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Abstract The most threatening outcome of interstitial lung diseases is death caused by progressive pulmonary fibrosis characterised by increased collagen deposition, although the clinical course is highly variable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of procollagen I and III propeptides in estimating collagen metabolism and its relationship to disease activity and prognosis in patients with sarcoidosis, fibrosing alveolitis and asbestos-related lung diseases. The study included 160 patients. The levels of procollagen I carboxyterminal propeptide (PICP) and procollagen III aminoterminal propeptide (PIIINP) in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were assessed from 137 patients employing human antigens. There were 60 patients with sarcoidosis, 18 with fibrosing alveolitis and 5 with asbestosis and 17 controls. Thirty-seven patients had been exposed to asbestos, but did not show parenchymal involvement. Twenty-five of them had pleural plaques, while 12 had normal chest radiographs. Immunohistochemical stainings for procollagen I aminoterminal (PINP) and III aminoterminal propeptide were carried out on open lung biopsies of the remaining 23 of the 160 patients, of whom 13 had sarcoidosis and 10 fibrosing alveolitis. Antibodies to these procollagen peptides react with the aminoterminal domains of the corresponding propeptides intracellularly and with the respective pN-collagen in collagen fibres in the extracellular space. Procollagen III aminoterminal propeptide was elevated in the sera of the patients with sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis, but not in the asbestosis or asbestos-exposed patients as compared to the controls. The level of PIIINP in BALF was highest in sarcoidosis and second highest in fibrosing alveolitis, but hardly detectable in the other groups. BALF-PICP was higher in the patients with fibrosing alveolitis, sarcoidosis and asbestosis than in the controls. PIIINP in BALF correlated with BALF-PICP, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (S-ACE), interleukin 2-receptor, BALF-albumin and BALF-lymphocytes and BALF-PICP had a significant correlation with BALF-albumin and BALF-lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. BALF/ELF-PICP had an inverse correlation with the specific diffusion coefficient (DLCO/VA) in fibrosing alveolitis. Both PIIINP and PICP were higher in ELF than in serum in sarcoidosis and fibrosing alveolitis and PICP was higher in ELF compared to serum in asbestosis, suggesting active local synthesis in the lower respiratory tract. The levels of PIIINP in BALF were significantly elevated in sarcoidosis patients with parenchymal involvement compared to those without. Detectable PIIINP in BALF also predicted a poor outcome in fibrosing alveolitis. BALF-PIIINP reflected the disease activity based on chest radiographs in sarcoidosis and a poor prognosis in fibrosing alveolitis, whereas BALF-PICP marked the development of fibrosis. In lung biopsy specimens, type I and III pN-collagens were increased in fibrosing alveolitis and sarcoidosis. Type I pN-collagen was expressed in areas with damaged or deficient alveolar epithelium. Type III pN-collagen was present underneath regenerative, metaplastic alveolar and bronchiolar type epithelium and was accumulated both in the loose, newly formed fibrosis and in the denser old fibrosis. Type I procollagen was present in intracellular spots in newly formed fibrosis. In sarcoidosis, type I procollagen was present intracellularly in granulomas, whereas type III pN-collagen was expressed extracellularly around granulomas.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

A constant flow of various pathogens enters the respiratory system on daily basis through the involuntary mechanism of breathing. Respiratory viral infections are common yet can be fatal in vulnerable populations. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the first and most common viruses that the human population acquire in the first two years of life. Despite the ability of most infants to recover from a RSV infection, many require hospitalization and, in few cases, die from such an infection. The pattern of seasonality of respiratory viruses also applies to RSV. In this work the temperature dependence of infectivity was studied in Hep-2 cells infected with RSV that had been incubated with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The results indicate a temperature dependence of infectivity. Inhibition of the viral infectivity was observed at three different temperatures 37 ̊C, 40 ̊C and 42 ̊C. The inhibition appears to be linked to the appearance of large agglutinates that appear to reduce the infectivity of RSV. Such a study found that viral neutralization is dependent on a temperature-dependent agglutination reaction. The causality of agglutination formation requires further investigation in order to conclusively confirm the immunological component(s) of this reaction, and how temperature is contributing to this reaction.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 43 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-41).

This study investigated proteomic changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of beef calves to identify alterations related to development of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease. BALF was collected from 162 healthy beef calves soon after weaning and transportation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometric analysis revealed calves that later developed pneumonia had significantly lower levels of anti-inflammatory proteins including annexin A1, RAGE-binding protein, apolipoprotein-A, heat shock protein beta-1 and thioredoxin, but higher levels of antioxidant and pro-inflammatory proteins such as immunoglobulin light chain variable region, cyclophilin A, serum albumin precursor and glutathione S-transferase P. Difference in gel electrophoresis-based analysis further showed lower levels of annexin A1, annexin A2, peroxiredoxin I, calycyphosin, superoxide dismutase, macrophage capping protein and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 3 in the calves that later developed pneumonia. Differences in annexin levels were partially confirmed by Western blot analysis. In healthy calves, immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic expression of annexin A1 in surface epithelium of large airways, tracheobronchial submucosal glands, and goblet cells, and to a lesser degree in small airways but not in alveolar epithelium. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry labeled annexin A1 in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. Annexin A2 expression was detected in surface epithelium of small airways, some mucosal lymphocytes, and endothelium, with weak expression in large airways, tracheobronchial submucosal glands and alveolar epithelium. For both proteins, the level of expression was similar in tissues collected 5 days after intrabronchial challenge with M. haemolytica compared to that from sham-inoculated calves. A sandwich ELISA for annexin A1 was developed. For use with BALF, the working range was 0.3-317 ng/ml and the sensitivity was 0.8 ng/ml. The coefficient of variation of intra-assay and the between assays was less than 20%. Together, these findings reveal annexins A1 and A2 as promising biomarkers of susceptibility to BRD in healthy at-risk calves. Further, the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving functions of these proteins suggest roles in the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia of feedlot cattle. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Council (NSERC), Ontario Cattlemen’s Association, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ontario Veterinary College Fellowship Program

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The definitive diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is normally done by detection of larvae on faecal samples; however, the number of parasites is limited in most cases and the elimination of larvae is irregular. Thus, developing reliable serological methods for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis becomes imperative. The aim of this study was to establish a coproantigen ,antigen, antibody and immune complex detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples of non immunosuppressed or immunosuppressed rats experimentally infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. For kinetics of coproantigen detection (0 and 5, 8, 13 and 21 days post-infection (d.p.i)), we used an anti-L3 polyclonal antibody produced in rabbits. For antigen and immune complex detection in serum and BALF samples (0 and 2, 5, 8, 13 and 21d.p.i), the microtitre plates were coated with IgG anti-S. venezuelensis and with alkaline parasite extract for antibody detection. The statistical analysis were analyzed using Two Way ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni test. The criterion for statistical significance was set at p<0,05. The number of eggs/g of faeces recovered at 8 d.p.i was significantly higher for non immunosuppressed and immunosuppressed animals (p<0.01). The coproantigen detection was significantly higher at 13° d.p.i in non immunosuppressed (p<0.05) and in immunosuppressed it was anticipated to the 5th d.p.i. It was observed that antigen detection in serum samples was not a good approache for evaluating the infection however in BALF samples it showed superior results. In immunosuppressed animals, IgG specific for S. venezuelensis was preferentially detected during the 5° and 13° d.p.i and in immunosuppressed animals, during the entire experimental kinetics. In BALF samples, antibodies detection was observed from the 8° to the 21° d.p.i in non immunosuppressed animals and in immunosuppressed animals it was anticipatedto the 2° d.p.i, with higher reactivity at 5° d.p.i (p<0.05). The immune complex detection in serum samples of the non immunosuppressed animals was observed from the 5° to the 13° d.p.i and in immunosuppressed animals, during the entire kinetics. In BALF samples, immune complex detection was higher in non immunosuppressed animals. In conclusion, coproantigen and immune complex detection in serum and BALF samples are alternatives for early strongyloidiasis diagnosis, mainly in immunocompromised cases. / O diagnóstico definitivo da estrongiloidíase normalmente é realizado mediante a detecção de larvas nas fezes; porém a quantidade de parasitos é limitada e a eliminação de larvas é reduzida e irregular. Sendo assim, o desenvolvimento de testes sorológicos confiáveis para o diagnóstico da estrongiloidíase torna-se uma alternativa necessária. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a cinética de detecção de coproantígenos e de antígenos, anticorpos e imunocomplexos circulantes em amostras de soro e de lavado bronco alveolar (LBA) de ratos imunossuprimidos e experimentalmente infectados por Strongyloides venezuelensis. Para a cinética (0 e 5, 8, 13 e 21 dias pós-infecção (d.p.i)) de coproantígenos utilizou-se anticorpo policlonal anti-L3 produzido em coelhos. Para a detecção de antígenos e de imunocomplexos em amostras de soro e de LBA (0 e 2, 5, 8, 13 e 21 d.p.i), placas de microtitulação foram sensibilizadas com IgG anti-S. venezuelensis e com extrato alcalino de larvas para a detecção de anticorpos. A análise estatística foi realizada por Two Way ANOVA, seguida pela teste de Bonferroni, considerando p<0,05 significativo. A cinética de eliminação de ovos/g de fezes mostrou que o pico ocorre no 8° d.p.i sendo significativamente maior nos animais imunossuprimidos (p<0,01). O pico de detecção de coproantígenos nos animais não imunossuprimidos foi no 13° d.p.i (p<0,05), sendo que nos animais imunossuprimidos a detecção foi antecipada para o 5° d.p.i. A detecção de antígeno em amostras de soro não foi uma boa ferramenta diagnóstica para avaliar a infecção enquanto que em amostras de LBA mostrou ser ferramenta auxiliar. A detecção de IgG específica para S. venezuelensis em amostras de soro de animais não imunossuprimidos foi preferencialmente durante o 5° e o 8° d.p.i. e em animais imunossuprimidos, durante toda a cinética experimental. Nas amostras de LBA, a detecção de anticorpos ocorreu do 8° ao 21° d.p.i em animais não imunossuprimidos e em animais imunossuprimidos, foi antecipada para o 2° d.p.i, como pico de reatividade no 5° d.p.i (p<0,05). A detecção de imunocomplexos em amostras de soro de animais não imunossuprimidos foi possível do 5° aos 13° d.p.i e em animais imunossuprimidos, durante toda a cinética. Em amostras de LBA, a detecção de imunocomplexo foi maior em animais não imunossuprimidos. Concluiu-se que a detecção de coproantígeno e de imunocomplexos circulantes em amostra de soro e em amostras de LBA são uma alternativa para o diagnóstico precoce da estrongiloidíase principalmente nos casos de imunossupressão. / Doutor em Imunologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas