1.88%) positive and in the unvaccinated lots, 210 were positives samples (24.70%). In the drag swab in broiler farms, 502 samples were analyzed for non-vaccinated lots, with 22 positive samples (4.38%). In the vaccinated lots were analyzed 475 samples and six positive samples (1.26%). The results lead us to conclude that the Salmonella Enteritidis inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, provides passive immunity to the progeny of broiler breeder flocks were vaccinated, providing a significant reduction in early infections by bacteria.

Com o aumento, a cada ano, dos alojamentos na cadeia de produção avícola, a disseminação de doenças ficou facilitada. Nos lotes de aves, a fase inicial tem principal importância no que tange à contaminação por Salmonella Enteritidis, devido a maior sensibilidade às infecções pela ausência de uma flora intestinal completa e a imaturidade do sistema imune. Avaliaram-se, neste estudo, os benefícios na progênie do uso de uma vacina inativada em adjuvante oleoso para Salmonella Enteritidis, em matrizes pesadas, através de coleta de ovos bicados e pintos natimortos no incubatório, bem como suabes de arrasto nos aviários de frangos de corte. Observou-se que a imunização das matrizes conferiu uma proteção para suas progênies, tanto em ovos bicados, pintos natimortos coletados no incubatório no dia do nascimento, bem como em granjas de frango de corte, onde foram coletados suabes de arrasto entre 21 e 30 dias. Em ovos bicados foram analisadas 850 amostras, sendo que nos lotes vacinados tiveram 10 amostras (1,18%) positivas, e, nos lotes não vacinados tiveram 288 amostras (33,88%) positivas. Em pintos natimortos foram analisados 850 amostras, sendo os lotes vacinados tiveram 16 amostras (1,88%) positivas e nos lotes não vacinados tiveram 210 amostras positivas (24,70%). Em suabe de arrasto, nas granjas de frangos de corte, foram analisadas 502 amostras para lotes não vacinados; sendo 22 amostras positivas (4,38%). Nos lotes vacinados foram analisados 475 amostras, sendo 6 amostras positivas (1,26%). Os resultados obtidos nos levam a concluir que a vacina de Salmonella Enteritidis inativada em adjuvante oleoso, propicia uma imunidade passiva para as progênies das matrizes de corte que foram vacinadas, proporcionando uma redução significativa a infecções precoces pela bactéria. / With the increase of households in the poultry production chain each year, the spread of diseases was facilitated. In lots of birds, the initial phase has primary importance regarding to contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis, due to a bigger sensitivity to the infections by the absence of a complete gut and the immaturity of the immune system. In this study it was evaluated, the benefits of using the progeny of an inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant for Salmonella Enteritidis in the main weighted broilers, through collection of eggs pecked and hatchery stillbirth chicks, as well as drag swabs on poultry broiler. It was observed that immunization of matrices gave a protection to their progeny, both egg pecked, hatchery stillborn chicks collected on the day of birth, and in broiler farms, where the drag swabs were collected between 21 and 30 days. In pecked eggs were analyzed 850 samples, being that in the vaccinated lots 10 samples (1.18%) were positive and in non-vaccinated lots 288 samples (33.88%) were positive. In stillbirths chicks were analyzed 850 samples, and in the vaccinated lots were 16 samples (1.88%) positive and in the unvaccinated lots, 210 were positives samples (24.70%). In the drag swab in broiler farms, 502 samples were analyzed for non-vaccinated lots, with 22 positive samples (4.38%). In the vaccinated lots were analyzed 475 samples and six positive samples (1.26%). The results lead us to conclude that the Salmonella Enteritidis inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, provides passive immunity to the progeny of broiler breeder flocks were vaccinated, providing a significant reduction in early infections by bacteria.

L’utilisation d’antimicrobiens chez les animaux de consommation est une source de préoccupation importante pour la santé publique à travers le monde en raison de ses impacts potentiels sur l’émergence de micro-organismes résistants aux antimicrobiens et sur la présence de résidus antimicrobiens néfastes dans la viande. Cependant, dans les pays en développement, peu de données sont disponibles sur les pratiques d’utilisation des antimicrobiens à la ferme. Par conséquent, une étude épidémiologique transversale a été menée de juin à août 2011 dans des élevages de poulets de chair situés dans le sud du Vietnam, ayant pour objectifs de décrire la prévalence d’utilisation des antimicrobiens ajoutés à l’eau de boisson ou aux aliments à la ferme, et de tester les associations entre les caractéristiques des fermes et la non-conformité avec les périodes de retrait recommandés sur l’étiquette des produits. Un échantillon d’accommodement de 70 fermes a été sélectionné. Les propriétaires des fermes ont été interrogés en personne afin de compléter un questionnaire sur les caractéristiques des fermes et les pratiques d’utilisation d’antimicrobiens. Au cours des 6 mois précédant les entrevues, il a été rapporté que la colistine, la tylosine, l’ampicilline, l’enrofloxacine, la doxycycline, l’amoxicilline, la diavéridine et la sulfadimidine ont été utilisés au moins une fois dans les fermes échantillonnées, avec une fréquence descendante (de 75.7% à 30.0%). D’après deux scénarios de risque basés sur la comparaison de la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette du produit et celle pratiquée à la ferme, de 14.3% à 44.3% des propriétaires de ferme interrogés n’ont pas respecté la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette au moins une fois au cours des 6 derniers mois, et ce pour au moins un antimicrobien. Les facteurs de risque associés (p<0.05) avec une non-conformité avec la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette pour au moins un des deux scénarios sont les suivants : élever des oiseaux qui n’appartiennent pas tous à des races d’origine asiatique, vacciner contre la bronchite infectieuse, avoir utilisé plus de 6 différents antimicrobiens à la ferme au cours des 6 derniers mois, et utiliser un mélange d’aliments fait maison et commerciaux. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’utiliser les antimicrobiens de façon judicieuse et en respectant les temps de retrait officiels, afin de protéger le consommateur contre les risques pour la santé causés par une exposition à des niveaux nocifs de résidus antimicrobiens. / Antimicrobial use in food-animal husbandry is an important public health concern worldwide due to its potential impact on the emergence of drug-resistant microbes and its harmful residues in meat. However, in developing countries, few data are available on farm drug use practices. Therefore a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on broiler chicken farms in Southern Vietnam from June 2011 to August 2011 with the aim of both describing prevalence of antimicrobials added to feed or water at the farm level and ascertaining any associations between farm characteristics and non-compliance of antimicrobial withdrawal times on labels. A convenient sample of 70 broiler farms was surveyed via personal interviews with farm owners using a questionnaire pertaining to farm characteristics and drug use practices. Over the 6-month period prior to the interviews, colistin, tylosin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, doxycyclin, amoxicillin, diaveridin, and sulfadimidin were used at least once in descending frequency (from 75.7% to 30.0%) by the farms surveyed. Following two risk scenarios based on the comparison of recommended label withdrawal times with actual withdrawal times practiced during this period, between 14.3% and 44.3% of farmers did not comply with on-label withdrawal times for at least one antimicrobial. Risk factors associated (p<0.05) with non-compliance with on-label withdrawal times in at least one risk scenario were: raising birds other than Asian-indigenous bird breeds only, vaccinating against infectious bronchitis, using more than 6 different antimicrobials on a farm during the last 6 months prior to the interview, and mixing home-made and commercial feed. Our results underline the importance of using antimicrobials judiciously and respecting official withdrawal times in order to protect the consumer from the health risks caused by exposure to harmful levels of antimicrobial residues.

L’utilisation d’antimicrobiens chez les animaux de consommation est une source de préoccupation importante pour la santé publique à travers le monde en raison de ses impacts potentiels sur l’émergence de micro-organismes résistants aux antimicrobiens et sur la présence de résidus antimicrobiens néfastes dans la viande. Cependant, dans les pays en développement, peu de données sont disponibles sur les pratiques d’utilisation des antimicrobiens à la ferme. Par conséquent, une étude épidémiologique transversale a été menée de juin à août 2011 dans des élevages de poulets de chair situés dans le sud du Vietnam, ayant pour objectifs de décrire la prévalence d’utilisation des antimicrobiens ajoutés à l’eau de boisson ou aux aliments à la ferme, et de tester les associations entre les caractéristiques des fermes et la non-conformité avec les périodes de retrait recommandés sur l’étiquette des produits. Un échantillon d’accommodement de 70 fermes a été sélectionné. Les propriétaires des fermes ont été interrogés en personne afin de compléter un questionnaire sur les caractéristiques des fermes et les pratiques d’utilisation d’antimicrobiens. Au cours des 6 mois précédant les entrevues, il a été rapporté que la colistine, la tylosine, l’ampicilline, l’enrofloxacine, la doxycycline, l’amoxicilline, la diavéridine et la sulfadimidine ont été utilisés au moins une fois dans les fermes échantillonnées, avec une fréquence descendante (de 75.7% à 30.0%). D’après deux scénarios de risque basés sur la comparaison de la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette du produit et celle pratiquée à la ferme, de 14.3% à 44.3% des propriétaires de ferme interrogés n’ont pas respecté la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette au moins une fois au cours des 6 derniers mois, et ce pour au moins un antimicrobien. Les facteurs de risque associés (p<0.05) avec une non-conformité avec la période de retrait recommandée sur l’étiquette pour au moins un des deux scénarios sont les suivants : élever des oiseaux qui n’appartiennent pas tous à des races d’origine asiatique, vacciner contre la bronchite infectieuse, avoir utilisé plus de 6 différents antimicrobiens à la ferme au cours des 6 derniers mois, et utiliser un mélange d’aliments fait maison et commerciaux. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’utiliser les antimicrobiens de façon judicieuse et en respectant les temps de retrait officiels, afin de protéger le consommateur contre les risques pour la santé causés par une exposition à des niveaux nocifs de résidus antimicrobiens. / Antimicrobial use in food-animal husbandry is an important public health concern worldwide due to its potential impact on the emergence of drug-resistant microbes and its harmful residues in meat. However, in developing countries, few data are available on farm drug use practices. Therefore a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted on broiler chicken farms in Southern Vietnam from June 2011 to August 2011 with the aim of both describing prevalence of antimicrobials added to feed or water at the farm level and ascertaining any associations between farm characteristics and non-compliance of antimicrobial withdrawal times on labels. A convenient sample of 70 broiler farms was surveyed via personal interviews with farm owners using a questionnaire pertaining to farm characteristics and drug use practices. Over the 6-month period prior to the interviews, colistin, tylosin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, doxycyclin, amoxicillin, diaveridin, and sulfadimidin were used at least once in descending frequency (from 75.7% to 30.0%) by the farms surveyed. Following two risk scenarios based on the comparison of recommended label withdrawal times with actual withdrawal times practiced during this period, between 14.3% and 44.3% of farmers did not comply with on-label withdrawal times for at least one antimicrobial. Risk factors associated (p<0.05) with non-compliance with on-label withdrawal times in at least one risk scenario were: raising birds other than Asian-indigenous bird breeds only, vaccinating against infectious bronchitis, using more than 6 different antimicrobials on a farm during the last 6 months prior to the interview, and mixing home-made and commercial feed. Our results underline the importance of using antimicrobials judiciously and respecting official withdrawal times in order to protect the consumer from the health risks caused by exposure to harmful levels of antimicrobial residues.