Orientador: Ivonete Ávila / Resumo: O leito fluidizado é um sistema que é utilizado na indústria para diversos tipos de aplicações, variando desde craqueamento de petróleo e processamento de materiais como silício e urânio até secagem de grãos. Dentre esses diversos processos, o leito fluidizado também pode ser aplicado em processos termoquímicos como combustão e gaseificação de biomassa, apresentando vantagens como alta eficiência, perfil térmico homogêneo, além de flexibilidade de combustível. No entanto, o uso da biomassa no leito ainda gera algumas dificuldades, principalmente para partículas como a casca de arroz, que não fluidizam tão facilmente. Para contornar esse problema, normalmente é acrescentado um material inerte e barato como a areia. Essa mistura binária de biomassa e inerte pode gerar outros problemas, como segregação do material particulado, caminhos preferenciais do gás e pontos de estagnação, o que reduz consideravelmente a eficiência do sistema. Portanto, passa a ser importante entender como os diferentes parâmetros existentes no leito influenciam no comportamento dessa mistura para conseguir evitar esses problemas. Nesse trabalho foi feito uma análise comparativa avaliando 3 fatores: tipo de placa distribuidora (perfurada e com injetores tuyere), responsável por injetar o gás de fluidização no leito, a granulometria do material inerte (675 e 325 μm) e porcentagem de casca de arroz (1% até 10% da massa total). Esses fatores foram alterados separadamente para explorar a influência que eles c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The fluidized bed is a system used in the industry for a variety of applications, ranging from oil cracking and processing of materials such as silicon and uranium to grain drying. Among these several processes, the fluidized bed can also be applied in thermochemical processes such as biomass combustion and gasification, presenting advantages such as high efficiency, homogeneous thermal profile, and fuel flexibility. However, the use of the biomass in the bed still generates some difficulties, especially for particles like the rice husk, that do not fluidize so easily. To work around this problem, an inert, inexpensive material such as sand is usually added to the bed. This binary mixture of biomass and inert can create other problems, such as segregation of the particulate solids, gas preference paths and stagnation points, which considerably reduces the efficiency of the system. Thus, it becomes important to understand how these different parameters in the bed influence the behavior of the mixture to avoid these problems. In this work a comparative analysis was carried out evaluating 3 factors: type of distribution plate (perforated and with tuyere injectors), responsible for injecting the fluidization gas in the bed, the inert granulometry (675 and 325 μm) and percentage of rice husk (1% to 10% of the total mass). These factors were altered separately to explore the influence they cause on the level of bed mixing between the two particulates (mixing index) as well as the v... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

In this study, flue gas emissions and combustion efficiencies during combustion and co-combustion of olive cake and coal are investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed with an inside diameter of 102 mm and a height of 900 mm and 1900 mm. Tun&ccedil / bilek lignite coal and Edremit olive cake were used in the experiments as fuels. Temperature distributions along the combustion column were continuously measured. Flue gas concentrations of O2, CO, SO2 and NOx were measured during combustion experiments. Four sets of experiments were performed in order to examine the effect of fuel composition, excess air ratio, freeboard extension and limestone addition on flue gas emissions and combustion efficiency. The olive cake addition to coal were 25, 50, 75 % by wt. The bed temperature on the average was 850 oC. The results of the experiments showed that coal combustion occurs at lower parts of the combustion column whereas olive cake combustion takes place more in the freeboard region. As olive cake percentage in the fuel mixture increased, CO emissions increased, SO2 and NOx emissions decreased. The reason for the decrease of NOx emissions with increasing percentage of olive cake in the fuel mixture was due to a reducing atmosphere created in the combustion column. Mostly combustion losses resulted mainly from the unburnt carbon in the fly ash. With the freeboard extension, noticeable decrease in CO emissions and slight increase in combustion efficiencies were observed. Among the limestones tested, &Ccedil / an limestone gave the best result with Ca/S = 3 at an optimum bed temperature of 850 oC. The SO2 reduction was 87% at this Ca/S ratio. For co-combustion experiments, it was observed that SO2 adsorption efficiency of limestone increased with the addition of olive cake to the fuel mixture.

In this study, combustion performances and emission characteristics of olive cake and olive cake+coal mixture are investigated in a bubbling fluidized bed of 102 mm inside diameter and 900 mm height. The average particle sizes of coal and olive cake used in the experiments were 1.57 mm and 1.52 mm, respectively. Flue gas concentrations of O2, CO, SO2, NOx, and total hydrocarbons (CmHn) were measured during combustion experiments. Operational parameters (excess air ratio, secondary air injection) were changed and variation of pollutant concentrations and combustion efficiency with these operational parameters were studied. The temperature profiles measured along the combustor column was found higher in the freeboard for olive cake than coal due to combustion of hydrocarbons mostly in the freeboard. The location of the maximum temperature in the freeboard shifted to the upper part of the column, as the volatile matter content in the fuel mixture increased. Combustion efficiencies in the range of 83.6-90.1% were obtained for olive cake with the excess air ratio of 1.12-2.30. The corresponding combustion efficiency for coal was 98.4-99.7% under the same conditions. As the CO and hydrocarbon concentration in the flue gas increased, the combustion efficiency decreased. Also co-combustion experiments of olive cake and coal for various mixing ratios were carried out. As the amount of olive cake in the fuel mixture increased, SO2 emissions decreased because of the very low sulfur content of olive cake. In order to increase the combustion efficiency, secondary air was injected into the freeboard which was a good solution to decrease the CO and hydrocarbon emissions, and to increase the combustion efficiency. For the setup used in this study, the optimum operating conditions with respect to NOx and SO2 emissions were found as 1.35 for excess air ratio, and 30 L/min for secondary air flowrate for the combustion of 75 wt% olive cake and 25 wt% coal mixture. Highest combustion efficiency of 99.8% was obtained with an excess air ratio of 1.7, secondary air flow rate of 40 L/min for the combustion of 25 wt% olive cake and 75 wt% coal mixture.

Submitted by Nestor Proenza Perez null (nestor@feg.unesp.br) on 2016-07-25T14:02:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESIS VERSÃO FINAL NESTOR PROENZA.pdf: 3806431 bytes, checksum: e67652e66d5b48b5104953feec776a66 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-28T12:09:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 perez_np_dr_guara.pdf: 3806431 bytes, checksum: e67652e66d5b48b5104953feec776a66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:09:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 perez_np_dr_guara.pdf: 3806431 bytes, checksum: e67652e66d5b48b5104953feec776a66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização física, geométrica e fluidodinâmica do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar visando o projeto e dimensionamento de um gaseificador de leito fluidizado borbulhante para pequena e média capacidade térmica (até 25 MW térmicos). As principais propriedades físicas e químicas como massa específica real, aparente e a granel, assim como os teores de umidade, cinzas, material volátil e carbono fixo presentes neste material foram determinadas aplicando normas vigentes para este tipo de resíduo. Também foi realizada uma caracterização geométrica através de técnicas de análise de imagens, determinando-se a esfericidade e razão de aspecto para todas as faixas de diâmetro de partículas estudadas, obtendo-se um valor médio de 0,39 no caso da esfericidade para o bagaço em seu estado natural. Através do estudo fluidodinâmico verificou-se que partículas de bagaço de cana com diâmetros característicos entre 0,59 – 9,5 mm não são fluidizáveis, apresentando uma tendência a coesão e formação de canais preferenciais. Foi constatado que o emprego dos modelos existentes até agora para a previsão da velocidade mínima de fluidização (Vmf), tanto para partículas de bagaço, quanto para misturas delas com material inerte, não preveem de forma adequada este parâmetro. Indicando erros entre 85% e mais de 100% em cada um desses caso, pelo que foram deselvolvidos dois novos modelos específicos para partículas de bagaço de cana e para misturas delas com areia, os quais previram com melhor exatidão os valores da (Vmf), com um erro máximo de 6,3%, para partículas de bagaço, e de até 30% para 88% das 25 condições experimentais testadas no caso de misturas. Conclui-se também que, para garantir uma boa fluidização, a fração em massa máxima de bagaço na mistura deve ser entre 2 - 5%. Uma nova metodologia é proposta baseada nos novos modelos desenvolvidos para a determinação da (Vmf), tornando possível o projeto e dimensionamento de gaseificadores de leito fluidizado borbulhante, sendo determinado que reatores trabalhando com misturas de bagaço e areia são 30% maiores que reatores empregando somente partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com uma eficiência a frio de 58,5%. / In this work is carried out a physical, geometric and fluid-dynamics characterization of sugarcane bagasse, aiming to design and sizing a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier for small and medium power (up to 25 MW thermal). The main physical and chemical properties as real density, bulk density and apparent density, as well as, the content of moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon present in the bagasse, were determined by applying the standars norms suitable for this type of residue. It was also made a geometric characterization by image analysis techniques, being determined the sphericity and aspect ratio for all diameter ranger of studied particles, obtaining an average value of 0.39 in the case of sphericity for bagasse in it is natural form. Through the fluid dynamic study it was found that bagasse particles with typical diameters between 0,59 – 9,5 mm are not fluidizable, showing a tendency to cohesion and formation of preferential channels. It has been found that the use of the existing models to date for determination of the minimum fluidization velocity for bagasse particles and for mixtures of them with inert, do not predict the right way this parameter, introduced errors of up to 85% to over 100% in both cases, therefore were developed two new models specifically for sugarcane bagasse particles and mixtures of them with sand, with a maximum error of 6.3% in the first case, and 30% for the 88% of the 25 experimental conditions tested in the case of mixtures. Concluding that to ensure a good fluidization, the maximum mass fraction of bagasse in the mixture should be between 2 - 5%. A new methodology is proposed based on the new models developed, making possible the design and dimensioning of the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier, determining that reactors working with mixtures of sugarcane bagasse and sand are 30% higher than reactors employing solely sugarcane bagasse particles, with a cold gas efficiency of 58.5%.

L'objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer le positionnement et le potentiel des récepteurs à lit fluidisé à changement de section par rapport aux autres méthodes de chauffage de gaz à haute température par voie solaire. A cette fin, une connaissance approfondie des phénomènes thermiques et hydrodynamiques du récepteur est nécessaire. Pour acquérir cette connaissance, nous avons modélisé les transferts thermiques dans le récepteur en portant une attention particulière sur les transferts radiatifs en prenant en compte les diffusions multiples de la lumière dans le milieu particulaire, les effets de parois sur les transferts radiatifs et la directionnalité du rayonnement solaire concentré. La détermination précise de la distribution de particules dans le ciel du lit fluidisé s'est avérée un paramètre critique pour le calcul des transferts thermiques. Ces modèles, plus tard affinés par une confrontation avec des références expérimentales, nous ont permis d'explorer l'effet de la géométrie sur les transferts thermiques dans le récepteur. Il ont permis entre autres de mettre en évidence l'intérêt d'utiliser une colonne de fluidisation à changement de section et l'importance de l'optimisation du couple concentrateur solaire / récepteur afin d'éviter d'éventuelles surchauffes au niveau des parois du récepteur. De même, il semble que l'homogénéisation de la température dans le lit fluidisé contenu dans le récepteur soit favorable à son rendement. / The aim of this work is to evaluate the position and the potential of solar fluidized bed receivers compared to other methods for the solar heating of gases at high temperature. To this end, a thorough knowledge of the heat transfer and hydrodynamic of the receiver is necessary. To acquire this knowledge, we modeled the heat transfer in the receiver with a focus on the radiative transfer by taking into account the multiple scattering of light in the particle medium, the effect of walls on radiative heat transfer and the directionality of the concentrated solar radiation. The accurate determination of the distribution of particles within the fluidized bed has been a critical parameter for the calculation of heat transfer. With these models, later refined by a confrontation with experimental references, we have studied the effect of geometry on heat transfer in the receiver. This study highlighted the necessity to use a switching section fluidization column and the importance to optimize the pair : solar concentrator / receiver to avoid any overheating at the walls of the receiver. Moreover, it appears that the homogenization of the temperature in the fluidized bed of the receiver increase its performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_mp_me_bauru.pdf: 1121017 bytes, checksum: 8ed8fe65e5cd46111ec16064bc42b009 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No presente trabalho desenvolve-se um estudo de modelagem matemática e simulação numérica do escoamento bifásico gás-sólido em leito fluidizado borbulhante. Utiliza-se o modelo Euleriano de duas fases separadas formulando o tensor das tensões da fase sólida através da teoria cinética dos escoamentos granulares. As simulações numéricas são realizadas através do código fonte MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) desenvolvido no NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory). Os resultados de simulação numérica são avaliados por meio da análise da influência dos seguintes parâmetros: malha computacional e esquemas de discretização dos termos convectivos das equações de conservação. Com base nos estudos teóricos e resultados obtidos durante o trabalho conclui-se que esquemas de primeira, tais como FOUP são altamente difusivos, já os resultados obtidos utilizando o esquema de alta ordem, Superbee, produziu resultados de melhor qualidade para as malhas testadas neste trabalho. Além disso, os resultados mostraram-se bastante dependentes do tamanho da malha computacional. / In the present work is described a mathematical model and numerical simulation of gas-solid two-phase flow in a bubbling fluidized bed. It is used the Eulerian gas-solid two-fluid model and the solid phase stress tensor is modeled considering the kinetic theory of granular flows. The numerical simulations were developed using the MFIX (Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges) code developed in NETL (National Energy Technology Laboratory). The numerical diffusion is analyzed considering a single bubbling detachment and its movement process in a two-dimensional bubbling fluidized bed using the bubble shape as a metric for results description. The influence of computacional grid it is also analyzed. It is concluded that SuperBee scheme produces the better results and analysis about estimating uncertainty in grid refinement should be studied.

Les boues de stations d’épurations sont un combustible difficile à valoriser par voie thermochimique à cause des fortes teneurs en eau, en azote et en fraction minérale. La co-gazéification avec d’autres gisements pourrait apporter une solution à ces contraintes. Afin d’étudier la faisabilité de ce procédé, un pilote industriel de de co-gazéification en lit fluidisé bouillonnant est conçu.Six co-combustibles potentiels ont été présélectionnés, à partir d’un large panel de gisements issus de la région PACA. La démarche expérimentale de ce travail concerne trois volets principaux qui consistent à :I. Etudier la faisabilité technique de co-gazéification à l’échelle laboratoire en vue de déterminer quel co-combustible est apte à compenser les faiblesses que présentent les boues.II. Contribuer à la définition des conditions opératoires de co-gazéification en lit fluidisé bouillonnant.III. Etudier le comportement en fluidisation des gisements sélectionné dans une maquette à température ambiante en mélange avec du sable.Les résultats indiquent que les tous les gisements retenus sont apte à être valorisés par co-gazéification. L’aptitude à la fluidisation des combustibles seuls est médiocre, l’utilisation de sable permet de l’améliorer. Un critère prédictif de la capacité maximale des lits fluidisés à contenir des déchets a été développé, une corrélation prédictive de la vitesse minimale de fluidisation de mélanges dissimilaires est également proposée. La teneur en combustible ne doit pas excéder les 10% en masse pour garantir une fluidisation correcte. Une vitesse de trois fois la vitesse minimale de fluidisation de l’inerte est la limite basse qui garantit un bon mélange. / The wastewater sludge composition (moisture, nitrogen and mineral matter content) leads to difficulties in disposal by thermochemical way. Co-gasification with other feedstock can improve the quality of the raw fuel gasification. In order to study the technical feasibility of wastewater sludge with other feedstock co-gasification, an industrial pilot scale bubbling fluidised bed co-gasifier is designed.Six potential co-feedstocks were preselected on technical and economic criteria, from a wide range of fields from the PACA region. The experimental approach of this work involves three main steps which are:I. The technical feasibility of co-gasification at laboratory scale, in order to identify which feedstock is able to compensate the sludge weaknesses.II. Identification of co-gasification conditions in fluidised bedIII. Cold fluidization ability study of the different feedstock blended with sand.The results indicate that all feedstock are recoverable through gasification. The fluidization ability of the fuel alone was poor, the blinding with sand improve it. A prediction criteria for the maximum capacity of fluidised bed of sand to improve the fluidization ability of waste is developed. A new correlation for minimum fluidization velocity is introduced. To obtain a correct fluidization the fuel concentration should be fixed below 10% by weight. The fluidization velocity should be fixed above three times sand minimum fluidization velocity to obtain a mixed bed.

Abstract: The thesis work is part of a project that aims to develop a reliable CFD model to investigate the fluid-dynamics of a fluidized bubbling bed during gasification of refuse derived fuel (RDF) from sorted municipal solid waste (MSW). Gasification is a thermochemical process that converts carbon-containing materials into syngas. In this specific context scaling up is challenging because it implies dealing with a complex chemistry combined to heat and mass transfer phenomena in a multi-phase fluid environment. CFD modeling could represent a potential tool to predict the impact of the reactor configuration and operating conditions on gas yield, composition and potential contaminants. Validation of CFD simulations for such systems has been so far possible using different sophisticated experimental tools, allowing to link the model with experimental data. However, such high tech equipment may not always be available, especially at industrial scale. Hence, this work focuses on investigating the accuracy and numerical sensitivity of two different CFD models employed in the characterization of dense solid-particle flows in bubbling fluidized beds. The key parameter adopted to describe and quantify the dynamic behavior of this multiphase system is the power spectral density (PSD) distribution of pressure fluctuations. This PSD function was used to assess the accuracy of CFD models using one set of operating condition. The same type of analysis, extended to a wider range of operating conditions, may lead to a robust validation of the numerical models presented in this work. In spite of his measurement simplicity, pressure drop data present a strong connection with the bed fluid-dynamics and its interpretation could help to improve the fluidized bed technologies very fast, pushing CFD models closer to applications. / Résumé : Le but de ce projet est de développer un modèle CFD fiable pour étudier la dynamique des fluides d'un lit fluidisé en régime bullant pendant la gazéification de combustibles solides de récupération (CSR) triés à partir de déchets solides municipaux (DSM). La gazéification est un processus thermochimique qui convertit les matériaux contenant du carbone en gaz de synthèse. La mise à l'échelle est difficile dans ce cas car elle implique une chimie complexe combinée aux phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un environnement fluide multiphasique. La modélisation CFD représente un outil potentiel pour prédire l'impact de la configuration du réacteur et des conditions de fonctionnement sur le rendement, la composition et les contaminants potentiels du gaz. La validation des simulations CFD pour de tels systèmes a été jusqu'à présent possible grâce à l’utilisation de différents outils expérimentaux sophistiqués, permettant de lier le modèle aux données expérimentales. Toutefois, un tel équipement de pointe n’est pas toujours disponible, en particulier à l'échelle industrielle. Par conséquent, ce travail se concentre sur l'étude de la précision et de la sensibilité numérique de deux modèles CFD différents, utilisés dans la caractérisation des flux de particules solides denses dans les lits fluidisés bouillonnants. Le paramètre clé adopté pour décrire et quantifier le comportement dynamique de ce système multiphase est la distribution de la densité spectrale de puissance (DSP) des fluctuations de pression. La fonction DSP a été utilisée pour évaluer la précision des modèles CFD en utilisant un ensemble de conditions de fonctionnement. Le même type d'analyse, étendu à une plus large gamme de conditions de fonctionnement, peut conduire à une validation robuste des modèles numériques présentés dans ce travail. En dépit de sa simplicité de mesure, les données de chute de pression présentent une importante corrélation avec les lits fluidisés, de plus, leur interprétation pourrait aider à améliorer ces technologies très rapidement, poussant les modèles CFD plus près des applications.